泸定昔格达组时代与川西高原隆升

位于川西高原东南部边界带内侧的沪定大渡河西岸海于坪,分布着一套厚度颇大的昔格达组河一湖相地层,为我国西南地区广布的昔格达组出露厚度最大的地点之一。海子坪湾湾头一于海于剖面,出露的晚新生代地层厚度大于441m,底部为厚约30m的角砾层,上覆昔格达组,岩性为粘土、粉砂质粘土和泥质粉砂互层,厚4tim。昔格达组沉积结束后,大渡河下切过程中发育了至少6级河流阶地。其中,最高的T6阶地以昔格达组为基座,阶面海拔2230m左右,高出大渡河水面约930m。海子坪湾湾头一于海子剖面的磁性地层研究表明,以距顶深度386二om处为界,以上为高斯正向极性带,其中深度116．0～1525和3050～314．7m的两层     

四川泸定昔格达组成时代及其新构造意义

川西高原东南部边界带内侧泸定大渡河西岸的海子坪,在高出在渡河水面约９２０ｍ的谷上保存着一套厚约４１０ｍ的昔格达组河潮相地层。磁性地层初步研究表明,以距顶深度３８６．０ｍ处为界,以上为高斯正向极性带,以下为吉尔伯特反向极性带。对比Ｃａｎｄｅ和Ｋｅｎｔ的极性年表,泸定昔格格达组的年代约４．２９￣２．６０ＭａＢＰ,地质对时代属上新世中,晚期,将泸定昔格达组与高原边界带外侧的汉源昔格达组进行对比,地层中记     

四川冕宁昔格达组磁性地层学初步研究及意义*

文章首次对川西安宁河流域冕宁昔格达组河湖相沉积物进行岩石磁学和磁性地层学初步研究。结果表明沉积物具有正常的沉积组构,适合磁性地层学研究;赤铁矿和磁铁矿是主要载磁矿物;沉积物记录的古地磁场方向基本都为正极性,主要形成于高斯正极性时,约4.18~2.58Ma。综合对比表明,分布在大渡河、安宁河和金沙江干流的昔格达组以典型黄灰色岩性组合为特征,具有基本相同的沉积序列和磁极性序列,主要形成于高斯正极性时。     

昔格达组沉积环境演化与旋回地层学研究

昔格达组是我国西南地区著名的连续的晚新生代地层,在金沙江及其支流安宁河、大渡河、雅砻江等河谷地带均有分布,主要由灰绿色、灰黑色、灰黄色的粘土、粉砂质粘土和粉砂组成。自常隆庆(1937)对该组地层进行研究以来,昔格达组沉积物就一直引起地质学家的浓厚兴趣。然而,由于昔格达组沉积物中缺乏生物化石,地层出露不全,而区缺乏可靠的定年手段和分析测试手段,昔格达组的研究还较为肤浅,尚存在许多问题。昔格达村剖面厚约248m,位于攀枝花市盐边县红格乡昔格达村,在野外对昔格达村剖面进行了详尽的观察和描述。依据沉积物颜色,可以将昔格达组划分为下部“灰色层”和上部“黄色层”。昔格达村剖面“灰色层”仅厚10．2m,为灰     

江苏兴化ZK10孔第四纪多重地层研究

通过对江苏兴化ZK10孔岩石地层、生物地层、磁性地层及年代地层的研究,确定了该孔第四纪年代地层序列:1第四纪底界置于松山/高斯极性世分界处,埋深212m,距今2.58Ma。下更新统包括五队镇组下段、中段及上段的中下部,对应孢粉组合Ⅰ-1和Ⅰ-2。2早、中更新世界线与布容/松山极性世界线吻合,距今0.78Ma,埋深约120m,位于孢粉Ⅰ-2与Ⅱ带的分界处。中更新统包括五队镇组上段顶部、小腰庄组下段及上段的中下部。五队镇组是包含下、中更新统的跨时岩石地层单位。3中、晚更新世界线埋深81.5m,120ka BP左右,置于孢粉带Ⅱ与Ⅲ-1的分界处,与小腰庄组和灌南组分界线基本吻合。上更新统包括小腰庄组上段上部及灌南组。小腰庄组是包含中、上更新统的跨时地层单位。上更新统包括Ⅲ-1、Ⅲ-2、Ⅳ和Ⅴ孢粉带。4晚更新世与全新世界线埋深12.25m,距今10ka BP左右,位于Ⅴ与Ⅵ孢粉带分界处。全新统为淤尖组,对应孢粉Ⅵ带。     

昔格达组粘土的工程地质特性研究

一、概述 四川渡口地区广泛分布昔格达组地层。随着工农业建设的蓬勃发展,在昔格达组地层上兴建建筑物与日俱增。但昔格达组地层极易产生滑动,给建设带来危害,越来越引起人们的关注和重视。 渡口地区昔格达组地层分布在早一中更新世断陷盆地中,沿金沙江、雅砻江,安宁河一线呈南北向条带状分布。高程一般为1000—1500米,最厚地层达215米。昔格达组地层大面积近水平层状分布,粘土层与     

四川攀西地区晚新生代构造变形历史与隆升过程初步研究

基于TM遥感图像解译和野外调研，分析了攀西地区大渡河、安宁河深切河谷地貌特征和断裂带构造变形特征，建立了安宁河断裂带晚新生代5阶段变形历史。研究表明，中新世晚期—上新世早期，安宁河断裂以挤压走滑活动为主；上新世晚期至早更新世时期，断裂以斜张走滑活动为主，活动强度较弱；早中更新世之间发生的元谋运动使昔格达组湖相地层褶皱变形；中晚更新世时期发生断陷作用，形成安宁河两堑夹—垒的构造格局；晚更新世—全新世时期又以左旋走滑活动为主。综合安宁河、大渡河河谷地貌和晚新生代地层记录和变形特征，提出了攀西高原晚新生代4阶段隆升模式：中新世早中期(12Ma之前)以缓慢隆升与区域夷平化作用为主，中新世晚期—上新世早期(12～3．4Ma)是高原快速隆升与河流强烈下切的时期，上新世晚期—早更新世(3．4～1.1Ma)为昔格达湖盆发育时期，中晚更新世—全新世(1．1Ma以来)是高原快速隆升与河谷阶地发育时期。最后指出，至上新世晚期(3．4Ma以前)，攀西高原海拔高度可能超过了3000m。     

昔格达组地层研究中需要注意的若干关键问题

昔格达组与下伏、上覆冲积卵石层之间的垂向叠置关系具有重要的沉积环境指示意义。主要由水平纹层状杂色细粒沉积构成的昔格达组常夹有数十厘米厚的冲积砂卵石层,而粉细砂层中还常见交错纹理和交错层理,成因研究应充分考虑其冲湖积特征和湖底底流;不同地区昔格达组细粒沉积的矿物成分和卵石层的岩石类型各异,基本无可比性。有些地区昔格达组地层中发育有同生变形构造,有些还见有较多的地质构造形迹。昔格达组地层露头区的平面离散性很大,但对现今河流体系高度依赖,要么追踪不同序次干流及支流形成树枝状结构,要么仅沿干流分布、不受支流影响,形成棒状结构,表明昔格达组地层形成于现今河流之后,而且与河流密切相关;垂向上,不同昔格达组地层露头区之间的最大高差达2 290 m,不同露头之间常存在标高突变。昔格达组地层的沉积环境主要是不同序次河流岸坡失稳形成的滑坡坝堰塞湖,其次为沿断裂带发育的河流局部下陷演变而来的过水断陷湖泊。     

金沙江寨子村滑坡坝堰塞湖沉积及其对昔格达组地层成因的启示

金沙江干流右岸寨子村滑坡后缘与前缘高差638 m,滑坡体积约2.5×108m3,曾诱发严重的滑坡堵江事件,左岸坡残留滑坡坝顶面高出江面118 m,方量约180×104m3。寨子村滑坡坝堰塞湖沉积沿江连续分布长度46 km,平均宽度26 km,对金沙江干流及其支流的追踪使得堰塞湖沉积平面上呈现树枝状结构。堰塞湖沉积分布于1180 ~1500 m标高之间,主要由纹层状粉土、粉质粘土、粘土及粉细砂构成,偶夹砂卵石层,以水平层理为主,粉细砂层中见有小型交错层理,湖相沉积特征显著,而树枝状平面分布格局进一步证实其形成于堰塞湖环境,属于典型的昔格达组地层。大部分昔格达组地层应形成于滑坡坝堰塞湖,堰塞湖成因模式可以很好地解释昔格达组地层的露头区平面形态、埋藏特征、与冲积砂卵石层之间的成生关系、对河流的高度依赖性、不同地区昔格达组地层之间的沉积规模差异及空间离散性。     

四川泸定昔格达组的堰塞湖成因及其意义

文章通过对泸定大渡河上松林-大板厂地段T6阶地基座古堰塞坝崩塌-块体流堆积的识别,以及与其上游邻近地段甘海子T₆阶地基座昔格达组崩塌、块体流堆积至湖相沉积序列的对比和成因联系分析,阐明了泸定昔格达组的堰塞湖成因。该区在晚新生代时,由于古大渡河岸坡的不稳定性,发生大型崩塌-块体流,堵塞河道,形成古堰塞坝和古堰塞湖,并在湖盆中充填了以海子坪昔格达组上部为代表的湖相沉积和少量的低能河流相沉积;同时,指出在对昔格达组大区域对比和综合研究中,特别是在分析它的地质意义时,必须考虑这种复杂性和非等时性。古堰塞坝和古堰塞湖应对地质灾害监测和水利工程建设有很好的启示。     

喜马拉雅山珠峰绒布冰川流域径流模拟

基于2009年5-10月喜马拉雅山北坡珠峰绒布冰川流域实测水文气象数据、 50 m分辨率DEM和中国第一次冰川编目资料, 在HYCYMODEL水文模型中加入冰川消融子模块, 模拟了绒布冰川流域径流过程.冰川消融子模块以海拔5 180 m基站的实测日气温、 日降水作为模型输入, 把气温、 降水插值到该流域40个高程带中, 分别计算各高程带的冰川消融和裸地蒸发, 并考虑液态降水对冰面的加热作用.野外气象观测表明: 2009年5-10月流域海拔5 180~5 750 m内, 月气温递减率在0.63~0.73 ℃·(100m)^-1之间, 均值为0.70 ℃·(100m)^-1; 同期降水观测显示, 海拔5 180 m以下降水梯度为-7.3 mm·(100m)^-1, 该高度之上降水梯度为22 mm·(100m)^-1. HYCYMODEL水文模型的敏感性检验表明, 该流域径流变化主要受气温影响, 降水变化引起的径流变化较小, 气温和降水变化对流域径流的影响是非线性的.     

西藏勒青拉铁矿床地质特征及其找矿意义

笔者对勒青拉铁矿床形成的地质背景、矿床地质特征、成矿机制和找矿前景进行了研究。研究结果表明,矿床位于冈底斯岛弧造山带东段北矿带,矿体产出部位严格受碳酸盐岩层位及其层间破碎带的控制,矿体主要为层状。容矿岩石主要为矽卡岩、矽卡岩化灰岩。矿石类型简单,主要为磁铁矿矿石。矿化富集与喜马拉雅早期居布札日花岗闪长岩密切相关,矿床类型属矽卡岩型矿床。勒青拉铁矿床潜在资源量巨大,外围地区具有相同类型铁矿床的找矿远景。     

A Preliminary Study on the Red Beds in the Northern Heyuan Basin, Guangdong Province, China

The red beds of the northern Heyuan Basin （Guangdong Province, China） are more than 4,000 m thick. Based on the lithological characters, in ascending order these beds are divided into the Dafeng Formation, Zhutian Formation, and Zhenshui Formation of the Nanxiong Group, Shanghu Formation and Danxia Formation. The Nanxiong Group with relatively mature coarse clastic rocks attains about 2940 m in thickness. The Dafeng Formation is 837 m thick, consisting of conglomerates and sandy conglomerates; the Zhutian Formation, which is 1.200 m thick, consists of purplish red sandstone with gravels, poorly sorted sandstone, feldspathic quartzose sandstone banded granular conglomerate, siltstone, and sandy mudstone. The Zhutian Formation is rich in calcareous concretions. Heyuannia （Oviraptoridae） and turtle fossils were found in this formation. The Zhenshui Formation deposited to a thickness of 900 m consists of coarse sediments, including granular conglomerate, and gravelly sandstone with well developed cross-beddings; the Shanghu Formation, which is 820 m thick, consists of purplish red granular conglomerate coarse sandstone intercalated with fine si~tstone; the Danxia Formation characterized by the Danxia ~andform is composed of coarse c~astic gravels and sandy gravels. The lower part of the Nanxiong Group whence dinosaur eggs and derived oviraptorosaurs come, belongs to the Late Cretaceous. No fossils are found in the Shanghu Formation or the Danxia Formation, but their stratigraphic order of superposition on the Nanxiong Group clearly shows their younger age.     

Crevasse splays from the rapidly aggrading, sand-bed, braided Niobrara River, Nebraska: effect of base-level rise

Base-level rise of ≈2·35 m on the Niobrara River has resulted in aggradation of the channel belt and a recent avulsion. Overbank areas have become flooded by rising groundwaters, and more than eight crevasse splays have formed between 1993 and 1997. Two crevasse splays, situated on the west and east sides of the Niobrara, have been studied using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), shallow boreholes and topographic surveys. The vibracores and GPR profiles provide a nearly three-dimensional view of the architecture of crevasse splay deposits. The east splay was initiated in the winter of 1993/94 and has expanded to cover an area ≈200 m by 1000 m, with sediment up to 2·5 m thick. The west splay, which was initiated by the opening of a crevasse channel through a levee in the autumn of 1995, covers an area ≈150 m by 250 m, with up to 1·2 m of sand deposited in a single year. The Niobrara splays are sand dominated and characterized by bedload deposition within channels, 5–30 m wide and 0·5–2 m deep, with the development of slipfaces where splays prograde into standing bodies of water. Sedimentary structures in cores include horizontal lamination, ripple lamination and sets of cross-stratification. There is a slight tendency for splays to coarsen up, but individual beds within the splays often fine up. The abundance of crevasse splays on the Niobrara River contrasts with other braided river floodplains. In the Niobrara, crevasse splay formation followed aggradation within the channel belt, which occurred in response to base-level rise. The link between crevasse splays, channel aggradation and base-level rise has important implications for the interpretation of ancient braided river and floodplain sequences. It is suggested that crevasse splay deposits should be an important component of aggrading fluvial sediments and, hence, should be preserved within the rock record. In this case, the aggradation and crevassing have been tied to a rise in base-level elevation, and it is suggested that similar deposits should be preserved where braided rivers are affected by base-level rise, for instance during transgression and filling of palaeovalleys.     

西藏普兰县马攸木砂金矿床的发现及其意义

1999年在雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段马攸木地区首先探查到砂金异常,进而通过预查、普查和详查,发现了砂金储量居目前西藏之首的马攸木砂金矿床。该矿床Ⅰ号矿体长为14196.3m,平均宽度为126.61m,平均厚度为11.25m,加权平均品位为0.5116g/m3,砂金资源总量属大型。介绍了Ⅰ号矿体砂金的形态与粒度、成分和成色。马攸木砂金矿床的发现,对西藏地区及古地中海—喜马拉雅成矿域的找矿与成矿理论研究具有重要意义。     

陕西马元地区铅锌矿地质特征及找矿远景

陕西马元地区铅锌矿位于扬子地台北缘碑坝隆起东南缘一带。矿化带长大于60km,宽10～200m,可分为南、东、北3个铅锌矿化带,已圈出了40多条铅锌矿体。其中南矿化带长大于20km,宽20～120m,已圈出了40多条铅锌矿体;东矿化带长大于30km,宽20～200m,地表已发现7条铅锌矿体;北矿化带长大于10km,宽10～100m。矿体一般长100～2560m,厚0.80～10.01m,锌品位1.05%～10.82%,铅品位0.55%～7.54%。主矿体长2560m,厚1.46～32.53m,平均厚约7.60m,最厚28.40m,锌品位1.45%～11.42%,平均4.47%。矿化带主体由震旦系灯影组白云岩组成,产于灯影组的砾状白云质角砾岩带中。矿化主要受地层和构造的控制。经预测,马元地区铅锌矿有较好的找矿远景,具有形成超大型铅锌矿的潜力。     

The Determination of Total Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur in Silicates, Silicate Rocks, Soils and Sediments

Determinations of the volatile elements carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and nitrogen in many geological RM, performed with the LECO CHN and SC analysers, are presented. The method allowed the determination of S in concentrations from a few % m/m to 0.001% m/m or less, of C from % m/m to 0.01% m/m and of H from % m/m to 0.004% m/m. Accuracy was usually better than the XRF method (for S). All obtained values passed the Sutarno-Steger test, which establishes that |(mean_analysed - mean_certified)|/ S_certified < 2, for the cases with an appropriate number of determinations (n > 10 for each element). It was possible to perform routine determination of C, H and S with the instrumentation, coupled with the determination of major and minor elements in geological materials. Determination of nitrogen could also be performed on an exploratory basis, with improvements in the method dependent on the future availability of more reference materials with reliable composition of this element.     

渤海湾西岸沧县隆起中更新世地层间断*

渤海湾西岸天津平原南部静海区400m深CGZ5孔、大港区500m深TPZ1孔岩心的岩石地层、磁性地层、¹⁴C测年、微体古生物研究表明,2个钻孔底部分别进入到定年3.6Ma的高斯(Gauss)正极性带和定年4.5Ma的吉尔伯特(Gilbert)极性带上部;位于西侧沧县隆起的CGZ5孔2.58Ma古地磁M/G(松山/高斯,Matuyama/Gauss)极性带界线位于225m,位于东部黄骅坳陷西斜坡的TPZ1孔该界线位于208m;0.78Ma的B/M(布容/松山,Brunhes/Matuyama)极性带界线分别位于55m和68.6m。结合微体化石分析、3期海侵地层的确定以及岩石地层特征,可判断CGZ5孔和TPZ1孔上更新统底板分别位于55m 和63.4m。依据末次盛冰期低水位域潴育化黏土层位,确定全新统分别厚14.8m和16.5m。上述2孔之间的黄骅坳陷板桥主凹陷中CQJ4孔,B/M和M/G界线分别位于74m和340m。西部CGZ5孔显现整个中更新统缺失,东部TPZ1孔中更新统仅厚5.3m。推测这一地层间断可能是由于渤海海盆在中更新世初期发生快速断陷,在河流到海盆的高差加大的背景下,河流输送物大部流入海盆,海盆边缘的沧县隆起和相邻的滨海平原发生了过路作用。在“源到汇”古地理状况变迁过程中形成的东部大平原,中更新世的沉积动力学背景需要进一步研究。     

Electrical imaging of the groundwater aquifer at Banting,Selangor, Malaysia

A geophysical study was carried out in the Banting area of Malaysia to delineate groundwater aquifer and marine clay layer of the alluvial Quaternary deposits of Beruas and Gula Formations. The Beruas Formation is formed by peat and clayey materials as well as silt and sands, whereas the Gula Formation consists of clay, silt, sand and gravels. Both Formations were deposited on top of the Carboniferous shale of the Kenny Hill Formation. A 2-D geoelectrical resistivity technique was used. Resistivity measurement was carried out using an ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter. The 2-D resistivity data of subsurface material for each survey line was calculated through inverse modelling and then compared with borehole data. The resistivity images of all the subsurface material below the survey lines show similar pattern of continuous structure of layering or layers with some lenses with resistivity ranging from 0.1 to 50 Ωm. The upper layer shows resistivity values ranging from 0.1 to 10 Ωm, representing a clay horizon with a thickness up to 45 m. The second layer with depth varies from 45 to 70 m below surface and has resistivity values ranging from 10 to 30 Ωm. Borehole data indicate coarse sand with some gravels for this layer, which is also the groundwater aquifer in the study area. The lowermost layer at a depth of 70 m below ground level shows resistivity values ranging from 30–50 Ωm and can be correlated with metasedimentary rocks consisting of shale and metaquartzite.     

Pitchblende and galena ages in the Alligator Rivers region,Northern Territory,Australia

U-Pb and Pb isotopic studies have been made of pitchblendes and associated galenas from four major deposits in the Alligator Rivers region of the Northern Territory, Australia. These are compared with previously-published data on deposits in the South Alligator Valley and in the Westmoreland area on the Queensland border. In all, four different times of possible mineral formation have been detected (1880 ± m. y., 1700 ± m. y., 800–900 m. y., 400–500 m. y.) Some deposits reveal only one time, others two; no deposit shows evidence for all four. The associated galenas are in general highly radiogenic (206/204 ratios range from 2000 to 29, 000); some can be interpreted as reflecting development in two completely different generations of pitchblende. The clearest evidence for solid-state formation of galena from presently-existing pitchblende is to be found at Nabarlek, where the major time of pitchblende formation (920 m. y.) bears no relationship to any known Rb-Sr or K-Ar age.