热中子数字成像系统的研制

成像系统是中子照相装置的关键组件之一.采用6LiFZnS(Ag)材料中子转换屏、长焦距、小视场专用微光镜头等光学组件,利用科学级CCD芯片、两级热电偶制冷技术、14bit模数转换技术研制了数字CCD摄像机,采用Visula C 和C Builder为工具,开发了双字节图像采集处理分析软件包,并设计了成像系统辐射防护装置,构成了热中子数字成像系统.实验证明:所采用的技术路线是合理的,达到了设计目的,成像质量可以与国外类似装置相媲美.     

多层倾斜层状介质P-SV转换波转换点计算的最佳角度搜索法

转换波转换点的位置对转换波道集的抽取和叠加都非常重要.目前对于单一倾斜反射界面或水平层状介质模型,已经能较好地计算转换波转换点的位置.本文针对多层倾斜层状介质,提出最佳角度搜索法求取P-SV转换波转换点的位置,此方法是通过搜索最符合Snell定律的入射角和反射角来确定最佳的P-SV转换波转换点的位置.在搜索最佳转换点位置的同时,该方法也能给出最佳的P-SV波的传播路径.本文在单层和双层倾斜层状介质模型中测试了该方法,获得了精确的P-SV转换波转换点的位置和P-SV波的传播路径.     

VTI介质角度域转换波高斯束偏移成像方法研究

转换波偏移可以利用纵横波波场信息,得到高分辨率的成像结果,从而为油藏描述提供高质量的地震资料.目前的研究主要是利用纵波波场信息进行偏移成像,然而,传统的纵波方法在复杂探区成像时具有一定的局限性.为此,本文在各向异性介质声波射线追踪算法的基础上,推导出各向异性介质转换波射线追踪方程,发展了一种转换波射线追踪算法;并将研究的追踪算法应用到偏移成像中,提出了一种各向异性VTI介质角度域转换波高斯束偏移成像方法.通过各向异性VTI介质断块模型和复杂构造模型试算,说明了本文方法的正确性和有效性.模型试算的结果表明,在考虑地下各向异性时,本文研究的方法具有更好的成像效果,提取的角道集结果可以为偏移速度分析提供依据.

     

数字化射线照相技术对轻物质的判断

本文介绍了数字化射线照相技术对轻物质进行判断的方法。经实践证明,该方法是合理和有效的,可大大增强对轻物质的识别能力,是一种非常可行的识别技术。     

地震诱发低角度黄土-泥岩滑坡动力响应及变形分析

基于室内试验获取黄土滑坡的静力和动力力学强度参数,建立低角度黄土滑坡破坏大型物理模拟试验模型,结合FLAC3D有限差分软件,分析黄土滑坡的动力响应规律和宏观破坏特性,阐明在地震作用下黄土滑坡的失稳演化规律,揭示黄土滑坡滑体运动迁移路径.结果表明:低角度黄土-泥岩滑坡在地震荷载作用下地震波水平方向和垂直方向均出现明显的放...     

脉冲中子双伽马谱饱和度测井方法及数值模拟研究

脉冲中子双伽马谱饱和度测井方法是利用特定的脉冲和测量时序设计,采用远、近伽马探测器记录非弹性散射和俘获伽马能谱以及伽马射线时间谱,通过获取C/O和地层宏观俘获截面等信息来确定地层含油饱和度.采用大直径仪器和BGO晶体探测器时,其采集的非弹性散射和俘获伽马能谱计数统计性优于国外仪器,重复脉冲发射中子后伽马射线时间谱仍满足指数衰减规律,且能使伽马射线时间谱的道计数累积,计数统计性好于常规中子寿命测井,得到的地层宏观俘获截面与单脉冲发射近似相同.在地层孔隙度未知的情况下,利用C/O和地层宏观俘获截面交会技术可以定量确定含油饱和度.     

欠平衡和超平衡测井条件下气层的中子和密度测井响应特征——以西部某油田砂岩气藏为例

研究气层在欠平衡和超平衡测井条件下响应特征的差异,对于欠平衡条件下天然气储层的评价和测井资料的应用具有指导意义.利用Monte Carlo数值模拟技术,计算得到了在欠平衡和超平衡测井条件下,补偿中子和密度测井随井眼直径、地层孔隙度和含气饱和度的变化关系.从而得出,在井眼直径较小时,密度和中子测井,在超平衡测井或欠平衡测井条件下,对气层的响应特征基本相同,欠平衡密度测井资料可以正常应用,不需要做校正处理;当井眼直径较大时,井内介质对探测器的影响不同,需要对欠平衡测井资料做井径的影响校正.     

管道穿越断层最佳交叉角度研究

基于MIDAS结构分析软件,采用大变形壳有限元方法分析了大口径油气管道在断层位错作用下的应变响应.考虑管道与土体的非线性和管土耦合作用,系统分析了不同断层类型下不同交叉角度对管道应变的影响,得到了断层与管道的交角对管道应变响应的影响规律和变化曲线,并在此基础上,总结得到了不同覆盖土层厚度下管道穿越断层的最佳交叉角度.     

VTI介质转换波动态聚焦束偏移成像方法研究

采用多分量地震数据进行处理,可以得到高质量的转换波成像结果,进而为流体识别和裂缝预测等提供有效支持.本文在前人研究的基础上,通过求解各向异性介质qPSV转换波运动学和动力学射线追踪方程,获得转换波中心射线走时、路径及动力学信息;同时,通过修改动态聚焦型传播算子,构建出各向异性介质动态聚焦束,提出了一种各向异性介质转换波...     

基于量子蒙特卡罗的地球物理反演方法

本文将量子蒙特卡罗全局优化方法引入地球物理反问题,进而发展了一类新的地球物理非线性反演方法.量子蒙特卡罗方法是基于量子力学机制的随机方法,包括变分蒙特卡罗方法、格林函数蒙特卡罗方法、扩散蒙特卡罗方法、路径积分蒙特卡罗方法.本文简要回顾了量子蒙特卡罗方法的发展,阐述了其方法理论;随后的数值试验结果表明,量子蒙特卡罗方法应用于地球物理反问题的求解是成功的,它适合于非线性、多极值的地球物理反演问题,在收敛速度和避免陷入局部极小等方面有着一定的优势,且该方法也适用于其他领域非线性最优化问题的求解,其算法具有较强的通用性;最后就量子蒙特卡罗方法在地球物理反问题中的应用前景以及存在的问题做了简要概述.     

基于飞行时间技术PET模拟研究的现状与展望

本文简要介绍基于飞行时间(TOF)技术的正电子发射断层扫描成像(PET)的基本原理以及用于TOF-PET探测器模拟常用的Geant4,GATE,DETECT2000等模拟工具包,回顾近年来相关研究,对基于Monte Carlo方法的各种TOF-PET模拟,对影响LSO/LYSO晶体TOF-PET时间分辨的各项因素的模拟进行综述,并对未来TOF-PET模拟发展提出展望。     

Multivariate nonparametric resampling scheme for generation of daily weather variables

A nonparametric resampling technique for generating daily weather variables at a site is presented. The method samples the original data with replacement while smoothing the empirical conditional distribution function. The technique can be thought of as a smoothed conditional Bootstrap and is equivalent to simulation from a kernel density estimate of the multivariate conditional probability density function. This improves on the classical Bootstrap technique by generating values that have not occurred exactly in the original sample and by alleviating the reproduction of fine spurious details in the data. Precipitation is generated from the nonparametric wet/dry spell model as described in Lall et al. [1995]. A vector of other variables (solar radiation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average dew point temperature, and average wind speed) is then simulated by conditioning on the vector of these variables on the preceding day and the precipitation amount on the day of interest. An application of the resampling scheme with 30 years of daily weather data at Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, is provided.     

Comprehensive evaluation of regional flood frequency analysis by L- and LH-moments. II. Development of LH-moments parameters for the generalized Pareto and generalized logistic distributions

As part II of a sequence of two papers, previously developed L-moments by Hosking (1990), and the LH-moments by Wang (1997) are further investigated. The LH-moments (L to L₄) are used to develop the regional parameters of the generalized extreme value distribution, generalized Pareto (GPA) distribution and the generalized logistic (GLO) distributions. These respective probability distribution functions (PDFs) are evaluated in terms of their performances. Flood peaks by the corresponding PDFs are compared with those generated by Monte Carlo simulation of randomized data, considering the respective LH-moments. The influence of the LH-moments on estimated PDFs are studied by evaluating the relative bias (RBIAS) in quantile estimation due to variability of the k parameter. Karkhe watershed located in western Iran was used as a case study area. Part I of this study identified the study area as regions A and B. The minimum calculated relative root mean square error (RRMSE) and RBIAS between simulated flood peaks and flood peaks by the corresponding PDFs were used in PDF selection, considering the respective LH-moments. The boxplots of the RRMSE tests identified the L₃ level of the GPA distribution as the suitable PDF for sample sizes 20 and 80; for region A. Similar results were found for the RBIAS test. As for region B, the boxplots of the RRMSE tests indicated similar results for the three PDFs. However, the boxplots of the RBIAS tests identified the L₄ level of the GLO most suitable for sample sizes 20 and 80. Relative efficiencies of the LH-moments were investigated, measured as RRMSE ratios of L-moments over the respective LH-moments. For the most parts the findings of this part of the study were similar to those of part I.     

Stochastic generation of hourly rainstorm events

Occurrence of rainstorm events can be characterized by the number of events, storm duration, rainfall depth, inter-event time and temporal variation of rainfall within a rainstorm event. This paper presents a Monte-Carlo based stochastic hourly rainfall generation model considering correlated non-normal random rainstorm characteristics, as well as dependence of various rainstorm patterns on rainfall depth, duration, and season. The proposed model was verified by comparing the derived rainfall depth–duration–frequency relations from the simulated rainfall sequences with those from observed annual maximum rainfalls based on the hourly rainfall data at the Hong Kong Observatory over the period of 1884–1990. Through numerical experiments, the proposed model was found to be capable of capturing the essential statistical features of rainstorm characteristics and those of annual extreme rainstorm events according to the available data.     

Stochastic evaluation of subsurface contaminant discharges under physical,chemical, and biological heterogeneities

A finite element 2D Monte Carlo approach is used to evaluate the sensitivity of groundwater contaminant discharges to a Damkohler number ω and spatial variability in aquifer hydraulic conductivity, initial microbial biomass concentrations, and electron acceptor/donor concentrations. Bioattenuation is most sensitive to spatial variations in incipient biomass and critical electron donors/acceptors for ω ≥ 1 (i.e., when pore-water residence times are high compared to the time needed for microbial growth or contaminant attenuation). Under these conditions, critical reaction processes can become substrate-limited at multiple locations throughout the aquifer; which in turn increases expected contaminant discharges and their uncertainties at monitored transects. For ω ≤ 0.2, contaminant discharge is not sensitive to incipient biomass variations. Physical heterogeneities expedite plume arrival and delay departure at transects and in turn attenuate peak discharges but do not affect cumulative contaminant discharges. Physical heterogeneities do, however, induce transect mass discharge variances that are bimodal functions of time; the first peak beings consistently higher. A simple stream tube model is invoked to explain the occurrence of peaks in contaminant discharge variance.     

Sensitivity analysis of extended TOPMODEL for agricultural watersheds equipped with tile drains

An extension of TOPMODEL was developed for rainfall–runoff simulation in agricultural watersheds equipped with tile drains. Tile drain functions are incorporated into the framework of TOPMODEL. Nine possible flow generation scenarios are suggested for tile-drained watersheds and applied in the modelling procedure. In the model development, two methods of simulation of the flow in the unsaturated zone were compared: the traditional, physically based storage approach and a new approach using a transfer function. A regionalized sensitivity analysis was used to determine the sensitivity of parameters and to compare the behaviour of the transfer function with that of the simple storage-related formulation. The number of accepted combinations of parameter values, on average, was higher for the transfer function approach than when using a Monte Carlo method of parameter estimation. Since the rainfall–runoff response pattern tends to vary seasonally, seven events distributed throughout a year were used in the sensitivity analysis to investigate the seasonal variation of the hydrological characteristics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of variability and uncertainties effects on the seismic response of a liquefiable soil profile

The present work deals with the evaluation of the effect of the randomness of both soil parameters and input motion on the seismic response of a sandy soil profile. Special attention is given to estimate the relative contribution of model input parameters on (i) the probability of liquefaction apparition and (ii) the surface seismic response. The Monte Carlo simulations were used for that purpose. This analysis shows that, for the considered case, the choice of the earthquake input signal remains the most subtle parameter in order to define the liquefaction probability. Otherwise, spatial variability of both soil properties and soil model's parameters have a weak impact on the response of the soil profile.     

基于蒙特卡洛方法的地震目录模拟及相符性检验——以汾渭地震带为例

人工地震目录模拟是改进现有地震目录不完备性、弥补大地震记录稀缺,以及完善地震学相关研究的有效途径之一。本文基于地震活动的泊松分布模型、古登堡-里克特震级-频度关系,利用能较逼真描述具有随机性质事物特点及物理实验过程的蒙特卡洛方法,模拟汾渭地震带未来30、50、100年等不同时长的地震目录,并对其进行统计检验。分析表明,模拟地震目录符合设定的地震活动性参数和泊松分布假设特征。依据模拟地震目录,对未来该区域地震趋势进行了分析,以期为地震危险性分析提供参考。