波形指示反演在超深层致密砂岩薄储层中的应用

塔里木盆地塔中北坡目标井区志留系柯坪塔格组是典型的超深层致密砂岩薄储层,其埋深大、储层物性差.如何去识别这种超深埋致密砂岩储层"甜点"是本区储层预测的难点.针对这一难题,对该工区的测井曲线进行了分析,找出敏感曲线,并将波形指示反演这一高分辨率反演方法应用于该工区,详细开展了剖面和平面上致密砂岩"甜点"预测研究.结果表明,波形指示反演的砂体预测结果同时提高了纵向和横向分辨率,与已知钻井结果吻合较好,同时也符合工区的沉积规律,证明了波形指示反演应用于超深层致密砂岩薄互层储层预测的有效性.     

基于精确Zoeppritz方程的储层含油气性预测方法

流体指示因子和泊松比作为重要的指标参数在储层含油气性预测中发挥着至关重要的作用,大量学者开展了这两个参数的直接反演研究.然而,现有反演方法主要是以精确Zoeppritz方程的近似公式为正演方程,近似公式诸多的假设条件及较低的计算精度极大地限制了这类方法在复杂储层的应用效果.因此,为了提升储层含油气性预测精度,文中提出了一种新的基于精确Zoeppritz方程的流体因子和泊松比反演方法.首先,借助敏感流体因子定量分析法对现有流体指示因子进行优选,并将传统形式的精确Zoeppritz方程改写为包含该优选流体指示因子和泊松比的新形式.然后,基于新方程构建贝叶斯理论框架下的非线性反演目标函数.同时,为了进一步提升流体因子和泊松比对储层的刻画精度,在假设背景先验模型服从高斯分布的同时引入服从微分拉普拉斯分布的块约束项.最后,借助泰勒级数展开对上述非线性目标函数进行求解.合成数据和油田数据验证结果表明新方法能够稳定合理地估计流体指示因子和泊松比,且精度远高于基于近似公式的传统方法.此外,实际数据测试表明新方法能够有效提升储层含油气性预测精度,降低不确定性.     

基于叠前全方位角道集方位振幅梯度各向异性变化的HTI裂缝介质油气检测方法与技术

高角度裂缝介质的反射振幅梯度是随方位变化的,常规AVO分析只能适应层状各向同性介质地下地层含油气性检测,很难适应HTI裂缝各向异性介质地层的油气检测.为此,本文提出了基于叠前全方位角道集方位振幅梯度各向异性变化的HTI裂缝介质油气检测方法,推导出以方位角为变量的方位振幅梯度变化函数,并以之为参变量进一步推导出以入射角为变量的,随方位变化而变化的双向振幅响应强度变化函数,同时推导出方位油气指示因子.通过变量拆分法先固定方位方向,通过该方位角道集振幅随入射角的变化求解该方位振幅梯度,继而求出该方位的油气指示因子;依次类推,可求出其余方位的油气指示因子.如此可求出所有方位的油气指示因子,进而可分析含油气指示敏感性随方位的变化,优选油气指示最敏感的方位作为最终的油气预测结果即可.实际工区应用结果表明,本方法预测结果可靠精度高,可为油气勘探开发提供有效的技术支持.     

莫西庄地区三工河组二段储层特征评价

三工河组二段砂体为莫西庄地区的主要含油储层,分布相对较稳定.三工河组二段含油砂体分为三工河组二段一砂体和三工河组二段一砂体两套砂体,分布稳定.文章通过分析沉积特征、物性特征、孔隙类型和孔喉特征,对这两套含油储层进行了系统的评价,认为J1s12含油储层属中—差型储层,J1s12含油储层为中等储层.在综合评价的基础上,通过地震反演,预测了莫西庄地区主力含油砂体厚度的分布.     

分频构形反演技术在东海B气田中的应用

为了经济有效地勘探开发海上油气,储层反演技术的精度尤为重要,常用的稀疏脉冲反演纵向分辨率偏低,地质统计学反演模型化影响大,两者对横向变化快的储层很难准确预测.因而,本次采用了分频构形反演技术,它是在统计学反演基础上,以分频厚度成像为原则,波形相控为思想,充分结合井震信息,得到既有纵向较高的测井分辨率,又有横向地震分辨率,能表征沉积体构形特征及储层非均质性特征的一种反演方法.该方法主要采用克里金建模、地震反演、相控插值和随机建模联合实现.通过在东海B气田花港组储层预测中应用研究表明,该反演方法分辨率和预测精度显著提高,有效地表征了主力层H4d的砂体平面展布特征,厚储层处于工区东南部,成功地指导了后续调整井的实施,为气田后续剩余油气挖潜提供了有利技术支撑.     

基于叠前弹性阻抗反演的古近系流体识别

对于地震-地质条件十分复杂的古近系地层,Gassmann流体因子相对常规岩石物理参数通常具有更好的油气检测能力.然而,在由叠前反演结果计算流体因子的过程中往往会引入新的中间误差.为此,首先基于饱和流体多孔弹性介质理论推导了 Zoeppritz方程的Russell近似表达式,该方程将纵波反射系数表示为流体因子f、剪切模量μ以及密度ρ的函数.进而结合叠前弹性阻抗反演理论,实现了流体因子f的直接计算.该方法兼顾了弹性阻抗反演算法较强的抗噪能力和流体因子较强的油气识别能力,同时有效避免了传统叠前反演方法在间接计算流体因子过程中产生的累积误差.将该方法应用于渤海油田锦州A构造古近系油气检测,研究结果表明,流体因子f反演结果能够有效识别并清晰刻画出研究区古近系东营组强、中、弱等不同振幅对应的油气层.研究成果指导该区井位部署并得到钻探结果证实,为渤海油田古近系油气勘探开发提供了有力的技术支撑.     

综合利用岩石模量与品质因子信息进行储层流体识别

以地震资料为主体的储层流体识别技术对现阶段油气勘探具有重要意义。本文利用岩石模量参数与品质因子作为储层流体指示因子,从提高流体指示因子估算可靠性的角度出发,分别研究了基于弹性阻抗反演的弹性模量参数直接估算方法与基于小波域QVO的品质因子估算方法。岩石模量参数直接估算方法在充分利用弹性阻抗反演高抗噪性与实用性的同时,有效地避免了间接累计误差的影响。品质因子的估算方法基于零相位子波假设,通过对小波域叠前品质因子的归零处理消除叠加平均效应。通过模型试算验证两种方法的流体判识可行性;并且结合实际资料进一步表明岩石模量与品质因子信息的综合应用可以提高储层流体的检测质量。     

叠前地震波形指示反演在薄互储层预测中的应用

地震波形指示反演在高频段通过将地震波形信息代替变差函数,使得反演过程及结果能够更好的体现了"相控"的概念,并且能够有效提升预测储层纵向及横向分辨率,在薄层、薄互储层预测上是地质统计学反演之外一种新的、更高效的反演手段.针对J4井区纵波阻抗无法有效识别河道砂薄互储层的问题,通过横波速度估算,计算得到一系列弹性参数,优选出对砂泥岩识别最敏感的弹性参数,创新尝试在叠前域使用地震波形指示反演敏感参数体,最终达到对目标薄互储层"定量"识别的目的.应用结果表明:在叠前域使用地震波形指示反演代替常规反演可以很好的解决薄层预测中纵横向分辨率不高、纵波阻抗无法有效识别砂泥岩的问题,对同类型储层定量预测具有一定的借鉴意义.     

叠前弹性参数反演在南海工区的应用研究

随着油气勘探难度不断增加,叠前弹性参数反演在油气勘探领域已逐渐成为一种有效的储层预测方法.该方法以Zoeppritz方程为基础,相较于叠后反演,叠前数据保留了大量与炮检距相关信息,在精度上有了较大的提升.本文从叠前AVO反演出发,利用纵横波联合反演方法对纵横波速度与密度三参数进行反演,并在模型和工区进行测试及应用.再利用弹性参数对岩石以及岩石填充物的不同敏感性进行储层预测.结果表明,叠前反演分辨率高,对储层的刻画明晰,且反演结果与井吻合度高.将纵横波速度的低速区与低密度区结合分析来预测有利储层的位置,并用实际测井资料进行验证,证明了该方法在储层预测中的有效性和稳定性.     

基于方位地震数据的地应力反演方法

在页岩油气藏的开发和勘探阶段,需要对储层进行水力压裂改造,形成有利于油气聚集和运移的裂缝.地应力是进行水力压裂改造的重要参数,能够决定裂缝的大小、方向以及分布形态,影响着压裂的增产效果,且最大和最小水平应力差异比（ODHSR,Orthorhombic Differential Horizontal Stress Ratio）是评价储层是否可压裂成网的重要因子.本文探讨了基于地震数据估算地应力的方法,以指导页岩气的水力压裂开发.首先,利用叠前方位地震数据反演得到地层的弹性参数和各向异性参数;其次,基于正交各向异性水平应力差异比近似公式,利用反演得到的弹性参数和各向异性参数估算地层的ODHSR;最后,选取某工区的裂缝型页岩储层的叠前方位地震数据对该方法进行实际应用.实际工区地震数据应用表明,基于叠前方位地震数据反演得到的ODHSR能够有效的识别储层中易于压裂成网的区域.     

Formation mechanisms of heavy oils in the Liaohe Western Depression,Bohai Gulf Basin

The Liaohe Oilfield in the Liaohe Western Depression of the Bohai Gulf Basin is the third-largest oil producing province and the largest heavy oil producing oilfield in China. A total of 65 oil samples,35 rock samples and 36 reservoir sandstone samples were collected and analyzed utilizing conventional geochemical and biogeochemical approaches to unravel the mechanisms of the formation of the heavy oils. Investigation of the oils with the lowest maturity compared with the oils in the Gaosheng and Niuxintuo oilfields indicates no apparent relation between the maturity and physical properties of the heavy oils. It is suggested that the heavy oil with primary origin is not likely the main mechanism re-sponsible for the majority of the heavy oils in the Liaohe Western Slope. The absence and/or depletion of n-alkanes etc.,with relatively low molecular weight and the occurrence of 25-norhopane series in the heavy oils as well as the relatively high acidity of the oils all suggest that the majority of the heavy oils once experienced secondary alteration. The fingerprints of the total scanning fluorescence (TSF) of the inner adsorbed hydrocarbons on the reservoir grains and the included hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions are similar to that of the normal oils in the area but are different from the outer adsorbed and reser-voired free oils at present,further indicating that most of the heavy oils are secondary in origin. Analyses of bacteria (microbes) in 7 oil samples indicate that anaerobic and hyperthermophilic Ar-chaeoglobus sp. are the dominant microbes relevant to oil biodegradation,which coincides with the shallow commercial gas reservoirs containing anaerobic bacteria derived gas in the Gaosheng and Leijia teotonic belts. The biodegradation most likely occurs at the water/oil interface,where the forma-tion water is essential for microbe removal and nutrient transportation. We think that biodegradation,water washing and oxidization are interrelated and are the main mechanisms for the formation of the heavy oils. Biodegradation was the predominant process with water washing being a prerequisite,and oxidization acting as a metabolic manifestation. This study provides unique approaches for further investigation of the formation mechanisms of heavy oils in general,and may provide some important insight for the exploration of shallow biogas in the area.     

松辽盆地北安地区断陷期构造特征的地震学证据及其油气意义

北安地区位于松辽盆地内的东北部,共有姚家组顶界、泉头组顶界、营城组顶界、基岩顶界四个主要地震反射层位,缺失登娄库组反射层.北安断陷期地层反射能量均较弱,且基本为中低频反射.北安断陷是北安地区最重要的一个断陷,北安断陷西侧发育有北安西断裂,走向北北东,在平面展布上近"S"型,主要发育于侏罗系地层;北安断陷东侧发育有北安东断裂,走向北北东,其特点是上逆下正,从姚家组断至侏罗系地层.北安地区发育有较大的正向反转构造.北安地区反转构造对油气成藏的影响较大,主要表现在:(1)反转构造为油气聚集提供了圈闭;(2)反转构造作用促进了油气再次运移;(3)反转构造作用使地层拱张,产生了许多断裂,改善了储集性能.     

长岭地区东北部拗陷层油气成藏特征及储层预测

本文从长岭凹陷隐蔽油气藏勘探实际出发,以分析该区的油气地质条件、控砂主导因素及油气成藏规律为主线,利用钻井、地震等资料通过地震属性分析、测井约束反演等方法对该区进行了储层预测,寻找有利的储层分布范围,研究砂体在空间展布特征,掌握砂体与断层的配置关系、砂体的尖灭情况,进而识别不同类型隐蔽型圈闭.指出该区隐蔽油气藏主要有三种成藏类型,即构造-岩性复合型、砂岩上倾尖灭型、砂岩透镜体型.远物源缓坡河流-三角洲沉积体系控制该区砂体分布,使得油气富集成藏规律主要表现为多层位含油,各个砂组交互发育;单个油藏面积小,在平面上具有多套砂体形成迭合连片的特征.主要目的层,如青一、二段砂体,以三角洲前缘分支河道发育为主,河道走向北东向.研究区内的断层走向近南东—北西向,与砂体走向垂直.这种断层与砂体配置关系,易形成构造-岩性复合圈闭.     

测井评价稠油层等级的新方法

从测井信息中提取油和水的重量百分比,最能反映稠油层质量的特征.用油和水的重量百分比评价稠油层等级,是一种新概念.测井评价稠油层等级的新方法,就是根据这一新概念建立的.本文论述了新方法的物理基础,建立了测井评价稠油层等级的数学公式,并且给出了评价法则和应用范例.     

K油田开发中的砂体成像及油藏描述

K油田位于哈萨克斯坦南图尔盖盆地阿克赛隆起带上,主要产层为白垩系底砂岩及侏罗系河道砂。油田区南北跨度较大,油藏类型多样,砂体边界识别困难。该油田在2000年之后逐步投入开发,但在开发过程中发现相邻井的出油情况差异较大,油水关系复杂,油田需要提高对油藏的识别精度来应对新一轮增储上产及井网调整问题。利用敏感属性分析、3D可视化模块、地质统计反演等技术,重新认识和评价了K区油藏特征,识别区内多个独立油藏,厘清油藏间的油水关系,总结该区不同油藏类型的含油气规律,就目前困扰K油田勘探开发工作的问题给出解答。     

基于概率核地震属性融合的砂体预测方法研究

随着油气田开发程度越来越高,勘探难度越来越大,如东部的老油田已经进入开发的后期,如何识别薄层砂体是非常重要的工作之一,解决这些难题这势必需要更先进的技术.地震属性能够很好的反映砂体横向展布特征,但是单一属性无法定量预测砂体厚度,而多属性之间又存在多解性,因此有必要提炼地震属性之间的共同点,将地震属性进行信息融合,形成新的融合属性.针对这一问题,本文提出首先利用高频谐波提高地震数据的分辨率,在此基础上着重研究基于概率核的地震属性融合方法,融合了几种常见的地震属性,并结合波阻抗反演方法,预测了N873区块沙三6-3小层砂体厚度.结果显示该方法能够很好的反映砂体横向展布特征,避免了地震属性多解性问题,为提高砂体预测的精度,提供了新的思路和方法.     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins.At present,shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials.The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil.Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism,it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas.Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs.They are mainly of dry gas,which are composed of methane and only tiny C2 heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas.Generally,methane isotopes are light,whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas.Ethane isotopes are heavy,which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas.Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope,so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil.The heavy oil degraded gas formation,a very complex geological,geochemical and microbiological geochemical process,is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon,which is controlled by many factors.     

Estimation of clay content in soil based on resistivity modelling and laboratory measurements

The determination of clay content in near‐surface formations is crucial for geotechnical, hydrogeological and oil‐contamination studies. We have developed a technique for estimating clay content that consists of the minimization of the difference between the theoretically calculated and measured soil resistivities as a function of water salinity. To calculate the resistivity, we used a model that takes into account the electrochemical processes in the clay micropores. The experimental measurements of soil resistivity were performed on soil samples, completely saturated by brines at different concentrations of NaCl salt in the range 0.6–100 g/l, to obtain the resistivity versus salinity curve. The parameters obtained with this curve inversion are the clay content, the total porosity and the cation exchange capacity. To verify the new technique, we determined clay concentrations of artificial mixtures of calibrated sand and clay. The relative mean error in the clay content does not exceed 20% for a 5% fitting error of the resistivity versus salinity curves. Such evaluations allow the correct separation of the main lithological groups (sand, sandy loam, loam, and light, medium and heavy clay). We applied this technique to estimate the petrophysical parameters of soils (clay content, porosity and cation exchange capacity) at various sites in Mexico. The results improved the interpretation of the vertical electrical soundings, the lithological soil characterization and the delineation of oil‐contaminated areas.     

Simulating the influence of physicochemical parameters on subsurface oil on beaches: Preliminary results

Monitoring of sandy beaches after the Prestige oil spill revealed thick subsurface layers (up to 1 m thick) of grey-coloured sand. These horizons were sometimes found under more than 3 m of clean sand. Examination of the sand by electron microscopy confirmed that the colouring was due to oil-coated sand grains, and revealed a sequence of degradation of buried oil. Further analysis of the sand revealed high concentrations of hydrocarbon in the oil-coated sand and that the main biomarkers were indicative of biodegradation, even though the oil was buried.A set of experiments was designed to analyze the evolution of oil from tar balls to coatings. The results revealed that biodegradation is a secondary process in the changes that take place in the buried oil, and that water flow slows down the appearance of grey sand and that low salinity may hinder the oil degradation process.     

拉梅参数直接反演方法在东海N构造致密储层烃类检测中的应用

东海N构造主要目的层为强水动力环境下发育的三角洲平原分流河道砂体。平面砂层分布不连续,横向非均质性强。受埋深压实和成岩作用等影响,储层呈低孔渗特征,岩石物理规律叠置严重。此外,深部地震数据存在缺乏大角度入射信息等问题,落实研究区致密储层流体分布范围对于勘探开发设计部署具有重要意义。本文引入一种基于拉梅参数直接反演的地震流体描述方法,通过实测井数据的岩石物理定性和定量判析,优选流体敏感参数,进而结合拉梅参数的两项AVO模型参数化方程,从叠前道集中分别提取拉梅参数的AVO属性体。然后利用有色反演技术直接提取流体敏感弹性信息,以指导地震流体描述。实例应用表明,该方法的烃检结果与测井解释成果匹配度高,能够有效刻画研究区致密储层流体展布规律,可为新领域油气资源发现提供重要技术支撑。