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1.
While coral reefs decline, scientists argue, and effective strategies to manage land-based pollution lag behind the extent of the problem. There is need for objective, cost-effective, assessment methods. The measurement of stable nitrogen isotope ratios, δ15N, in tissues of reef organisms shows promise as an indicator of sewage stress. The choice of target organism will depend upon study purpose, availability, and other considerations such as conservation. Algae are usually plentiful and have been shown faithfully to track sewage input. The organic matrix of bivalve shells can provide time series spanning, perhaps, decades. Gorgonians have been shown to track sewage, and can provide records potentially centuries-long. In areas where baseline data are lacking, which is almost everywhere, δ15N in gorgonians can provide information on status and trends. In coral tissue, δ15N combined with insoluble residue determination can provide information on both sewage and sediment stress in areas lacking baseline data. In the developed world, δ15N provides objective assessment in a field complicated by conflicting opinions. Sample handling and processing are simple and analysis costs are low. This is a method deserving widespread application.  相似文献   

2.
Stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) in bioindicators are increasingly employed to identify nitrogen sources in many ecosystems and biological characteristics of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) make it an appropriate species for this purpose. To assess nitrogen isotopic fractionation associated with assimilation and baseline variations in oyster mantle, gill, and muscle tissue δ15N, manipulative fieldwork in Chesapeake Bay and corresponding modeling exercises were conducted. This study (1) determined that five individuals represented an optimal sample size; (2) verified that δ15N in oysters from two locations converged after shared deployment to a new location reflecting a change in nitrogen sources; (3) identified required exposure time and temporal integration (four months for muscle, two to three months for gill and mantle); and (4) demonstrated seasonal δ15N increases in seston (summer) and oysters (winter). As bioindicators, oysters can be deployed for spatial interpolation of nitrogen sources, even in areas lacking extant populations.  相似文献   

3.
Macroalgal blooms of Hypnea musciformis and Ulvafasciata in coastal waters of Maui only occur in areas of substantial anthropogenic nutrient input, sources of which include wastewater effluent via injection wells, leaking cesspools and agricultural fertilizers. Algal δ15N signatures were used to map anthropogenic nitrogen through coastal surveys (island-wide and fine-scale) and algal deployments along nearshore and offshore gradients. Algal δ15N values of 9.8‰ and 2.0-3.5‰ in Waiehu and across the north-central coast, respectively, suggest that cesspool and agricultural nitrogen reached the respective adjacent coastlines. Effluent was detected in areas proximal to the Wastewater Reclamation Facilities (WWRF) operating Class V injection wells in Lahaina, Kihei and Kahului through elevated algal δ15N values (17.8-50.1‰). From 1997 to 2008, the three WWRFs injected an estimated total volume of 193 million cubic meters (51 billion gallons) of effluent with a nitrogen mass of 1.74 million kilograms (3.84 million pounds).  相似文献   

4.
The use of characteristic period τc and peak displacement amplitude Pd of the initial P wave in earthquake early warning (EEW) was proposed by Wu and Kanamori 1, 2, 3 and 4. Here we apply this approach to strong-motion records from a building sensor array installed in Taitung County, Taiwan. This building was damaged during the 2006 Mw=6.1 Taitung earthquake with a peak ground velocity (PGV) of up to 38.4 cm/s at an epicentral distance of 14.5 km. According to our analysis, the peak displacement amplitude Pd is a better indicator for the destructiveness of an earthquake than τc because τc is more sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than Pd. In accordance with previous studies, only the structurally damaging Taitung earthquake generated a Pd value larger than 0.5 cm (a threshold for identifying damaging events). Using Pd as an indicator for destructive earthquakes does not lead to missing or false alarms for EEW purposes.  相似文献   

5.
δ13C和δ15N指示不同生态类型湖泊无机氮及有机质来源   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为了探讨不同生态类型湖泊(天然湖泊、城市湖泊)中无机氮和有机质来源,分别采集湖泊中水体、表层沉积物、水生植物、底栖动物进行碳、氮同位素特征分析.结果表明:蚌湖水体δ15N-NH4均值为-1.8‰±1.0‰,δ15N-NO3-均值为-0.5‰±1.7‰,说明蚌湖水体氮表现为雨水和农业肥料氮污染;象湖δ15 N-NH4+均值为6.8‰±8.6‰,其中养殖废水和管道排污口δ15N-NH4+值分别为13.5‰和25.4‰,表现出污水氮同位素特征,象湖δ15 N-NO3-均值为-2.9‰±4.2‰,是氨的硝化作用引起的氮同位素分馏所致.蚌湖表层沉积物、水生植物δ15N差别不大,分别为6.6‰±0.3‰、7.1‰±0.7‰,水生植物δ13C均值为-27.5‰±0.3‰,比沉积物δ13C偏负3‰.有机C/N为9.4±0.5,比沉积物C/N明显偏高6,反映水生植物是蚌湖有机质的主要来源.象湖表层沉积物δ15N、δ13C及有机C/N分布范围大,δ15N在3.6‰~8.3‰之间,均值为5.9‰±1.6‰,δ13C在-27.1‰~-24.7‰之间,均值为-26.0‰±1.0‰,有机C/N在2.6 ~10.8之间,均值为6.2±2.7,表明城市湖泊沉积有机质来源复杂.2个湖泊蚌类δ15N组成与各自湖泊表层沉积物δ15N组成相对应.  相似文献   

6.
The emission rate of carbon dioxide escaping from the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai?i, proved highly variable, averaging 4900 ± 2000 metric tons per day (t/d) in June–July 2003 during a period of summit inflation. These results were obtained by combining over 90 measurements of COSPEC-derived SO2 emission rates with synchronous CO2/SO2 ratios of the volcanic gas plume along the summit COSPEC traverse. The results are lower than the CO2 emission rate of 8500 ± 300 t/d measured by the same method in 1995–1999 during a period of long-term summit deflation [Gerlach, T.M., McGee, K.A., Elias, T., Sutton, A.J. and Doukas, M.P., 2002. Carbon dioxide emission rate of Kīlauea Volcano: Implications for primary magma and the summit reservoir. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 107(B9): art. no.-2189.]. Analysis of the data indicates that the emission rates of the present study likely reflect changes in the magma supply rate and residence time in the summit reservoir. It is also likely that emission rates during the inflation period were heavily influenced by SO2 pulses emitted adjacent to the COSPEC traverse, which biased CO2/SO2 ratios towards low values that may be unrepresentative of the global summit gas plume. We conclude that the SO2 pulses are consequences of summit re-inflation under way since 2003 and that CO2 emission rates remain comparable to, but more variable than, those measured prior to re-inflation.  相似文献   

7.
根据2002年6~8月和2003年5~8月期间在慕士塔格冰川西坡收集的降水样品, 探讨了该区降水中δ18O的时空变化特征. 分析结果表明, 观测期间降水中δ18O具有较大的变幅, 可达20‰左右, 其值随时间的变化趋势和气温的变化趋势基本一致. 该区降水中δ18O与温度存在正相关关系, 但与降水量无关. 在海拔5500~7450 m的范围内, 稳定同位素比率的高程效应显著. 降水中δ18O随海拔而垂直变化的梯度值接近-0.40‰/100 m. 综合目前山地高海拔区的降水中δ18O资料, 初步建立了全球山地高海拔区(>5000 m)降水中δ18O和海拔的关系.  相似文献   

8.
青藏高原冰芯过去100年δ18O记录与温度变化   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以羌塘高原普若岗日冰原钻取的213 m冰芯中记录为基础, 研究了过去100年来δ18O变化所反映的这一地区的温度变化. 结合已获取的青藏高原南部的达索普冰芯、西北部的古里雅冰芯和东北部的敦德冰芯, 综合研究了青藏高原温度变化的区域差异. 结果表明, 青藏高原不同地区冰芯中δ18O变化各有特点, 特别是南、北差异和东、西差异十分明显. 但4根冰芯记录均反映出过去100年来δ18O增加的趋势, 说明过去100年来青藏高原在不断变暖. 将δ18O记录所反映的青藏高原温度变化、青藏高原气象记录的温度变化同北半球温度变化比较研究发现, 这些记录所反映的过去100年总体变暖趋势是一致的.  相似文献   

9.
We report the discovery of TiO2-Ⅱ in the unmelted rock of the shocked Suizhou L6 chondrite.Natural TiO2-Ⅱ was previously found in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic and mantle-derived rocks,terrestrial impact structures,and tektite.Our microscopic,Raman spectroscopic,electron microprobe and transmission electron microscopic investigations have revealed:(1) All observed TiO2-Ⅱ grains are related with ilmenite and pyrophanite;(2) TiO2-Ⅱ occurs as needle-and ...  相似文献   

10.
珠穆朗玛峰东绒布80.36 m冰芯δ 18O记录的气候意义   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张东启 《中国科学D辑》2003,33(3):264-270
珠穆朗玛峰东绒布80.36 m冰芯δ 18O记录与喜马拉雅山南、北坡气象资料和北半球气温变化之间的关系表明, 该冰芯δ 18O基本上不反映年际温度的变化, 但冰芯δ 18O与净积累量具有负相关关系, 这是该地区夏季降水(占全年降水量的80%以上)中δ 18O“降水量效应”的一种具体表现. 东绒布冰芯δ 18O的变化可作为印度季风活动强弱变化的替代指标. 在季风活动强盛阶段, 冰芯中δ 18O平均值较低; 在季风活动衰弱阶段, 冰芯中δ 18O平均值较高.  相似文献   

11.
The Suizhou meteorite is a heavily shocked and melted vein-containing L6 chondrite. It contains a minor amount of diopside with a(Ca0.419Mg0.466Fe0.088)SiO3 composition, and a shock-metamorphosed diopside grain associated with ringwoodite and lingunite was found in a melt vein of this meteorite. Our electron microprobe,transmission electron microscopic and Raman spectroscopic analyses revealed four silicate phases with different compositions and struct...  相似文献   

12.
慕士塔格地区夏季降水中δ18O与温度及水汽输送的关系   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
根据在慕士塔格地区2002年和2003年连续两次实施的降水水样收集和气象要素观测, 分析了该地区降水中δ18O与温度的关系, 揭示了降水中δ18O变化特征, 讨论了水汽输送对降水中δ18O变化的影响. 研究结果表明, 慕士塔格地区夏季历次降水中δ18O与温度具有一定的正相关关系, 温度是控制该地区降水中δ18O变化的主导因素; 与邻近地区相似, 夏季降水中δ18O也表现为高值. 据水汽追踪的结果, 该地区夏季降水与西风环流和局地环流的水汽输送有密切的关系; 而水汽输送距离的远近、水汽输送厚度以及极地气团的南侵对该地区降水中δ18O变化都有一定的影响. 不同水汽来源及输送方式是影响该地区降水δ18O变化的另一要素.  相似文献   

13.
冯盛楠  刘兴起  李华淑 《湖泊科学》2020,32(4):1199-1211
湖泊水体的氢氧同位素(δD、δ18O)是研究区域大气降水和水文循环的重要手段之一,目前对其的研究主要以单一湖泊为主.以2016年夏季在中国西部地区采集的33个湖泊水体为研究对象,分析其氢氧同位素的变化特征,并结合当地夏季大气降水、湖水盐度、海拔与纬度等资料,探讨中国西部33个湖泊水体δD、δ18O的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:33个湖泊水体的δD与δ18O组成主要受控于大气降水,但受蒸发分馏的影响,湖水线的斜率与截距低于大气水线.湖泊水体与夏季大气降水氢氧同位素存在明显的空间分异,这种分异与湖水盐度无关,主要受到区域降水水汽来源不同的影响.青藏高原南北两侧由于水汽来源及蒸发条件的不同,使得青藏高原湖泊水体的氢氧同位素呈现出"北高南低"的特点,新疆西北部受西风影响,湖泊水体的氢氧同位素明显偏负,内蒙古及邻近地区受东南季风的影响,湖水受到蒸发分馏作用使其δD与δ18O偏正.不同区域湖泊水体的氘盈余(dexcess)反映了不同的水汽源地的湿度状况而不能指示湖水的蒸发状况.受降水影响,青藏高原地区湖...  相似文献   

14.
南京葫芦洞石笋δ13C对冰期气候的复杂响应与诊断   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
文中重建了南京葫芦洞内距今75~10 ka期间7支石笋δ13C的时间变化序列, δ13C曲线在重叠时段均具有一致性波动形式. 在最后一个冰期/间冰期旋回, δ13C值变化幅度达6‰, 反映了C3/C4植被类型变化对δ13C的主控作用. 然而, 在末次冰期格陵兰冰心记录的DO暖事件时(千年尺度), δ13C与指示降水变化的δ18O呈反相关, 主要反映了快速渗水条件下洞穴岩溶水对土壤CO2溶解量的降低. 据同期生长石笋δ13C和δ18O对比分析, 石笋碳同位素动力分馏程度与生长速率有关. 进一步研究发现, 本区末次冰消期植被类型变化滞后于降水变化约700年.  相似文献   

15.
喜马拉雅山朗塘流域坚景和亚拉降水中δ  相似文献   

16.
滇池的富营养化过程:来自结合态脂肪酸C16:0δ13C的证据   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
以云贵高原浅水湖泊滇池作为研究对象,在对湖心一个63cm柱状沉积物中δ13Corg、δ13N、C/N比值和TOC含量测定的基础上,以近现代沉积物有机质中结合态脂肪酸的组成及其单体碳同位素组成结果为主要的讨论对象,并与相应游离态脂肪酸的组成及碳同位素值进行了对比研究,探讨近二百年来滇池湖泊的富营养化过程.研究结果表明,沉积物中有机质基本参数变化按沉积深度可以划分成三个主要阶段,其中20cm至表层段,δ13N、TOC显著增大,与该时期湖泊富营养化密切相关.结合态脂肪酸总含量为38.5-209.6μg/g,游离态脂肪酸总含量为12.0-318.1μg/g,都在表层段20cm出现迅速增加的趋势;利用脂肪酸单体分子组合CPIA、∑C20/∑C21+、TARFA、C18:1w7/C18:1w9、(i-C15:0+a-C15:0)/nC15:0比值的特征变化,表明其以内源的浮游生物和细菌输入为主,内源藻类的大量繁殖,导致湖泊富营养化加剧.相比游离态脂肪酸,滇池沉积物中的结合态脂肪酸具有较丰富的不饱和脂肪酸和正反异构脂肪酸,且具有较强的稳定性,能抵抗早期化学和生物降解作用的影响,具有重要的研究价值,将成为近年来研究的热点.结合态脂肪酸中C16:0的δ13C变化较好地记录了近几十年来湖泊富营养化过程的加剧,可作为反映湖泊重富营养化进程的一个重要指标.  相似文献   

17.
Carboniferous is a global recession period of reef-building. There were fewer reefs at that times due to massive extinction and the great glacial catastrophe in the southern hemisphere in Frasnian/Famennian[1]. So far, however, most of the researches concerning Carboniferous reefs have been limited, which leads to insufficient knowledge regarding the composition, structure, ecological characteristics of reef-building communities, the reef growth models, etc. Interna-tional studies conducted o…  相似文献   

18.
湖泊沉积物有机质δ13C所揭示的环境气候信息   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
吴敬禄  王苏民  沈吉 《湖泊科学》1996,8(2):113-118
根据我国不同纬度和高海拔地区青藏高原东部地区湖泊沉积物有机质δ^13C组成特征的分析,就其揭示的环境气候意义作了探讨。研究表明,湖泊沉积物有机质δ^13C波动间接地反映气候冷暖的波动,但高原与平原地区湖泊沉积物有机质δ^13C值变化具有不同的环境气候意义。这与陆生植物C3及C4植物的分布密切相关,据此初步划分为三种有机质δ^13C古气候类型。  相似文献   

19.
Cyclic triaxial tests on reconstituted sand samples are broadly employed in practice while they ignore the inherent characteristics of soil in field condition such as aging, fabric, and prior strain history. Relative state parameter index, ξR, is utilized in a probabilistic framework to adjust the cyclic triaxial resistance ratio of sands at 15 uniform cycles (CRRtx,15) to field condition. A wide-ranging database containing the results of cyclic triaxial tests conducted on reconstituted samples has been compiled to derive a correlation between relative state parameter index (ξR) and triaxial cyclic resistance ratio. The adjustment coefficients proposed by researchers are employed to correct CRRtx,15ξR relationship for actual field condition. The adjusted CRRtx,15ξR relationships are applied to a database of field liquefaction case histories composed of both SPT and CPT based data and their performances in field condition are evaluated. It is demonstrated that constant triaxial-to-field adjusting coefficients cannot ever predict conservative results. Logistic regression method is employed to derive a field probabilistic criterion that obtains the likelihood of liquefaction initiation in terms of ξR. The ξR-based boundary curve standing for 20% likelihood of liquefaction initiation is found to be the most conservative limit state boundary to be used in field conditions. Finally, the triaxial and field CRRξR relationships are composed and a probabilistic triaxial-to-field adjustment coefficient is proposed in terms of ξR and a given liquefaction probability. It is anticipated that the proposed relationship could reasonably correct the results of cyclic triaxial testing on freshly reconstituted sand samples.  相似文献   

20.
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