地震层析成像在工程勘测中的应用

目前,地震层析成像在许多工程勘测和矿产勘探部门开始试用,迫切需要有这方面的指南性的文章。本文综合介绍地震层析成象的原理、数据采集技术、图象重建的理论和方法,并通过一个成功的应用实例说明方法的应用效果。作为一种新的物探方法,地震层析成象的应用仍然存在许多问题,如非线性图像重建,文章对存在问题及对策作了详细讨论。     

叠前深度域成象技术研究及其应用

本文结合与中科院合作开发移植的柯希霍夫积分法全三维叠前深度偏移软件,剖析了深度域成象的特点和基本原理,并通过试验研究成果说明三维叠前深度域成象能够改善复杂速度分布区的地震剖面成象质量,提高煤矿小构造的解释精度,是未来地震资料处理的发展方向。     

小波理论及其在地震勘探中的应用

介绍了小波理论在地震勘探领域中的“时变滤波（去噪）”、“信号分离”、“地震成象处理”、“高分辨处理”、“数据压缩”等诸多环节中的应用，以及小波理论在“波动方程求解”、“求取地层反射系数”等方面的应用前景。     

应用折射层析方法解决塔里木盆地浅部地震速度的分布

首次提出了用于解决塔里木盆地地震资料数据处理中浅部地震速度分析的折射层析成象方法。该方法可以通过求解任意变速介质中的二维程函方程、射线追踪和ＳＩＲＴ迭代解法实现。通过对塔里木盆地地震资料的层析反演取得了较好的结果,揭示了浅部地震速度具有较大的横向变化。这一变化对建立地下速度模型及反射构造成象有较大影响,钻井资料证实了这一结果。这项研究的成功对研究塔里木盆地地震波速度的变化规律及进一步提高该区整体地震资料处理与解释的质量具有重要的实际意义。     

井间地震层析成象高精度算法及其在环境工程勘探中的应用

井间地震层要成象在环境工程勘探中的应用前景广阔，走时层析成象的射线追踪方法和在型稀疏矩阵的方法的方法是其中的关键。文中讨论了ＬＳＱＲ算法系列，数值模拟证明了它的优越性，最后应用于鹏飞大厦场地，取得了良好的效果。     

折射地震勘探数据自动解释与成象系统简介

以往,在应用折射地震勘探技术时,对所获地震数据的解释,都是通过人工对比、人工读取数据解释成图。这种方法效率低、解释周期长、数据读取精度在很大程度上取决于解释员的经验水平。而基于传统相遇时距曲线法原理的微机折射地震数据自动解释及成象系统,系用C语言设计而成,成象精度高,运算速度快,易于掌握,特别适于现场实时处理。在神府煤田石圪台等煤矿采区勘探中应用,均获令人鼓舞的效果。     

浅层高分辨率地震反射法在各种环境问题中的应用

浅层地震反射法已成功地应用于各种地质下沉和环境问题。记录仪器的动态范围的增大、处理硬件和软件费用的降低、使地震反射法成为一种具有高性能价格比的手段而应用于浅层目标成象之中。许多地区的地震资料都具有很高的分辨率，能探测出小于３ｍ位移造成的断层以及仅１ｍ厚的地层。目前，我们已经探测到了仅２ｍ深的浅层反射，还可以探测并成象地下２０ｍ内与废弃煤矿有关的地下空穴；地震反射法已成功地应用于受盐岩溶蚀矿影响的地     

井中地震用于陆相储层分析的几项技术

中国陆相储层分布广泛，类型复杂，横向变化大，勘探开发成本高，进行储层分析要求采用高新技术和综合利用多种方法，本文总结了在我国几个油区进行陆相储层分析的几项地震技术即：垂直地震剖面（ＶＳＰ）技术，多偏移距和井间层析成象技术以及多参数分析和综合解释技术，在适应我国经济发展的水平和现状的条件下，用以解决我国复杂的陆相油气储层分析的问题。     

四维储层监测的实用地球物理问题

四维地震监测是一种以时间推移方式,在一套产油储层上获得并分析重复的三维地震勘探结果的过程,四维地震技术在储层产油造成的流体和饱度,压力和温度变化方面具有直接成象能力,虽然四维地震的原理及概念比较简单,但是用其来解决实际问题却是很复杂的。利用Ｃｈｅｖｒｏｎ公司在墨西哥湾,北海,西非和印度尼西业等地四维地震项目的几个野外实例,讨论了５个主要的实用问题,促使四维地震发展的商业因素包括,通过作出所遗漏的石     

地球内部物理和演化的几个核心论题:Ⅰ.地球内部结构和物理性质

本文综述研究地球内部结构和物理特性的几种常规方法和主要研究结果，并首重讨论地球物理状态方程、地震成象、综合反演、高温高压实验和有关对比研究方法。均匀各向同性球对称地球模型仍不失其参考意义，但最新研究结果表明，地球内部状态是非均匀和各向异性的。横向不均匀性主要表现在上地幔部分，下地幔和液态外核似乎比较均匀，但核幔边界过渡带（Ｄ″）可能代表一个内含非均匀化学边界的热边界层，其形态起伏和横向变化影响地球模型的球对称性。３Ｄ地震成象实质上反映地震波速与温度异常的关系，而温度变化又会引起密度异常，因而密度变化是控制地幔对流的关键参数之一。     

基于过程对象的地表覆盖变化时空过程表达模型

时空过程表达是时空数据分析、规律发掘等研究热点的基础。本文从土地利用/地表覆盖变化(land use/cover change,LUCC)时空数据分析和规律发掘应用角度出发,提出了一种基于过程对象的时空过程表达模型,阐述了该模型的时空过程判定方法和存储管理方法。该模型将地表覆盖斑块看作时空对象,将斑块自身变化和相互转化以对象时空过程的形式表达;通过时空过程的组合来表达空间范围更广的时空变化,使斑块变化与景观格局总体变化联系起来。该模型可用于面状地理实体的时空演变模拟和变化规律挖掘等。通过对黑龙江大兴安岭地区地表覆盖时空过程对象的建立、检索与分析,验证了模型的有效性。     

一种面向LUCC的时空数据存储管理模型

为满足土地利用和地表覆盖变化(land-use and land-cover change,LUCC)动态监测中时空数据统计分析、时空过程模拟、时空演变分析预测、时空数据挖掘的应用需求,需将LUCC数据存储管理方式由单一空间数据推进至时空数据存储管理。本文提出一种基于快照和面向对象的混合时空数据模型,支持矢量和栅格时空数据存储管理、LUCC时空过程模拟、LUCC时空过程建模参数提取和成果数据管理与发布。基于该模型研发了LUCC时空信息系统原型,以LUCC时空信息统计、地表覆盖斑块时空过程模拟、地表覆盖时空转移矩阵计算为例,验证了模型的可行性。     

Bottom to top lithosphere structure and evolution of western Eger Rift (Central Europe)

We present model of the structure and development of the entire lithosphere beneath the western Eger Rift (ER). Its crustal architecture and paths of volcanic products are closely related to sutures/boundaries of uppermost mantle domains distinguished by different orientations of olivine fabric, derived from 3-D analysis of seismic anisotropy. Three different fabrics of the mantle lithosphere belong to the Saxothuringian (ST), Teplá-Barrandian (TB) and Moldanubian (MD) microplates assembled during the Variscan orogeny. Dipping fossil (pre-assembly) olivine orientations, consistent within each unit, do not support any voluminous mantle delamination. The variable rift structure and morphology depend on the character of the pre-rift suture between the northern ST unit and the TB/MD units in the southern rift flank. The proper rift with typical graben morphology has developed above the steep lithosphere-scale suture between the ST and TB units. This subduction-related boundary originated from the closure of the ST Ocean. Parts of the crust and mantle lithosphere were dragged there into asthenospheric depths and then rapidly uplifted. The suture is marked by abrupt change in the mantle fabric and sharp gradients in regional gravity field and in metamorphic grade. The secular TB-side-down normal movement is reflected in deep sedimentary basins, which developed since the Carboniferous to Cenozoic and in topography. The graben morphology of the ER terminates above the “triple junction” of the ST, TB and MD mantle lithospheres. The junction is characterized by offsets of surface boundaries of the tectonic units from their mantle counterparts indicating a detachment of the rigid upper crust from the mantle lithosphere. The southwest continuation of the rift features in Bavaria is expressed in occurrences of Cenozoic sediments and volcanics above an inclined broad transition zone between the ST and MD lithospheres. Schematic scenario of evolution of the region consists mainly of a subduction of the ST lithosphere to depths around 140 km, exhumation of HP-HT rocks and the post-tectonic granitoid plutonism.     

中国满洲里－绥芬河地学断面域古生代构造单元及其地质演化

额尔古纳－兴安地体（ＥＴ）、松嫩－张广才岭地体（ＳＴ）、佳木斯地体（ＳＴ）是断面域古生代具有独立发展演化历史的地质构造单元，ＥＴ与西伯利亚地台具有亲缘性，ＳＴ－ＪＴ与华北和西伯利亚地台均无亲缘关系；ＳＴ与ＪＴ、ＥＴ与ＳＴ－ＪＴ分别沿牡丹江和嫩江断裂拼贴，最终形成统一亚洲大陆的一部分。     

不同雨量次降雨空间插值对比——以四川省南充市降雨为例

为对比分析大雨、中雨、小雨条件下,不同空间插值方法模拟地市州尺度降雨的差异,基于四川省南充市9个县级辖区三次24h降雨量数据,采用反距离加权(Inverse Distance Weighting,IDW)、张力样条函数(Spline with Tension,ST)、局部多项式(Local Polynomial Interpolation,LPI)、ANUDEM四种插值方法,从插值平均误差(ME)、中误差(RMSE)角度进行了对比分析。结果显示,按ME排序,大雨、中雨时LPISTIDWANUDEM,小雨时IDW、ANUDEM、ST基本相似,LPI最大;三种降雨条件下四种插值方法 ME均小于0.5mm。从RMSE看,大雨、中雨、小雨时ANUDEM插值RMSE为1.79mm、3.07mm和0.05mm,显著小于IDW、LPI和ST;三种插值方法之间差异微小,大雨、中雨、小雨时均接近13mm、8mm和0.5mm。在降雨量等级为大雨和中雨时,ANUDEM插值方法优于其他插值方法,而在降雨量等级为小雨时,四种插值方法差异较小。     

Depositional model and stratigraphic architecture of rift climax Gilbert-type fan deltas (Gulf of Corinth, Greece)

Facies, depositional model and stratigraphic architecture of Pleistocene giant Gilbert-type fan deltas are presented, based on outcrop data from the Derveni–Akrata region along the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece. The common tripartite consisting of topset, foreset and bottomset [Gilbert, G.K., 1885. The topographic features of lake shores: Washington, D.C., United States Geol. Survey, 5th Annual Report, 69–123.] has been identified, as well as the most distal environment consisting of turbidites, and is organised in a repetitive pattern of four main systems tracts showing a clear facies and volumetric partitioning.The first systems tract (ST1) is characterised by the lack of topset beds and the development of a by-pass surface instead, thick foresets and bottomset beds, and thick well-developed turbiditic systems. This systems tract (ST1) is organised in an overall progradational pattern. The second systems tract (ST2) is characterised by a thin topset and almost no foreset equivalent. This systems tract is not always well-preserved and is organised in an overall retrograding trend with a landward shift in the position of the offlap break. The offshore is characterised by massive sandy turbidites. The third systems tract (ST3) is characterised by small-scale deltas prograding above the staked topsets of the giant Gilbert-type fan delta. Those small Gilbert-type fan deltas are generally organised in a pure progradation evolving to an aggradational–progradational pattern. In the distal setting of those small Gilbert-type fan deltas, almost no deposits are preserved on the remaining topography of the previous Gilbert-type fan delta. The fourth systems tract (ST4) is characterised by continuous vertically aggrading topsets that laterally pass into aggrading and prograding foresets. Bottomsets and distal turbiditic systems are starved. This fourth systems tract (ST4) is organised in an overall aggrading trend.These giant Gilbert-type fan deltas correspond to the Middle Group of the Corinth Rift infill and their stratigraphic development was strongly influenced by evolving rift structure. They record the migration of the depocenter from the rift shoulder to the rift axis in four main sequences from ca. 1.5 to 0.7 Ma, related to the migration of fault activity. It is worth noting that the maximum paleobathymetry was recorded during the final stage of the progradation of the Middle Group, suggesting that the rift climax was diachronous at the scale of the entire basin. The rapid (< 1 Ma) structural and sedimentological evolution, the migration of fault activity as well as the youth of the Corinth Rift, are probably exceptional factors allowing the characterisation of such diachronism.     

复杂地层结构的2D、3D剖面显示技术研究

将计算机图形学扫描线区域填充算法应用于地质科学计算可视化。是图形工程应用领域的扩展。这里应用改进扫描线算法，实现了复杂地质结构的地质属性填充的二维、三维剖面图绘制．为地质专家直观观察地质空间数据．有效分析空间数据提供了逻辑思维空间平台。这里分析了改进扫描线算法的实现技术思路，并讨论了剖面树ST和有效表AT的数据结构及其改进扫描线算法实现步骤和面向对象类封装的实现软件结构，最后还给出了该算法应用Delphi和OpenGL实现二维、三维复杂地质属性剖面图绘制实例。这些实例表明了这种算法是可行的。     

岩石及类岩石材料的劈裂拉伸与直接拉伸强度

采用自行研制的岩石直接拉伸实验装置,对7种（组）岩石和2组混凝土试样进行了直接拉伸和劈裂法（巴西法）间接拉伸试验。试验结果表明,所有岩石和混凝土试样的劈裂拉伸强度SB均大于直接拉伸强度ST,比值SB/ST的范围,在1.06到1.97之间;直接拉伸强度的偏差系数,通常大于劈裂拉伸强度的偏差系数。根据Sundaram等人对圆盘劈裂试验试样内应力分布的有限元分析的结果,当岩石的拉伸弹模ET小于压缩弹模EC时,试样中实际的应力会与经典弹性力学公式所得结果（EC=ET时的情形）不同,需要进行修正。据此对有关岩石的劈裂拉伸强度进行了修正,并发现,在所试验的岩石中,虽然部分岩石的ET与EC的数值相差不大,其SB/ST比却最高。这说明,拉伸与压缩弹模的差别不是造成两种拉伸强度差别的唯一原因。     

The association between solar particle events, geomagnetic storms, and hospital admissions for myocardial infarction

Eruptive activity of the Sun produces intensive fluxes of energetic particles and disturbances in geomagnetic field. It has been found that solar and geomagnetic activities affect the cardiovascular system. In this study, we investigated whether solar particle events (SPE) and geomagnetic storms (GS) affect risk of emergency hospitalization for first-time myocardial infarction (MI). The effect of environmental variables is analyzed separately for MI with and without elevation of ST segment in electrocardiogram. A case-crossover study design was used to analyze MI in 2,008 hospitalized patients at the Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania, from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2005. We evaluated the associations between SPE, GS, and daily number of emergency hospital admission for MI by Poisson regression, controlling for seasonal variation, weekdays, and meteorological factors. During days of SPE in conjunction with GS, the risk of hospital admissions for MI with ST elevation increased by 39?% (RR?=?1.39; 95?% CI 1.02?C1.91). Two days after SPE that going till GS, the risk of admission for MI without ST elevation increased by 54?% (RR?=?1.54; 95?% CI 1.05?C2.24). The major GS without increased proton flux with particle energies?>10?MeV does not increase the risk of admission for MI without ST elevation. Only GS occurred after SPE increased the risk of admission for MI without ST elevation. These findings suggest that SPE going till GS or SPE in conjunction with GS affect on cardiovascular system. The environmental factors have different effects on the risk of myocardial infarction with and without ST elevation.     

基于SWOT分析的区域矿产资源竞争力研究

科学分析区域矿产资源竞争力、合理制定区域矿业发展战略和规划对合理、有序、高效、生态地开发区域矿产资源具有重要意义。本文介绍了SWOT分析模型在区域矿产资源竞争力分析中的工作方法和步骤,构建了包含15个评价指标的区域矿产资源竞争力评价指标体系,运用SWOT分析模型对青海祁漫塔格地区矿产资源开发竞争力进行了分析。结果表明:该区主要优势为区域规划及政策好、生态环境影响小、矿产资源总资源储量及成矿潜力大、矿产资源可利用性较好,主要劣势为外部运输和矿山生产建设条件差、整体生产成本高、区域矿床集中度低,综合分析得出祁漫塔格地区位于多元经营战略(ST战略)区域,整体区域资源开发竞争力较好。证明SWOT分析模型及本文构建的指标体系在区域矿产资源竞争力分析中具有适用性。