Lithological-geochemical differentiation of bottom deposits in the Angara cascade reservoirs

A long-term complex study of the Angara cascade reservoirs, the largest artificial reservoirs, showed that the bottom deposits were formed at the predominance of terrigenous influx. The compositional-structural and geochemical characteristics of various lithodynamic types of bottom sediments along a generalized transverse profiles testify that they represent a complex system with varying proportions of sandy, silty, and clayey particles and associations of chemical elements. As is indicated by the composition of the abraded rocks, the sedimentation settings, and the type of the lithological-geochemical differentiation of the bottom deposits, the scattering and differentiation of abrasion fluxes occurred simultaneously with the formation of new types of bottom sediments, whose composition was partially inherited from precursor rocks. It was established that the change in the lithodynamic settings in the Angara cascade reservoirs and the trend of the lithological-geochemical differentiation of the bottom sediments are governed by the same laws as in natural basins.     

Settings of the formation of mineral composition of bottom sediments in the barrier zone of the Angara River

The paper considers conditions of the accumulation of bottom sediments and the formation of their mineral composition in a specific type of barrier zones that was formed due to the overregulation of natural runoff of the Angara River and construction of the Angara reservoir cascade. It was established that the bottom sediments accumulated in the barrier zone were supplied by the runoff of the Angara River and its tributaries. The mineral composition of solid runoff of the rivers is determined by the petrographic composition of their water drainage basins. Boundaries of the distinguished mineralogical subprovinces of the bottom sediments coincide with a sharp change in the dynamic parameters of water flow. The revealed compositional variations of the heavy fraction depending on the water flow velocity can be used to solve an inverse problem: deciphering the hydrodynamic conditions of the formation of river bed sediments.     

Sedimentary indications and absolute chronology of Holocene relative sea‐level changes retrieved from coastal lagoon deposits on Samsø, Denmark

Coastal lagoons are a typical feature of the landscape in central Denmark. The lagoons formed when basins within the inherited glacial topography were flooded by the mid‐Holocene sea‐level rise. The transgression initiated coastal geomorphological processes and prompted marine sedimentation in the inundated areas. Despite their common occurrence and wide distribution in the area, coastal lagoons and their deposits have rarely been studied as sedimentary archives. The absolute chronology established for the basal marine deposits in sediment cores retrieved from coastal lagoons on the island of Samsø, southern Kattegat Sea, central Denmark, is evidence of a nearly synchronous onset of marine sedimentation at different elevations. This is interpreted as a new indication of a period of very rapid relative sea‐level (RSL) rise between 7.6 and 7.2 ka BP. Following a period of RSL highstand, a marked facies change in the deposits from an inactive lagoon yields consistent ages of around 4.1 ka BP and may be an indication of a marked RSL fall. This study illustrates the potential of coastal lagoons as sedimentary archives for the reconstruction of RSL in SW Scandinavia and in similar coastal environments elsewhere.     

大红山铜矿床的地质特征及成矿作用演化

关于大红山矿床的成因,过去主要有变质热液富化的火山矿床,火山喷发(喷气)-沉积变质矿床,受变质火山喷气——沉积矿床等观点。本文研究表明,矿床为火山喷流热水沉积-变质-改造成因。成矿作用演化经历了火山喷流热水沉积,区域变质及后期改造三大成矿阶段。盖层中矿脉可作为基底隐伏矿床的预测标志。     

四川盆地磨溪—高石梯地区加里东—海西期龙王庙组构造古地貌恢复及地质意义

本文基于磨溪-高石梯地区三维地震和钻孔资料,选择地震层位易于追踪的二叠底-龙王庙底厚度变化趋势来表征龙王庙组底界构造古地貌。分析发现高台组沉积是对龙王庙末期的填平补齐,而二叠底-龙王庙底厚度与高台组地层厚度具明显的正相关关系,因而恢复的龙王庙组底界构造古地貌可以近似代表高台组沉积前的龙王庙组沉积古地貌;同时,该古地貌高地南缘的相对低地是龙王庙组颗粒滩最发育的地区,表明龙王庙沉积期古地貌特征具有类似特征。进一步分析发现认为:在加里东-海西期,经侵蚀窗补给的岩溶水顺层流动的活动规律受控于该古地貌,古地貌对岩溶储层的差异发育和质量变化具有明显的控制作用,即在古地貌斜坡带和岩溶水汇聚的沟谷地带,岩溶改造作用最强,所形成的储层质量最好;在孤立古地貌高地,岩溶改造作用相对较弱,所形成的岩溶型储层质量相对变差。结果表明该古地貌是龙王庙期沉积古地貌长期继承性发展的结果,其对沉积、储层的控制作用也为后期新钻井和开发井所验证。该研究方法和思路可供相似地质背景的同类工作对比参考。     

南海北部潮汕坳陷侏罗系古地貌特征及沉积相模式

南海北部潮汕坳陷中生界极具油气勘探潜力;综合运用最新采集的地震资料结合测井数据,在侏罗纪地层精细划分的基础上,通过对目的层剥蚀量计算,对侏罗系古地貌进行了恢复;利用残留地层的沉积相标志分析结果,建立了潮汕坳陷侏罗系沉积模式。结果表明,在早侏罗世末期和中侏罗世末期,地层遭受剥蚀改造;古地貌各要素对沉积体系发育的影响,古隆起（凸起）指明了沉积物的来源和方向;古海底峡谷是沉积物从物源区搬运到沉积区的重要运移通道;斜坡带为重要的沉积场所,并对储层的品质和规模有巨大影响,制约着盆地可容纳空间的大小;盆底的地貌形态控制着沉积体形态和产状。研究结果表明,古地貌恢复后的各要素在时空上的有效配置关系是准确把握沉积体系展布特征及范围的关键因素,对沉积储层及烃源岩的控制作用非常明显。该结论对侏罗系下一步勘探及有利储层预测有积极意义。     

广西丹池锡多金属成矿带地层地球化学与热水沉积成矿作用

通过地层地球化学对比研究,阐述了丹池成矿带成矿元素的迁移规律、分带特征以及"矿源层"问题.通过大厂矿田热水沉积岩的常量、微量元素、环境参数、蚀变-矿化叠加系数研究,阐明了丹池盆地的热水沉积成矿作用的特点、环境,在此基础上总结了丹池成矿带热水沉积成矿的机制.     

北祁连山银灿铜矿矿床地质特征及成因

银灿铜矿地处于北祁连走廊南山北坡—冷龙岭岛弧带中,矿区出露一套具双峰式火山岩特征的火山沉积建造,矿体主要赋存在石英角斑岩中并存在明显分带,上部为铜矿体向下部变为锌矿体,矿石类型属黄铁矿型多金属矿石,成矿作用过程直接或间接与火山活动有关,是北祁连地区早古生代典型的海相火山岩型块状硫化物矿床。     

甘肃马泉金矿伴生元素特征及剥蚀程度研究

对马泉金矿伴生元素的一般特征、组合特征和垂直分带做了细致的研究，并以此为基础进一步对矿床的剥蚀深度做了较详细论证。马泉金矿矿石伴生元素的垂直分带（由上至下）为Bi-Cu-Hg-Ag-Pb-Sb-Au-As-Zn-Be-Mo;与Au相关的元素依次为As、Sb、Cu、Zn、Ag。矿床已剥蚀到中上部，四号矿带东段及五号矿带深部仍有盲矿体存在。     

车镇凹陷大王北地区沙二段滩坝成因类型、分布规律与控制因素研究

滩坝砂岩是我国陆相盆地重要储集类型之一,由于其厚度较薄,储层分布预测的难度较大。对车镇凹陷沙二段滩坝砂体进行了解剖性研究,总结了“滩”和“坝”的识别标志,指出二者在分布特征、沉积厚度、粒度与几何形态等方面均有明显差异。运用以基准面为参照面的高分辨率层序地层学方法划分了滩坝层系的等时地层单元,分析了“滩”“坝”砂的分布规律。探讨了湖盆结构、古地貌、物源供给、水动力等条件对滩坝砂体形成与分布的控制作用。在此基础上,建立了沙二段滩坝砂体成因模式,为滩坝砂体储层油气勘探提供了地质依据。     

华北克拉通北缘侏罗纪造山过程及关键时限的沉积证据

宁武-静乐盆地与浑源盆地位于华北克拉通中北部,侏罗纪地层序列完整,物源指向于阴山-燕山造山带中段,通过对盆地内侏罗纪沉积特征的研究,可以演绎华北克拉通北缘侏罗纪的造山过程。在盆地沉积分析的基础上,通过宁武-静乐盆地中侏罗统云岗组顶部的凝灰质泥晶碳酸盐岩及浑源盆地上侏罗统髫髻山组玄武-安山岩锆石U-Pb同位素测年,结合国际地层年代表推荐年龄及中侏罗统的沉积速率,对整个侏罗纪沉积序列转换的关键时限进行了限定。研究认为：中侏罗统云岗组底部砾岩沉积时期,侏罗纪沉积演化序列经历了早期湖进至晚期湖退的转换过程,暗示着区域应力场由早期的拉张向晚期的挤压转换,孕育着侏罗纪造山运动的开始,具体时限大约为168 Ma;中侏罗统云岗组顶部凝灰质泥晶碳酸盐岩沉积时期,沉积地层的颜色由其下的灰绿色突变为其上的紫红色,孕育着湖盆地形的突然抬升,区域氧化性增强,气候环境的突变,侏罗纪造山运动进入了快速发展阶段,具体时限为161.0～159.0 Ma;中/晚侏罗世沉积序列具有继承性的发育特征,随着湖盆地形的进一步抬升,侏罗纪沉积范围迅速退至造山带前缘,以砾岩沉积为主,为同期造山运动的产物,侏罗纪造山运动进入了高峰期,具体时限为159.0～153.0 Ma;晚侏罗世晚期,区域上以玄武-安山岩及凝灰质角砾岩沉积为主,侏罗纪造山运动进入了造山期后的调整阶段。     

低坝影响下的流场与淤积形态特性试验研究

为研究径流式低坝影响下的水流流动与泥沙淤积特性,开展水槽试验,基于图像测量技术,获取并解析坝附近区域流场信息及典型淤积形态。结果表明：坝前附近流段纵向流速在垂线上出现衰减区,减幅随水流强度增大而减小;坝顶断面纵向和垂向流速沿垂线的分布均呈现显著的分区特性,分区界限几乎不受水流强度的影响;随坝顶水深增加,坝下游漩涡涡心向下游及河底移动,面积和强度皆增大;坝上游淤积形态特性对水流强度的变化非常敏感,在较低强度来流下,呈接近坝体的稳定曲面斜坡,而在高强度来流下,不形成稳定淤积体;坝下游形成动态稳定的淤积斜坡,纵剖表面线呈抛物线规律,随来流强度变异程度小。     

低坝影响下的流场与淤积形态特性试验研究

为研究径流式低坝影响下的水流流动与泥沙淤积特性,开展水槽试验,基于图像测量技术,获取并解析坝附近区域流场信息及典型淤积形态。结果表明:坝前附近流段纵向流速在垂线上出现衰减区,减幅随水流强度增大而减小;坝顶断面纵向和垂向流速沿垂线的分布均呈现显著的分区特性,分区界限几乎不受水流强度的影响;随坝顶水深增加,坝下游漩涡涡心向下游及河底移动,面积和强度皆增大;坝上游淤积形态特性对水流强度的变化非常敏感,在较低强度来流下,呈接近坝体的稳定曲面斜坡,而在高强度来流下,不形成稳定淤积体;坝下游形成动态稳定的淤积斜坡,纵剖表面线呈抛物线规律,随来流强度变异程度小。     

额济纳旗地区晚石炭-晚二叠世地层沉积学和年代学研究及其构造背景分析

对额济纳旗地区红石山-黑鹰山坳陷带和马鬃山-切刀隆起带晚石炭世-晚二叠世地层进行了沉积学和年代学研究。红石山-黑鹰山坳陷带的大狐狸山地区干泉组下段碎屑岩可分为滨海相、前三角洲相和三角洲前缘相等三种沉积相类型,具有向上粒度变粗的特征,表明该带属于以三角洲快速供应为主的滨海带沉积环境。碎屑锆石年代学分析表明其形成时代为322～305Ma,主要集中在428～520Ma和336～373Ma两个时期,分别代表红石山-黑鹰山坳陷带边缘古亚洲洋俯冲及其结束后早石炭世伸展过程的两期岩浆活动记录。马鬃山-切刀隆起带的八道桥地区二叠系由巨厚的紫红色砾岩、砂岩重复组成多个旋回,沉积及层序特征表明该套地层形成于干旱条件下的快速沉积,属陆相洪冲积环境产物,沉积时代为280～268Ma。碎屑锆石年龄谱也记录了早古生代岩浆活动峰期(424～515Ma)和古老基底年龄(950Ma和1700～1900Ma)。阿拉善旗埋汗哈达地区埋汗哈达组从下向上分为洪冲积相、滨海泻湖相和滨海相等三种沉积相,构成从陆相到海相变化的沉积序列,形成时代为279～270Ma。该组的碎屑锆石分析主要记录了三个连续的峰期年龄即280Ma、287Ma和294Ma,说明早二叠世发生频繁的岩浆活动。沉积学及年代学研究揭示哈尔苏海组为滨海环境,形成于晚二叠世,其碎屑锆石年龄分布广泛,除273～329Ma的年龄代表晚石炭世-中二叠世岩浆活动外,其余锆石集中在383Ma、468～517Ma、800～913Ma和1485Ma等四个峰期,表明马鬃山-切刀隆起带在晚二叠世接受了来自早古生代造山带和古老基底的复杂物源。八道桥及埋汗哈达地区的研究揭示晚二叠世马鬃山-切刀隆起带的古地理环境为从陆相到滨海相。上述沉积学和年代学分析表明额济纳旗地区红石山-黑鹰山坳陷带和马鬃山-切刀隆起带对沉积环境和古地理格局有关键控制作用。通过中国北方新疆、甘肃和内蒙古晚石炭世-二叠纪的对比研究揭示,在天山-兴蒙造山带基底上广泛发育以隆起和坳陷相间为特征的盆岭构造,导致形成不同的沉积古地理环境并控制沉积相带的展布,识别这种古构造格局对于追溯我国北方晚古生代沉积古地理具有重要意义。     

渤中凹陷碳酸盐岩潜山岩溶分带特征与优质储层分布规律研究

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷西南环古生界深埋碳酸盐岩潜山天然气获得重大突破,钻井揭示古生界气层垂向上显示分段性特征,该区储层主要受岩溶作用的控制,认识研究区岩溶垂向分带特征是预测优质储层和油气分布的关键。文章利用岩心、薄片、电性特征、能谱测井U 值、C、O、Sr 同位素等资料,结合水动力作用的大小、方向,综合分析认为,岩溶储层垂向具有分带性特征,自上而下分为表层风化带、垂直渗流带、水平潜流带和深部缓流带,且其岩电特征与溶蚀作用强差异性控制了储层发育段。研究表明优质储层主要分布于表层风化带、水平潜流带,且分别在不整合面以下20 m 范围内和距不整合面50~200 m,此外在溶蚀作用弱的深部缓流带,白云岩发育区则是潜在优质储层发育带。明确岩溶垂向分带特征及储层发育规律,对下一步碳酸盐岩区油气勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

河南桐柏下黄竹园金矿床地球化学特征研究

下黄竹园金矿是老湾金矿成矿带的重要组成部分,文章通过对地层各组段和主要岩石类型中微量元素地球化学参数特征,以及异常元素空间分布、异常浓度分带、分带序列、元素对比值的研究,表明成矿元素含量变化与地层层序、岩石类型密切相关.龟山岩组二云石英片岩是金矿体的直接赋矿围岩,与斜长角闪片岩共同构成矿源层.根据异常元素组份分带、垂向分带序列和不同标高元素对比值的研究,建立了地球化学评价指标,为矿床深部及外围找矿提供了地球化学依据.     

新疆东天山中段金铜成矿系统研究

依据海岸带的定义,选择陆地和海域的7个特征因子,对中国大陆海岸带26个区段进行Q型聚类分析,定量划分海岸带的类型、研究它们的分布特征。对7个特征因子作R型聚类分析和因子分析,确定影响海岸带发育的主要营力和各种营力之间的关系。数据分析显示,陆地地质作用是控制海岸带形成、发育和演化的主要营力,海洋营力只起改造作用。海岸带陆地地表水流特征既决定海岸的地形地貌和岩性,也控制了海域部分的水下地形地貌和底质岩石成分。从海岸带环境水文地质学角度,中国大陆海岸带可划分为松散岩类和基岩类海岸带两大类型和较粗颗粒底质、细颗粒底质、水动力条件与岩性复杂类等3个松散类海岸带亚类;砾砂粗粒底质、砂砾石台地、水下岸坡或台地等3个基岩类海岸带亚类。     

Proterozoic volcanism in the Jack Hills Belt,Western Australia: Some implications and consequences for the World's oldest zircon population

Rare felsic volcanic rocks of dacitic to rhyolitic composition occur in the central part of the Jack Hills metasedimentary belt in the Narryer Terrane of Western Australia, interleaved with clastic sedimentary rocks and amphibolite. Representative samples of the four identified felsic volcanic units reveal a similar complex pattern of zircon age distribution, with all samples containing zircon populations at ∼3.3–3.4, ∼3.0–3.1, ∼2.6 and ∼1.8–1.9 Ga. The ∼3.3–3.4 Ga zircons show well-developed oscillatory zoning in cathodoluminescence (CL) images and are interpreted as inherited igneous zircon derived from granitic precursors, similar to the ∼3.3 Ga trondhjemitic granitoids currently exposed along the northern and southern margins of the belt. The ∼3.0–3.1 Ga zircons also reveal well-developed oscillatory zoning in CL and are most likely derived from granitoid and/or volcanic rocks of this age, as recorded in the Murchison domain to the south and possibly also present in the Narryer Terrane. The ∼2.6 Ga population matches the age of nearby late Archean granitoids intruding the Jack Hills belt and their oscillatory zoning and U–Th chemistry is consistent with their origin from such a source. The youngest discrete group of zircon grains, with ages ranging from ∼1970 to ∼1775 Ma, show strong oscillatory zoning and average Th/U ratios of 0.76, features consistent with an igneous origin. These younger zircons are therefore interpreted as defining the age of crystallisation of the volcanic rocks. These results establish that the Jack Hills metasedimentary belt contains significant post-Archean components. Taken together with similar results obtained from zircon occurring as detrital grains in clastic sedimentary rocks at Jack Hills, these results overturn the generally-accepted view that the belt is entirely Archean in age and that sedimentation was completed around 3.0 Ga ago. Instead, there is a distinct possibility that much of the material currently exposed in the Jack Hills belt formed in the Proterozoic. A further implication of this study is that the metamorphism affecting these rocks also occurred in the Proterozoic and consequently the rocks should not be considered as forming an Archean greenstone or metasedimentary belt. The paucity of zircons >4 Ga in the known Proterozoic sedimentary rocks and their total absence in the felsic volcanic rocks suggests that such ancient source rocks were no longer present in the area.     

库车前陆盆地第三系沉积相配置及演化研究

以塔里木盆地库车前陆坳陷第三系的重点油气储层段—下第三系库姆格列木群和苏维依组,以及上第三系吉迪克组为主要研究对象,识别出区内主要发育了扇三角洲、三角洲、湖泊和潮坪—泻湖相等沉积相类型。结合对前陆构造运动和沉积古地理的综合分析,指出了库车坳陷第三系的沉积演化特点:北部山前带以发育扇三角洲相为典型特征,南部出现正常三角洲相,中部以湖泊相占优势,且沉积和沉降中心从库姆格列木群沉积时期至吉迪克组沉积时期有由西向东迁移的特点。      

Cyclicity of sedimentation and physical properties of the bottom sediments in artificial reservoirs

The interrelation between the sedimentation rate and the dynamics of the formation of physical properties of the bottom sediments on the basis of recording their temporal cycles under oscillation of the water level was studied from the example of the Bratsk Reservoir, which is one of the world’s largest artificial reservoirs. It is established that its exploitation regime promotes the formation of striking intercalation of the regional transgressions and regressions mainly controlled by the water level of the reservoir, which leads to cyclic formation of the complex of the bottom sediments and their physical properties. Four cycles were identified during formation of the sedimentary complex, each of which consists of three or two phases.