西藏驱龙斑岩铜矿S、Pb同位素组成:对含矿斑岩与成矿物质来源的指示

驱龙铜矿是西藏陆陆碰撞造山带冈底斯斑岩铜矿带内代表性矿床之一。本文对其含矿斑岩和矿石矿物进行了S、Pb同位素组成分析。驱龙矿床含矿斑岩与矿石矿物的硫同位素组成比较一致,含矿斑岩δ34S为-2.1‰~-1.1‰,黄铜矿δ34S为-6.3‰~-1.0‰,均值-2.76‰;硬石膏δ34S为 12.5‰~ 14.4‰,平均 13.4‰。成矿热液中的硫同位素基本达到了平衡,显示出岩浆硫组成特点。含矿斑岩的206Pb/204Pb范围为18.5104~18.6083,207Pb/204Pb变化于15.5946~15.7329之间,208Pb/204Pb为38.6821~39.1531之间;矿石矿物黄铜矿的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb分别为18.4426~18.5909、15.5762~15.6145、38.5569~38.8568。含矿斑岩与矿石矿物的铅同位素组成比较一致,它们的变化幅度较小,应具有相同的起源与演化历史。无论是岩石铅还是矿石铅,在铅构造模式图上均位于造山带铅演化曲线上。驱龙矿床硫、铅同位素数据暗示,成矿物质主要来自深源岩浆,含矿斑岩起源于西藏造山带加厚的下地壳熔融,具有幔源成分的混染。     

湖南康家湾铅锌多金属矿床地质地球化学特征与成因分析

康家湾铅锌多金属矿床位于湖南水口山矿田的东部,是矿田内最大的铅锌金银矿床,以铅锌为主,共伴生金银矿。通过硫、铅、氢-氧同位素研究,显示金属硫化物硫同位素δ~(34)S(-4.3‰～+2.1‰)主要变化范围为0～+3‰,说明本区硫化物硫同位素组成具有岩浆硫的特征(δ~(34)S=0‰);矿石铅同位素组成~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别变化于18.182～18.840、15.180～15.96、37.892～39.499之间,显示具有正常铅特点;在构造分配模式图解和构造环境判别图中,本区矿石铅同位素的投点均分布于上地壳演化线、造山带演化线和地幔演化线之间,暗示其铅同位素属于壳幔混合型铅;在Δγ-Δβ成因分类图解中,本区矿石铅同位素投点均分布于岩浆作用范围内,反映本矿床的成矿流体来源于岩浆岩;而氢-氧同位素表明,康家湾铅锌矿床成矿流体是多源的,主要由大气降水和岩浆水混合而成,早期以岩浆水为主,后期混入大量的大气降水。从而证明康家湾铅锌多金属矿床的形成与岩浆侵入活动有着密切的成因关系,应属于中低温岩浆热液型铅锌多金属矿床。     

内蒙古拜仁达坝及维拉斯托银多金属矿床的硫和铅同位素研究

拜仁达坝和维拉斯托是近年来在内蒙古东部地区发现的2个大型银多金属矿床,文章对其开展了硫和铅同位素研究。结果表明,拜仁达坝矿床矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-4.0‰～+1.6‰,维拉斯托矿床矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-0.8‰～+2.0‰,与岩浆热液型矿床的硫同位素值接近,表明这2个矿床中的硫主要来自岩浆。拜仁达坝矿区43件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.333～18.515,207Pb/204Pb值为15.532～15.656,208Pb/204Pb值为38.057～38.610;维拉斯托矿区20件金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.304～18.377,207Pb/204Pb值为15.520～15.610,208Pb/204Pb值为38.112～38.435。拜仁达坝东矿区矿石中的铅同位素组成与维拉斯托矿区相似,变化范围小,相对贫放射性铅同位素,并且均为混合铅。矿石中的铅可能来自围岩地层及深源岩浆。     

贵州独山巴年锑矿床硫、铅同位素特征及其对成矿物质来源的指示

贵州独山巴年锑矿床是华南锑矿带代表性锑矿床之一。矿体赋存于中泥盆统独山组地层之中。本文对该矿床辉锑矿的硫、铅同位素组成进行了系统分析。结果表明,辉锑矿的δ34S值变化范围为-5.4‰～-1.2‰,平均-4.2‰,计算获得成矿流体中总硫的δ34SΣS=0.1‰,显示岩浆来源硫的同位素特征。辉锑矿铅同位素组成变化范围较窄:206Pb/204Pb为18.561～19.156,平均18.813;207Pb/204Pb为15.703～15.769,平均15.734;208Pb/204Pb为38.573～39.207,平均38.906。绝大多数样品中矿石铅为正常铅,具有华南区域性铅同位素组成特征。我们认为巴年锑矿床成矿金属元素锑除主要来源于赋矿围岩泥盆系外,基底地层也可能提供了部分成矿物质。     

大兴安岭南段西坡金属矿床特征及成矿规律

提要：通过对大兴安岭南段西坡典型矿床地质特征、矿床成因等研究,总结了区内金属矿床的成矿规律。结果表明,大兴安岭南段西坡不同产状的岩矿石中金属硫化物样品硫同位素δ34S值大部分在+1‰～+8‰,硫主要来源于岩浆硫,有少部分沉积硫参与。硫化物样品206Pb/204Pb、 207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值变化范围分别为17.949～18.529,15.370～15.691和37.653～38.460,铅同位素主要为幔源。成矿元素以铁、银、铅、锌、金、铜、钼等为主,矿床类型主要有矽卡岩型和中低温热液型两类,均明显受地层、构造和岩浆岩作用控制。一般来说,金属矿床的容矿围岩为奥陶系、泥盆系和石炭系火山-沉积岩,且以泥盆纪地层为主,在碳酸盐岩地段花岗岩类交代围岩形成矽卡岩型矿床,在泥质板岩、砂岩等地段则形成中低温热液矿床。NE向和NW向的张性断裂为重要的导矿通道或容矿构造。矿床在时空分布和成因上与海西期至燕山期花岗岩类侵入岩体有关。     

黔西南紫木凼金矿床成矿物质来源:S⁃C⁃O⁃Pb⁃Sr同位素制约

紫木凼金矿床是黔西南卡林型金矿区一个重要的大型金矿床,其成矿物质来源尚不明确.对紫木凼金矿床不同类型矿石和赋矿围岩进行了S、C、O、Pb和Sr同位素组成对比研究.矿石中硫化物的δ34S值为-13.49‰~17.91‰（主要为-0.99‰~3.58‰）,赋矿围岩的δ34S值为-26.23‰~-19.63‰,矿床成矿期硫主要来源于岩浆,部分来源于赋矿地层中成矿前黄铁矿.热液期方解石的δ13C和δ18O分别为-9.10‰~0.59‰和15.65‰~23.82‰,与赋矿围岩、区域地层的碳、氧同位素组成差别较大,成矿流体的碳、氧部分来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,部分可能来源于岩浆.矿石中硫化物的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.064~18.973、15.585~15.670和38.219~39.054,赋矿围岩的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.136~18.650、15.574~15.656和38.423~38.812,矿石铅的来源较复杂,赋矿地层和岩浆可能都为其提供了部分铅.矿石中石英和方解石（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.707 26~0.708 11,赋矿围岩的（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.707 28~0.707 31,成矿流体中的锶主要来源于赋矿地层.紫木凼金矿床成矿物质具壳幔混合来源特征,成矿物质主要来自矿床深部隐伏岩浆岩,部分来自二叠系-三叠系赋矿地层.      

湘南宝山铅锌矿床硫、铅、碳、氧同位素特征及成矿物质来源

宝山铅锌矿床是湘南地区代表性矿床之一。宝山铅锌矿床的成矿作用与156~158 Ma的宝山花岗闪长斑岩密切相关。花岗闪长斑岩主要由古老地壳部分熔融而成。为确定成矿物质来源,文章系统研究了宝山铅锌矿床的硫、铅、碳、氧同位素组成特征。矿床中硫化物黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿的δ34S值呈狭窄的塔式分布,变化在-2.17‰~6.46‰之间,平均值为3.13‰。δ34S值总体表现为δ34S黄铁矿δ34S闪锌矿δ34S方铅矿,表明硫同位素分馏基本达到了平衡。矿石、花岗闪长斑岩和赋矿地层硫同位素对比研究表明,矿石中的硫主要由岩浆分异演化而来,岩浆中的硫主要来自古老地壳。矿石206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.188~18.844、15.661~15.843和38.562~39.912,赋矿地层206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为18.268~19.166、15.620~5.721和38.364~39.952。矿石铅同位素组成比地层中的更富放射性成因铅,矿石中部分铅来自宝山花岗闪长质岩浆,在成矿流体运移过程中有部分地层铅参与了成矿,岩浆中的铅主要来自古老地壳。热液方解石的碳、氧同位素组成介于岩浆和赋矿碳酸盐岩的碳、氧同位素之间,主要是由于岩浆流体和碳酸盐岩不同比例的水岩反应所致,测水组有机碳的加入造成了部分热液方解石δ13CPDB值偏低。     

滇西保山地块金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床硫铅同位素特征与成矿物质来源示踪

滇西金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床位于保山地块北部,是"三江"多金属成矿带内典型矿床之一。对该矿床开展硫铅同位素示踪研究,探讨成矿物质来源,并结合构造背景和成矿时代分析了矿床成矿机制。样品测试结果表明,矿石中硫化物的δ~(34)S值为+2.5‰～+11.1‰,平均值为+5.65‰,硫同位素来源为深部幔源岩浆和岩浆上侵混染壳源物质形成的多种硫源同位素组合;矿石矿物铅同位素组成中~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为18.167～18.497,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.668～15.779,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为38.554～38.997,铅同位素总体较稳定,显示壳幔混染特征,以上地壳铅为主,可能来源有深部侵入岩浆及赋矿围岩。由矿床成矿物质来源表现出的多源、深源-浅源的特征推测,与成矿有关的中酸性岩体隐伏在区域深部。     

湘中龙山Au- Sb矿床成矿物质来源——来自S、Pb和Sr同位素证据

龙山Au-Sb矿床是湘中Au、Sb矿集区的代表性矿床,本文对其不同类型矿石、矿区围岩和区域地层进行了S、Pb、Sr同位素组成对比研究。矿石中硫化物的δ~(34)S值为-3.0‰～5.1‰,平均值2.3‰;矿区围岩的δ~(34)S值为4.0‰～5.9‰,平均值5.2‰;区域地层的δ~(34)S值为9.3‰～13.3‰,平均值11.3‰。矿石与矿区围岩、区域地层的硫同位素组成差别较大,矿石硫具岩浆来源特征。矿石中硫化物的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为16.992～18.457、15.392～15.722和37.586～38.960,矿区围岩的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为17.630～17.993、15.522～15.644和37.981～38.366;区域地层的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为17.566～18.092、15.430～15.630和37.988～38.710。矿石铅同位素组成变化较大,矿石铅的来源较复杂,赋矿地层、印支期岩浆岩和上地幔可能都为其提供了部分铅。石英流体包裹体的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值为0.71540～0.72309,矿区围岩的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值为0.71844～0.72153,区域地层的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值为0.71792～0.71939,矿石、矿区围岩、区域地层的初始锶同位素值均较高,主要为壳源锶,部分锶来自赋矿地层,部分来自印支期岩浆岩。龙山矿床成矿物质具壳幔混合来源特征,矿化剂硫主要来源于岩浆,成矿物质部分来自江口组地层,部分来自印支期岩浆岩。     

内蒙古乌奴格吐山斑岩铜钼矿床硫铅同位素组成及其对成矿物质来源的指示

在矿相学研究基础上,对乌奴格吐山铜钼矿床的矿石矿物进行了硫铅同位素分析。该矿床金属硫化物的硫同位素组成比较均一,δ~(34)S集中在1‰~3‰,显示出岩浆硫特征。矿石矿物~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb范围分别为18.327~18.510、15.498~15.575、37.977~38.212,不同金属硫化物铅同位素组成变化范围很小,表明来源于同一岩浆源区。在铅构造模式图上,均位于地幔铅与造山带铅之间。乌奴格吐山矿床硫铅同位素数据共同表明其成矿物质来自于深源岩浆。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.