Did marine transgression happen in Late Cretaceous period in the southeast of Songliao Basin ?—Discussion from evidence of water chemistry

Cretaceous sediment is considered to be the important oil reservoir in the Songliao Basin, which is dominated by continental fluvial and lacustrine strata. In the past decades, research on whether the marine transgression happened in the Late Cretaceous p…     

Geochemistry of Late Cretaceous （ 60 - 67 Ma） igneous activities in the Hebrides Terrace seamount （guyot） area, Scotland

Tholeiitic basalts in various stages of alteration were dredged from Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks (60 -67 Ma) in the Hebrides Terrace seamount area in the Atlantic Ocean. These rocks are extrusive olivine basalts, including high- and low-Al basalts. High-Al basalts are depleted in MgO, CaO, Cr,Sc, V, St, Zr and enriched in TiO2, Na2O, Nb, Rb as compared with low-A1 basalts. Petrography and bulk-rock composition (major, trace and rare-earth elements) data defined clear tholeiitic suites displaying possible liquid lines of descent related to different degrees of crystal fractionation and partial melting.Isotopic dating of dredged samples gave the guyot an age of 60 - 67 Ma, in support of the assumption that it was formed during the Late Cretaceous.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Natural Gases in the Sichuan Basin—A Further Discussion

This paper is the continuation of the paper published in 1985, with the emphasis on the irregular components of natural gases from the Sichuan Basin—the isotopic compositions of C,H and S, the n-and iso-alkane predominance (C₆-C₁₃) of methane homologues, the compositional characteristics of benzene and methylbenzene, and the distribution and geochemical characteristics of organic sulfur-bearing compounds including thiophen, thio-alcohol, etc. It is considered that natural gases from the Sichuan Basin have different distributional characteristics in different layers and locations, suggesting that they are controlled by a combination of factors such as kerogen type, maturity of organic matter and wall-rock assemblage.

1. The type of source material (or precursor) is a main factor affecting the geochemical characteristics of natural gases. T_3x-h and P₂l produce coal-series gases with type-III source material dominant. The C and H isotopic compositions of natural gases are heavier, the contents of C₆H₆ and C₇H₈ are high, C₇H₈/C₆H₆ < 1. the content of C₄H₄S is low, and the predominance in isoalkane (C₆C₁₃) is obvious. J₁t. P₁y. Z₂b. etc. produce oil-series gases with type-I and -II kerogens dominant, indicating that the geochemical characteristics of natural gases are different from those described above.
2. The maturity of organic matter is an important factor affecting the composition of natural gases.With increasing maturity of organic matter, the C and H isotopic compositions tend to become light. C₁ and C₂ isotopic values are nearly equal or even inverse, and C₄H₄S decreases in content.
3. Wall-rock assemblage has apparent influence on the S isotopic composition. The Middle-Lower Triassic series belongs to sulfate-carbonate formations enriched in gypsum. Therefore, the (δ³⁴S values of natural gases are relatively high (< 20 %.) against the lower values for other layers due to the absence of gypsum layers.

     

A review of the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous charophytes from the northern Aquitaine Basin in south-west France

Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous charophyte assemblages from the northern part of the Aquitaine Basin in south-west France are reviewed here to understand their palaeoecological, palaeobiogeographical and biostratigraphic features. Three sites were studied: the Tithonian-lower Berriasian of Chassiron, and the Berriasian of Cherves-de-Cognac and Angeac-Charente. Abundant porocharaceans, less abundant clavatoraceans and scarce characeans recorded in Cherves-de-Cognac and Angeac-Charente indicate that brackish water environments were substituted by freshwater environments eastwards. The occurrence of Clavator grovesii var. grovesii and morphotypes intermediate with C. grovesii var. discordis in the same areas is significant from a biostratigraphic viewpoint, since these species belong to the Maillardii, Incrassatus and Nurrensis European charophyte biozones, representing the Berriasian. This observation refutes a previous dating of the Angeac-Charente site and highlights the absence of Hauterivian–Barremian records in northern Aquitaine, which is in contrast to the more complete Lower Cretaceous record in southern Aquitaine. These contrasting records could be due to differences in the available sedimentary space produced by the opening of the Bay of Biscay during the Barremian.     

Origin of the late Cretaceous potash-bearing evaporites in the Vientiane Basin of Laos: δ11B evidence from borates

The evaporites on the Khorat Plateau comprise one of the largest potash deposits in the world, and their origin has long been a controversial problem. Based on boron isotope measurements from borate as a good indicator to distinguish marine and nonmarine evaporites, the borates of potash layers were identified and the results were used to indicate the source of evaporites in the study area as representative of the whole Khorat Plateau. The results show that the main borates include boracite and hilgardite. The boracites occur as crystals and ooids with minor amounts of hilgardite aggregates. The range of δ¹¹B values is from +21.30‰ to +32.94‰ (averaging +29.74‰) and falls in the range of marine borates. The δ¹¹B values in the potash layer are seemingly variable because of the influence of fluvial influx when salts were precipitating. Although the composition of seawater has possibly been modified, the evidence from boron isotopic composition implies that the evaporites in the study area or in the whole Khorat Plateau are marine deposits.     

Geochemical characteristics of crude oils from Well Zheng-1 in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China

Well Zheng-1 is located in the combined area of the central uplift and the north Tianshan piedmont depression in the Junggar Basin. Two oil-bearing beds are recognized at 4788–4797 m of the Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Formation (K1tg) and 4808.5–4812.5 m of the Lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation (J1s). The geochemical characteristics of family composition, carbon isotopic composition, saturated hydrocarbons, sterane and terpane biomarkers and carotane of two crude oils are described in this paper. The results show that the geochemical characteristics of the two crude oils are basically similar to each other, indicating they were all derived mainly from the high mature, brine, algae-rich lake facies sediments. Oil-source correlation revealed that crude oils of the two beds were derived mainly from the source rocks of Permian and mixed by the oil derived from the source rocks of Jurassic and Triassic. This is consistent with the geological background with several sets of source rocks in the area studied.     

Late Triassic–Late Cretaceous accretion/subduction in the Taiwan region along the eastern margin of South China – evidence from zircon SHRIMP dating

To examine the tectonic history of the Taiwan segment of the eastern margin of South China, six rock samples from the Tailuko belt, the metamorphic basement of Taiwan, were selected for zircon SHRIMP dating. The aim was to identify evidence shedding light on the timing of the change from passive to active tectonics for this part of the continental margin since South China separated from the supercontinent of Rodinia. The results lead to two age groups, 190–200 and 88–90 Ma. These age groups, augmented by the previously published age data, suggest that they could have resulted from two Mesozoic accretion/subduction events. In addition, this mid‐late Mesozoic Tailuko belt might have also been reactivated and structurally complicated by the late Cenozoic collision/accretion of the Luzon arc with the Eurasian continent. Records of older tectonic events, such as those derived from the Japanese Islands, are absent in this metamorphic basement. An important finding of this study is the existence of the 191±10 Ma Talun metagranite, the oldest granitic intrusion ever reported in the Taiwan region and along the eastern coast area of South China. In spite of a large age uncertainty, the occurrence of this metagranite is not consistent with the apparent younging trend of Jurassic‐Cretaceous igneous activity toward the coastline in South China, and should be taken into consideration by future studies.     

U–Pb ages of detrital zircons from the Sanbagawa Belt in western Shikoku: Additional evidence for the prevalence of Late Cretaceous protoliths of the Sanbagawa Metamorphics

The Sanbagawa Metamorphic Belt in Japan is one of the best studied high-pressure, low temperature metamorphic belts. Recent work applying new dating techniques has challenged the previously accepted temporal framework for the evolution of the belt, as it was shown that large parts of the belt contain detrital zircons of Late Cretaceous age (younger than 100 Ma), i.e. they have protolith ages younger than the previously accepted age of metamorphism at ca. 110 Ma. A 2000 m bore hole from north-western Shikoku provided an excellent opportunity to further evaluate the areal extent of Late Cretaceous protoliths as the drill hole was drilled in an area considered to be part of the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous part of the Sanbagawa Belt. Dating of single zircon grains using the LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating method shows that all but one sample contain zircons younger than 100 Ma and thus the protoliths are younger than the previously accepted age of metamorphism of the Sanbagawa Belt. The single sample that contains only zircons dated at 136 ± 3 Ma, apparently is of volcanic origin and could be a clast representing the source of 130–140 Ma zircons of the sample taken about 120 above this sample. In addition, three surface samples were analysed. Two of these also contain zircons younger than 100 Ma, whereas the third sample contains only zircons older than 159 Ma. The zircons from this sample also exhibit an age spectrum different from that exhibited by the other samples. The exact significance of this sample is not clear as yet.     

Genesis and tectonic setting of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous granites in Nachatang area,Central Lhasa Terrane: Constraints from geochemistry,chronology and Hf isotopesSCIEI北大核心CSCD

西藏中拉萨地块东段大规模侏罗纪-白垩纪花岗岩类的成因类型及构造背景尚未得到有效约束,该时期岩浆作用的时空分布、岩石成因以及深部动力学机制等问题亟需新的深入研究。本文对中拉萨地块东段南缘那茶淌地区的花岗岩类进行了系统的岩相学、元素地球化学、年代学和锆石Hf同位素研究。LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,那茶淌地区黑云母二长花岗岩成岩年龄为147±1.4Ma,花岗闪长岩年龄为140.6±1.3Ma,系晚侏罗世-早白垩世中酸性岩浆活动的产物。在元素地球化学组成上,黑云母二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩的主量元素组成具有富SiO₂(分别为71.02%～71.81%和65.17%～66.73%)、Al₂O₃(分别为13.45%～13.57%和14.43%～15.20%)、碱金属(Na₂O+K₂O)(分别为6.79%～7.48%和6.55%～7.37%),贫TiO₂(分别为0.15%～0.21%和0.10%～0.13%)等特征,显示I型准铝-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0...     

Formation of intra-arc volcanosedimentary basins in the western flank of the central Peruvian Andes during Late Cretaceous oblique subduction: field evidence and constraints from U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes

During late Early to Late Cretaceous, the Peruvian coastal margin underwent fast and oblique subduction and was characterized by important arc plutonism (the Peruvian Coastal Batholith) and formation of volcanosedimentary basins known as the Western Peruvian Trough (WPT). We present high-precision U–Pb ages and initial Hf isotopic compositions of zircon from conformable volcanic and crosscutting intrusive rocks within submarine volcanosedimentary strata of the WPT hosting the Perubar massive sulfide deposit. Zircons extracted from both the volcanic and intrusive rocks yield concordant U–Pb ages ranging from 67.89±0.18 Ma to 69.71±0.18 Ma, indicating that basin subsidence, submarine volcanism and plutonic activity occurred in close spatial and temporal relationship within the Andean magmatic arc during the Late Cretaceous. Field observations, satellite image interpretation, and plate reconstructions, suggest that dextral wrenching movements along crustal lineaments were related to oblique subduction. Wrench tectonics is therefore considered to be the trigger for the formation of the WPT as a series of pull-apart basins and for the emplacement of the Coastal Batholith. The zircon initial _Hf values of the dated magmatic rocks fall between 5.5 and 7.4, and indicate only very subordinate influence of a sedimentary or continental component. The absence of inherited cores in the zircons suggest a complete lack of old basement below the WPT, in agreement with previous U–Pb and Sr isotopic data for batholithic rocks emplaced in the WPT area. This is supported by the presence of a most likely continuous block of dense (~3.0 g/cm³) material observed beneath the WPT area on gravimetric crustal cross sections. We suggest that this gravimetric anomaly may correspond to a piece of lithospheric mantle and/or oceanic crust inherited from a possible Late Permian–Triassic rifting. Such young and mafic crust was the most probable source for arc magmatism in the WPT area.     

Isotope and Trace Element Geochemistry of Fuchuan Ophiolite Suite,Anhui,China

The Fuchuan ophiolite suite in Shexian County, Anhui Province, was formed in the Middle-Late Proterozoic. It is characterized by varying Nd [∈_Nd (T) =0.7−3.8], Sr [∈_Sr(T) = 30.7−53.9] and O(δ¹⁸O=3.2−11.0%.) and low ratios of Nd/La (<0.8), Ti/Y (<350) and Ti/V (<30). These characteristics, in combination with geological features, indicate that the ophiolite suite was formed in the axial part of the back-arc basin of the Jiangnan ancient island arc at the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Plate. The varying ∈_Nd (T) was caused by the contamination of the underlying inmature sialic crust during the formation of the ophiolite and variations in ∈_Sr(T) and δ¹⁸ O may have resulted from hydrothermal alteration by seawater during or shortly after its formation.     

Recognition of Milankovitch Cycles in the Natural Gamma—Ray Logging of Upper Cretaceous Terrestrial Strata in the Songliao Basin

Spectrogram analysis of seven natural gamma-ray logging of Member 1 of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) and Member 1 and 2 of the Nenjiang Formation (K2n1-2) of Late Cretaceous age in the Songliao Basin reveals sedimentary cyclicities controlled by Milankovitch climate periodicities. The recognition of Milankovitch cycles allows estimation of an average accumulation rate of ~7.55–8.62 cm/ka for the K2qn1 sections, and ~6.69–10.16 cm/ka for the K2n1-2 sections. Two marine transgression events occurred during the deposition of K2qn1 and K2n1-2 and their ages are at ~0.74–1.10 Ma and ~2.38–4.84 Ma, respectively. Identification of Milankovitch cycles from fine-grained deep lake sedimentary rocks in the Songliao Basin may provide great potential for high-resolution stratigraphic subdivisions and correlations.     

多目标化探数据与油气藏指标特征的相关性研究

油气的运移聚集和微渗漏作用都会引起地球化学环境的变化,导致油气田上方土壤中与有机质结合紧密的微量元素发生贫富变化。海量的多目标区域地球化学调查资料可以提供油气勘查的区域地球化学信息。利用松嫩平原南部多目标区域地球化学调查数据,结合松辽盆地已知油气田上方微量元素反映油气异常的效果,认为 Cl、S、I、Sr、CaO、TC、Br 等微量元素指标与油气田区存在着响应关系,为该区预测油气的有效指标。     

云南楚雄盆地上三叠统沉积及地球化学的海相特征

楚雄盆地为中生代形成的典型前陆盆地。三叠纪是其形成的主体阶段和盆山转换的重要时期,也是由海相向陆相沉积环境的转折期,同时上三叠统是楚雄盆地最重要的油气资源层系。通过对楚雄盆地上三叠统进行系统的沉积学、层序地层学和波动地质学分析,在上三叠统识别出3个三级层序,建立了层序地层格架和高频波动曲线。对层序地层格架内的碳、氧同位素和微量元素的特征进行分析,发现楚雄盆地晚三叠世诺利晚期—瑞替期沉积具有海相沉积环境的地球化学特征,同时综合多学科的研究成果,指出楚雄盆地该时期为一与海域相接的近海湖盆,并受到间歇性海侵的影响。而海相烃源岩与陆相烃源岩在生烃能力、分布规律等方面均具有较大的差异。因此,这一认识对于重新评价楚雄盆地晚三叠世烃源岩具有重要意义。     

黔北白云岩红色风化壳元素地球化学特征

选取贵州高原喀斯特地区典型白云岩风化剖面作为研究对象,探讨了红土剖面元素迁移特征及其影响因素,为进一步认识红色风化壳元素地球化学特征提供依据。结果表明:（1）红土剖面中土壤样品（XPS-4~XPS-25）Fe、K、Mn常量元素及Co、Pb、Zn微量元素的分布曲线相对于其他元素靠近 UCC,元素Mg、Ca、Na、Ti和 Li、Cr、Ba、V 的数据点则显著偏离了上部陆壳的平均组成。（2）元素对协变分析得出Ti与Fe、Ba和V的积累特征一致,呈增加趋势;Ti与Mg呈反向变化特征。（3）以Ti为参比元素的剖面迁移特征表明,绝大部分元素的地球化学行为表现为迁移淋失,仅 Fe 、Cr和V 富集。K、Ba总体上呈迁出趋势,个别层段有轻微富集;Na和Co在风化原岩处有一个富集端点。元素在风化过程中的迁移聚集与土壤剖面的pH值和剖面结构变化、粘土矿物和有机质等的吸附有关。      

松辽盆地基底浅变质岩的有机地球化学特征

松辽盆地基底石炭-二叠系地层处于浅变质阶段.岩石有机地球化学分析表明,有机碳含量 0.05%～ 2.08%,氯仿沥青" A"含量 0.000 3%～ 0.002 9%, MAB抽提物含量 0.001 2%～ 0.002 8%, H/C摩尔比 0.10～ 0.52, Ro范围 2.98%～ 4.16%.随成熟度的增加,可溶有机质含量以及干酪根 H/C摩尔比降低.按岩石抽提物的正构烷烃分布和生物标志化合物的分布可把样品分为两类,第一类样品中正构烷烃分布呈偶碳优势,伽马蜡烷丰度高、 C28甾烷丰度高,反映高盐度环境菌、藻有机质的贡献;第二类样品中正构烷烃分布呈奇碳优势,伽马蜡烷丰度低、 C29甾烷丰度高,反映陆源植物为主要生源的沉积特征.     

Paleocene-Eocene potential source rocks in the Avengco Basin,Tibet: Organic geochemical characteristics and their implication for the paleoenvironment

The Avengco Basin is located in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau and is similar to the Nima Basin in the central part of the plateau and the Lunpola Basin in the eastern part in terms of sedimentary characteristics and tectonic settings, which are well known to provide a good source rock potential. However, the organic geochemical characteristics of the Paleocene-Eocene potential source rocks in the Avengco Basin have been under debate. Thirty-four marl and mudstone outcrop samples of the Niubao Formation in the Avengco Basin were collected and subjected to the following analyses: total organic carbon (TOC), Rock–Eval pyrolysis, stable carbon isotopes of kerogen, gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Here, we present the results indicating the organic matter of the upper Niubao Formation is mainly composed of Type II kerogen with a mixed source, which is dominated by algae. However, the lower Niubao Formation has the less oil-prone Type II–III kerogen, and the sources of the organic matter are mainly terrestrial plants with less plankton. In addition, the samples are thermally immature to marginally mature. The Niubao Formation was deposited in an anoxic–oxic environment which was brackish with an imperceptible stratified water column. The upper Niubao Formation has a medium to good hydrocarbon-generating potential. However, the lower Niubao Formation has a zero to poor hydrocarbon-generating potential.     

松辽盆地北东区扶杨油层孔隙流体地球化学与砂岩成岩相研究

不同孔隙水成因的局部水动力单元是决定扶杨油层砂岩成岩相类型的重要因素之一。研究区可以划分出与局部水动力单元直接相关的四个成岩相:大气水淋滤成岩相、混合水成岩相、埋藏压实水成岩相和古蒸发浓缩水成岩相、各成岩相的成岩特征、自生矿物组合、孔隙成因与孔隙组合都有明显差别。     

Geochemistry of the trace elements and rare-earth elements at the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3 at Jianshan, South China: Paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic implications

The Jianshan section in Jianhe County,Guizhou Province,is a very important auxiliary section to the candidate stratotype at the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3.Twenty four samples collected from the Jianshan section of the Kaili Formation were analyzed for the concentrations of trace element and rare-earth elements(REEs) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The trace element and REE geochemical characteristics of the Kaili Formation at the Jianshan section show that trace element composition and REE distribution patterns across the section are covariant.Notably,at 44 m above the base of the Kaili Formation,most trace element contents and REEs concentrations are lower than those values observed below 44 m.Above 44 m,an increasing trend in the concentration of both trace elements and REEs is observed.These geochemical data indicate important,but subtle,changes at the 44 m horizon.If this is,in fact,verified by work in progress,geochemical criteria can provide additional supports for defining the top surface of Cambrian Series 2,especially in sections where Oryctocephalus indicus is absent.Trace element ratios,specifically Ni/Co,V/Cr,V/(Ni+V) and Th/U as well as Ce and Eu anomalies indicate that the sedimentary environment of the Kaili Formation at the Jianshan section was oxidizing,that benthic redox conditions were less oxic,and may have been influenced by freshwater as compared to the Balang area.Moreover,the Eu anomalies observed in the Kaili Formation are similar to the negative Eu anomalies observed in post-Archean sedimentary rocks,and reveal fluctuations in oxygen content from the bottom to the top of the Kaili Formation.     

安徽庐枞盆地酸性蚀变岩帽地质地球化学特征研究

酸性蚀变岩帽是浅成低温热液系统演化的产物,形成于酸性高氧化性流体的化学条件下;在高硫化型浅成低温热液金矿床中广泛发育,是该类矿床的显著识别特征。通过对酸性蚀变岩帽的野外地质特征、矿物共生组合和地球化学特征研究,能较好阐明浅成低温成矿热液系统的特征、性质、发生和发展演化及成矿作用过程。庐枞矿集区是长江中下游成矿带重要的矿集区之一,盆地内广泛发育以明矾石为特征蚀变矿物的酸性蚀变岩帽,面积超过30km~2,指示盆地内高硫化浅成低温热液系统的存在。目前为止,前期工作主要针对明矾石矿床地质特征和明矾石资源储量进行,该酸性蚀变岩帽的地质地球化学特征研究尚未开展。本次工作通过对酸性蚀变岩帽系统的野外采样、全岩地球化学分析和短波红外光谱测试分析技术(PNIRS测试)分析,确定其主要赋存在砖桥组火山岩中,组成矿物为石英、明矾石、高岭石、地开石,此外有少量绢云母、伊利石、珍珠陶土、叶蜡石、褐铁矿,极少数的叶腊石和黄钾铁矾等,在钻孔深部存在浸染状和半自形粒状黄铁矿。由于受到地表风化剥蚀和不同热热中心的影响,水平方向从矾山明矾石矿床向外围发育石英+明矾石带、石英+高岭石/地开石+明矾石带、石英+高岭石/地开石带、硅化带以及最外围的泥质带即高岭石±绢云母±伊利石带。根据酸性蚀变岩帽的矿物组合和主量元素特征,可将其分为三类:硅质蚀变岩、明矾石蚀变岩和粘土蚀变岩。硅质蚀变岩中SiO_2含量发生明显的富集作用,其余主量元素(K_2O、Na_2O、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、P_2O5)含量显著降低;明矾石蚀变岩和粘土蚀变岩具有相似的地球化学特征,SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、P_2O_5元素含量范围变大,K_2O和Na_2O含量降低,且Na_2O降低更加明显;而钛为不活泼元素,在岩石发生蚀变过程中TiO_2含量变化很小。矾山地区的酸性蚀变岩帽的产状、蚀变类型、地球化学特征受构造和地层的双重控制。