基于改进NCC算法的东南极极记录冰川流速提取研究

南极冰川的流速在南极物质平衡研究中有着重要的作用。将SIFT算子的旋转参数引入传统的基于归一化互相关(NCC)的冰川流速提取方法,使其拥有旋转不变的特性。利用此方法,基于Landsat 8 OLI数据对东南极的极记录冰川流速进行了提取,并通过利用模拟影像和NASA发布的MEa SUREs冰川流速结果对该方法的精度进行了验证。结果表明,改进的NCC算法能够在冰川流速方向改变区域提取更多的流速信息,极记录冰川流速最大可达870m·a~(-1),提取结果与MEa SUREs结果相比,平均偏差为23.9 m·a~(-1)。     

冰川冰储量计算方法及发展趋势

冰川冰储量不仅是冰川的重要属性,而且是核算冰川水资源及预测冰川变化的基础数据,因此准确计算冰川冰储量及其变化具有重要的理论与现实意义。目前冰川储量估算的主要方法有经验公式法、冰厚模型估算法、探地雷达法;冰川储量相对变化计算方法有实地测量法和遥感监测法。通过系统分析和讨论各计算方法的原理、现状及存在的问题,以期为冰川储量估算提供方法参考。研究表明：对于冰川冰储量计算而言,经验公式法适用于区域性或全球性的冰川储量估算;模型估算法适用于个体或小范围冰川储量估算;探地雷达法适用于人类易到达区域冰川储量的估算。对于冰川冰储量相对变化计算,实地测量法适用于对精度要求高且满足实地测量条件的单条或中小型冰川,遥感监测法适用于全球性冰储量变化估算,但需改进算法和提高数据空间分辨率。目前,随着无人机技术的逐步应用,以及冰川流速等理论模型的提出,为冰川冰储量估算方法的发展提供了新契机。     

中喀喇昆仑布拉尔杜冰川近期跃动分析

喀喇昆仑山分布有众多的跃动型冰川,跃动机理存在异质性。使用Landsat、Sentinel-1A、TSX/TDX等多源遥感数据,获取了中喀喇昆仑布拉尔杜冰川在跃动期间冰川表面高程和表面流速变化。结果表明：布拉尔杜冰川从2006年开始,流速逐渐增加;到2013年之后进入快速运动期,最高流速可达4.9 m·d^-1;2015年8月底,冰川表面速度急剧下降,随后保持较低的流速至2016年1月,而后流速再次增加,到同年2月初便进入平静期。2000—2014年冰川主干中上游有明显隆起,而冰川接收区明显减薄,最大减薄达89 m;2014—2018年冰川主干中上游以及各支流均有不同程度的减薄,冰川主干的接收区高程显著增加,最大增厚120 m。根据冰川表面高程变化以及流速变化的特征,认为布拉尔杜冰川的支流引发了此次跃动,且本次跃动受水文机制的影响较大;结合现有的数据和文献,推断布拉尔杜冰川的跃动间隔约为40 a;为喀喇昆仑冰川跃动研究提供更多的实例,也可为此区域冰川灾害预警研究提供参考。     

2009年喀喇昆仑山叶尔羌河冰川阻塞湖及冰川跃动监测

在气候变化的影响下,喀喇昆仑山叶尔羌河冰川突发洪水近几年频繁发生.2009-05-09,利用中国环境减灾卫星(HJ-1A/1B)影像,对叶尔羌河上游冰川突发洪水的源头进行了动态监测.在克亚吉尔冰川末端发现了冰川阻塞湖,并监测到其不断扩大.2009-08初该处冰川湖突然消失,同期影像显示其消失后,河谷中残留大量冰体,与往年情况差异巨大.结合相关水文记录及历史资料分析认为,极有可能是冰川末端突然前进(跃动)使冰川坝遭到破坏,导致冰川阻塞湖泄水.由此推测克亚吉尔冰川发生了罕见跃动现象,但需要进一步研究验证.     

山地冰川表面温度反演算法对比——以祁连山七一冰川为例

冰川表面温度决定冰川表面热力状况分布和消融状态,其对建立冰川能量—物质平衡模型和研究气候变化背景下的冰川响应具有重要意义.Landsat系列卫星提供了海量免费高空间分辨率遥感数据,广泛应用于表面温度的时空变化研究.本文使用2013年5月至2014年9月的10景Landsat 8 TIRS热红外数据,对比三种单通道温度反...     

喀喇昆仑山乔戈里峰北坡主要冰川运动特征

利用ITS_LIVE数据、Landsat数据提取了喀喇昆仑山北坡42条冰川的表面流速。将末端运动与表面运动特征结合起来,分析对比了不同运动类型冰川表面流速的时空变化。结果表明:(1)1989—2018年,研究区42条冰川中,存在稳定冰川16条、前进冰川6条、退缩冰川1条、跃动冰川19条。空间上,流速分布符合冰川运动一般原理,可在积累区和冰舌上部发现明显的高值区域,这些区域多出现在跃动冰川主干或支部,流速大小一般在100.00 m·a~(-1)之上,如在音苏盖提冰川南分支,其最大流速可达到358.33 m·a~(-1)。(2)冰川流速分布与地形要素的关系密切。流速在海拔4600～5000 m之间达到最大(54.55 m·a~(-1)),是冰川末端流速的10倍以上;分布在坡度0～5°之间的42条冰川平均流速最大,并且随着坡度的增大,流速逐渐减小;处于东向的冰川流速最大,处于西南向的流速最小。(3)稳定冰川流速年际变化较稳定,不同年份相同位置的流速值较一致;而对于前进冰川和退缩冰川而言,年际流速波动均较大;跃动冰川不同位置年际流速变化不同。末端发生前进的跃动冰川表面流速变化不大,但末端变化速度却可超过100.00 m·a~(-1),甚至可达到500.00 m·a~(-1)。(4)长度更长、面积更大的冰川易发生跃动。气候、雪崩和地形也是影响冰川运动速度变化的主要原因。     

东南极内陆格罗夫山地区新生代冰川活动和古气候演化记录

地处东南极内陆的格罗夫山地区是研究南极冰川进退和气候演化的理想场所。我国第22次南极考察(2005/2006)进行了该地区冰盖进退和古气候演化专题研究。笔者在野外考察过程中,对格罗夫山地区新生代冰川活动记录(包括冰川侵蚀地貌及冰川堆积物)进行了详细的观测,获得了很多有关该地区冰盖进退及古气候演化方面的第一手材料,同时系统回收了对反映该地区古冰川活动具有重要意义的新生代沉积岩漂砾。本文简要报道本次野外考察在冰盖进退和古气候演化方面所取得的主要成果。     

中国西部大陆性冰川与海洋性冰川物质平衡变化及其对气候响应——以乌源1号冰川和帕隆94号冰川为例

为认识全球变暖背景下中国西部大陆性冰川与海洋性冰川物质平衡变化及其对气候响应,本研究以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和藏东南帕隆94号冰川为例,结合大西沟与察隅站气象资料,对1980 — 2015年两条冰川的物质平衡变化特征及差异进行了分析。结果表明：36 a来乌源1号冰川与帕隆94号冰川物质平衡总体上均呈下降趋势,累积物质平衡达-17102与-8159 mm w.e.,相当于冰川厚度减薄19与9.01 m,且分别于1996、2004年左右发生突变。同期两条冰川所处区域年均温呈显著上升趋势,而降水量却表现出不同的变化态势;二者年内气温分配相仿,但降水分配差异较大。初步分析认为气温上升是导致乌源1号冰川与帕隆94号冰川物质亏损的主要原因,冰川区气温和降水变化幅度的差异和地性因子（坡度、冰川面积）的不同使得乌源1号冰川对气候变化响应的敏感性高于帕隆94号冰川,由于目前海洋性冰川物质平衡监测时段相对较短,为深入研究中国西部冰川物质平衡变化及过程仍需加强对冰川的持续观测。     

冰川系统模型及其应用——以金沙江流域为例

全球气候变化带来了一系列的影响,冰川的生存与发展也受到了它的影响.目前,全球变化下冰川的变化是国际冰川学界的研究热点之一.中国是世界上冰川分布最广的中纬度国家,冰川是中国西部干旱地区的重要水资源,冰川的变化对中国环境有重大影响.冰川系统模型是一种基于冰川系统理论的水文学冰川变化预测模型,该模型从系统论的角度对全球变化的背景下冰川融水的变化进行宏观预测,充分利用已有的冰川数据资料对冰川的变化趋势做出总体预测.本文以金沙江流域冰川系统为例,根据流域内的自然环境特征将其分为河源区冰川系统和非河源区冰川系统两个并列的系统,利用冰川系统模型对其在不同的气候变化情景下的响应趋势作了预测,证实了模型的正确性和可行性.这一模型的研究成果对应对全球变化可能产生的影响有积极作用.     

冰川系统模理及其应用——以金沙江流域为例

全球气候变化带来了一系列的影响,冰川的生存与发展也受到了它的影响。目前,全球变化下冰川的变化是国际冰川学界的研究热点之一。中国是世界上冰川分布最广的中纬度国家,冰川是中国西部干旱地区的重要水资源,冰川的变化对中国环境有重大影响。冰川系统模型是一种基于冰川系统理论的水文学冰川变化预测模型,该模型从系统论的角度对全球变化的背景下冰川融水的变化进行宏观预测,充分利用已有的冰川数据资料对冰川的变化趋势做出总体预测。本文以金沙江流域冰川系统为例,根据流域内的自然环境特征将其分为河源区冰川系统和非河源区冰川系统两个并列的系统,利用冰川系统模型对其在不同的气候变化情景下的响应趋势作了预测,证实了模型的正确性和可行性。这一模型的研究成果对应对全球变化可能产生的影响有积极作用。     

Remote monitoriug ice velocities of the polar record and the Dark Glaciers

Measurement of ice velocities of the Antarctic glaciers is very important for studies on Antarctic ice and snow mass balance. The polar area environmental change and its influences on the global environment. Conventional methods may be used for measuring the ice velocities, but they suffer from severe weather conditions in the Polar areas. Use of satellite multi-spectral and muki-temporal images makes it easier to measure the velocities of the glacier movements. This paper discusses a new method for monitoring the glacial change by means of multi-temporal satellite images. Temporal remotely sensed images in the Ingrid Christensen coast were processed with respect to geometric rectification, registration and overlay, The average ice velocities of the Polar Record Glacier and the Dark Glacier were then calculated, with the changing characteristics analyzed and evaluated. The advantages of the method reported here include promise of all-weather operation and potentials of dynamic monitoring through suitabl     

PROMOTIONAL IMAGERY OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK*

ABSTRACT. The Great Northern Railway vigorously encouraged visitation to Glacier National Park between 1911 and 1930. We reconstruct the railway's promotional imagery of Glacier through an assessment of 796 photographs used by the company to publicize park landscapes and activities. Seven themes in the photographs—Native Americans, scenery, recreation, wildlife, the Wild West, park management, and personalities—reveal a useful portrait of how Glacier National Park was marketed with images of the American West mass distributed for decades by one of the nation's most influential corporations.     

RESPONSE OF A TEMPERATE ALPINE VALLEY GLACIER TO CLIMATE CHANGE AT THE DECADAL SCALE

Glacier advance and recession are considered key indicators of climate change. Understanding the relationship between climatic variations and glacial responses is crucial. Here, we apply archival digital photogrammetry to reconstruct the decadal scale glacial history of an unmonitored Alpine valley glacier, the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, and we use the data generated to explore the linkages between glacier recession and climate forcing. High precision digital elevation models were derived. They show continual recession of the glacier since 1967, associated with long‐term climatic amelioration but only a weak reaction to shorter‐term climatic deterioration. Glacier surface velocity estimates obtained using surface particle tracking showed that, unlike for most Swiss glaciers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, ice mass flux from the accumulation zone was too low to compensate for the effects of glacier thinning and subsequent snout recession, especially during the rapid warming that occurred through the 1980s. The results emphasise the dangers of inferring glacier response to climate forcing from measurements of the terminus position only and the importance of using remote sensing methods as an alternative, especially where historical imagery is available.     

RECENT GLACIER CHANGES IN THE WIND RIVER RANGE,WYOMING

Parallax measurements on matching aerial photograph stereopairs from 1958 and 1983 were used to calculate the ice lost from Dinwoody Glacier in the Wind River Range of Wyoming. The ice remaining in Dinwoody Glacier was measured using a portable radio echo-sounder. Isopach maps of lost ice thickness and remaining ice thickness in the glacier were constructed from these point measurements. Calculations of lost and remaining ice volumes, converted to water-equivalent values, were derived from planimetric measurements from these isopach maps. The water equivalent remaining in Dinwoody Glacier is approximately equal to that lost between 1958 and 1983. Should this rate of downwasting and retreat continue, Dinwoody Glacier will disappear in 27 years, with significant adverse impacts on late summer and early fall water supplies for downstream irrigators and instream flow needs. [Key words: glaciers, glacier runoff, radio echo-sounding, Wind River Range, Wyoming.]     

ABLATION OF ICE‐CORED MORAINE IN A HUMID,MARITIME CLIMATE: FOX GLACIER,NEW ZEALAND

Depending on thickness, debris‐cover can enhance or reduce ablation, compared to bare‐ice conditions. In the geological record, hummocky moraines often represent the final product of the melt‐out of ice‐cored moraines, and the presence or absence of such moraine deposits can have paleoclimatic implications. To evaluate the effects of varying debris‐cover and climate on ice‐melt in a maritime mid‐latitude setting, an 11‐day ablation stake study was undertaken on ice‐cored moraine at Fox Glacier, on the western flank of the New Zealand Southern Alps. Ablation rates varied from 1.3 to 6.7 cm d^?1, with enhancement of melt‐rate under thin debris‐covers. Highest melt‐rates (effective thickness) occurred under debris‐cover of c. 2 cm, with ～3 cm being the debris thickness at which melt‐rates are equal to adjacent bare‐ice (critical thickness). Air temperature from nearby Franz Josef Glacier allowed for a simple degree‐day approach to ablation calculations, with regression relationships indicating air temperature is the key climatic control on melt. Digital elevation models produced from topographic surveys of the ice‐cored moraine over the following 19 months indicated that ablation rates progressively decreased over time, probably due to melt‐out of englacial debris increasing debris‐cover thickness. The morphology of the sandur appears to be strongly determined by episodic high‐magnitude fluvial flows (jökulhlaups), in conjunction with surface melt. Thus, ‘hummocky’ moraine appears to be a transient landform in this climatic setting.     

南极海冰、冰穴和冰川冰及其对水团形成和变性的作用

本文利用前人的成果及笔者1992/1993年的南极海冰观测和收集的资料以及水文观测资料数据阐述了南极海冰的特性,特别是南极海冰过程、冰穴以及冰川冰对南极水团(南极表层水、南极底层水、南极陆架水、南极中层水以及南极冰架水)的形成和变性所起的特殊作用。 南极海冰覆盖面积的年际变化,夏季最大年份是最小年份的2倍多,冬季年间变化较小,最大仅为20％;但其季节变化非常大,冬季平均覆盖面积通常是夏季的5倍。南极海冰对大气-海洋间相互作用有重大影响,特别是深海洋区中冬季的结冰和发育造成的垂向对流、夏季的融化是形成南极表层水(含南极冬季水和南极夏季表层水),进而形成南极中层水的主要原因;南极陆架区的的海冰兴衰过程是形成南极陆架水的直接原因,它与变性南极绕极深层水混合并受到冰川冰的进一步冷却作用,成为形成南极底层水的主要水团;南极冰架底部的冷却、融化和冰架以下水体的结冰作用形成的高盐对流过程产生的南极冰架水,亦是形成南极底层水的贡献者。 冰穴是70年代以来卫星观测的重大发现。对其形成和对大气、海洋的影响作用尚不完全清楚,初步的研究成果表明,冰穴中产生的热盐对流对南极水团的形成、变性、大洋深层的翻转以及海洋-大气间的热量传输和气体交换起有非常重要的作用。     

南极内陆考察沿线GPS高精度定位点测量结果分析

中山站至 Dome- A考察是中国承担的“国际横穿南极科学考察”( ITASE)计划的一部分。考察沿线布设有 GPS高精度定位点 ,通过两期观测数据的计算可知 ,考察沿线的冰川整体上以8- 2 4 m/a的速度向西北方向 (兰伯特冰川盆地方向 )流动 ,而且 ,越接近冰盖边缘 ,运动速度越快 ,最快达到 1 0 0 m/a。同时 ,由于冰川的流动 ,引起了 GPS点垂直方向 0 .2 - 1 m的沉降量     

Assessment of the Evolution in Velocity of Two Debris‐Covered Valley Glaciers in Nepal and New Zealand

Feature tracking of orthorectified pairs of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer satellite images is used to calculate velocities for the Tasman Glacier, New Zealand (2002–2014) and the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal (2001–2008). Velocities in the middle and upper ablation zones of both glaciers show a long‐term decrease of ～10–20%, while the terminus of Khumbu Glacier has remained near stagnation throughout the study period. In contrast, there has been a recent acceleration of the lower terminus of Tasman Glacier, from ～5 m a^–1 in 2002 to 40 m a^–1 in 2014. Both of these glaciers have an extensive supraglacial debris cover across their lower ablation regions, with the Khumbu Glacier terminating on land and the Tasman Glacier terminating in a proglacial lake. The rapid recent increase in velocity of the terminus of Tasman Glacier is closely correlated with the increase in size of its proglacial lake. These results indicate the complex dynamic changes that mountain valley glaciers may undergo in response to long‐term negative mass balance.     

南极冰盖内部等时层研究进展综述

南极冰盖内部等时层记录了不同时期冰盖表面的特征及其演变,蕴含了丰富的冰下环境信息。目前,已成为研究大空间尺度与长时间尺度上南极冰盖演化及其底部环境的重要媒介。地球物理观测和数值模拟技术的综合使用,实现了南极冰盖内部等时层在大陆尺度上的可视化。通过这些内部等时层,冰川学研究将南极冰盖内部的古冰流与千年至百万年时间尺度的地貌及冰下环境的变化细节联系起来,得到了一系列数量化的结果。针对南极冰盖,综述产生内部等时层的冰盖动力学物理机理及其在冰川学上的应用,评估在五个方面的运用:(1)深冰芯断代与选址;(2)冰盖动力学过程;(3)冰盖物质平衡;(4)冰盖稳定性;(5)冰下环境。另外,基于对内部等时层的已有认识,对未来在内部等时层研究中可能需要强化的领域进行了归纳:(1)发展更精细描述并测试内部等时层结构时空变化的数值模拟技术框架面临的挑战;(2)如何从内部等时层蕴含的信息推断鉴别以目前南极冰盖作为初始条件的冰盖质量变化;(3)为获得更高分辨率的内部等时层结构图像,得到关于冰盖内部冰体形变与演化的更多数量化信息,如何强化冰盖冰下环境的重复观测。     

GLACIOLOGICAL STUDIES AT RAE GLACIER,CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS

Rae Glacier is a small cirque glacier located in the front ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. In 1990 and 1991 field research was completed to describe the physical glaciology of Rae Glacier and to characterize historical glaciological trends at the site. Ablation and surface movement rates were measured using a network of stakes drilled into the glacier and radio-echo sounding was used to describe local ice depths.

Rae Glacier has experienced a significant loss in size and mass during the historical period, owing to a lengthy interval of negative mass-balance conditions. The glacier has decreased in surface area by over 50% and now contains less than 24% of the ice it did at the end of the last century.

Surface-ice velocity varied between 1.4 and 5.4 m from 1990 to 1991. Rates of ice ablation proved to be highly variable, with steeper areas showing up to 50% more ablation. Combined with data on the emergent flow component of the glacier, the ablation data suggest that the glacier presently is unable to replenish the amount of ice annually being lost to ablation. The glacier has a lag time of 5 to 10 years, which confirms that it is sensitive to climatic fluctuations and responds to changes in mass balance within a very short time. This observation is supported by an estimated response time of 42 years. [Key words: glaciology, Rae Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains.]