中国能源资源开发的时空格局与潜力评价

The issue of China's energy supply security is not only the key problem which affects China's rapid and sustainable development in the 21st century,but also the one which international attention focuses on.Based on the notable characteristic of spatial imbalance between energy production and consumption in China,this paper takes the evolution of China's primary energy resources development(excluding hydropower) from 1949 to 2007 as the study object,with the aim to sum up the evolutive characteristics and laws of China's energy resources development in the past nearly 60 years.Then,based on comprehensive considerations of coal's,oil's and natural gas's basic reserves,qualities,geological conditions,production status,and ecological service function of every province,this paper adopts development potential index(DP)to evaluate the development potential of every province's energy resources,and divide them into different ranks.Conclusions are drawn as follows:(1) Generally speaking,China's gross energy production was increasing in waves from 1949 to 2007.From the viewpoint of spatial patterns,China's energy resources development has shown a characteristic of concentrating to the north and central areas,and evolving from linear-shaped to T-shaped pattern gradually since 1949.(2) The structure evolution of China's energy resources development in general has shown a trend of coal proportion is dominant but decreasing,while oil and gas proportions are increasing since 1949.(3) At the provincial scale,China's energy resources development potential could be divided into large,sub-large,general and small ranks,four in all.In the future,the spatial pattern of China's energy production will evolve from T-shaped to ∏-shaped pattern.These conclusions will help to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics and laws of China's energy resources development,and will be beneficial for China to design scientific and rational energy development strategies and plans,coordinate spatial imbalance of energy production and consumption,ensure national energy supply,avoid energy resources waste and disorderly development,and promote regional sustainable development under the globalization background with changeful international energy market.     

The comprehensive evaluation of China’s urbanization and effects on resources and environment

This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for the urbanization level in China in terms of four aspects of urbanization connotation: population, economy, society, and land. A comprehensive measurement is carried out for the Chinese urbanization between 1981 and 2006 based on the Entropy method. The results show that the comprehensive level of urbanization in China has a continuous increase with the major features of economic growth and a rapid evolution of the geographical landscape, followed by population urbanization and then social urbanization of health care standard; the distinguished evolutional characteristics can also be found in each of the subsystems. The integrated evolution of urbanization has a profound effect on the resources, energy and the environment, making the land resources and energy security situation under severe pressure. The environment pressure is also increased further.     

The regional types of China’s floating population: Identification methods and spatial patterns

With the rapid increase of the number and influence of floating population in China, it is urgently needed to understand the regional types of China’s floating population and their spatial characteristics. After reviewing the current methods for identifying regional types of floating population, this paper puts forward a new composite-index identification method and its modification version which is consisted of two indexes of the net migration rate and gross migration rate. Then, the traditional single-index and the new composite-index identification methods are empirically tested to explore their spatial patterns and characteristics by using China’s 2000 census data at county level. The results show: (1) The composite-index identification method is much better than traditional single-index method because it can measure the migration direction and scale of floating simultaneously, and in particular it can identify the unique regional types of floating population with large scale of immigration and emigration. (2) The modified composite-index identification method, by using the share of a region’s certain type of floating population to the total in China as weights, can effectively correct the over- or under-estimated errors due to the rather large or small total population of a region. (3) The spatial patterns of different regional types of China’s floating population are closely related to the regional differentiation of their natural environment, population density and socio- economic development level. The three active regional types of floating population are mainly located in the eastern part of China with lower elevation, more than 800 mm precipitation, rather higher population densities and economic development levels.     

中国石油资源空间流动的驱动机制分析

采用重心分析方法、指示克里金内插方法和空间相关系数,探讨了中国石油资源空间流动的驱动机制,结果表明：① 多数年份内,汇地系统重心演变受经济发展的影响更大;而2003 年以后经济重心对源地系统重心的影响也在逐渐加强。② 从源地系统空间相关分析来看,石油生产-进口量的区域差异,决定了源地系统与国内油田和国内油田-石油进口港（口岸） 的空间相关程度;而石油流动要素的空间分布及演变,对空间相关系数的数值变化产生一定影响,这使得源地系统在1985 和1995 年主要由单一国内油田驱动机制所决定,在1999、2003 和2009 年则由国内油田-进口石油港（口岸）的双重驱动机制所决定。③ 对汇地系统来说,国内炼厂的资源需求是汇地系统空间格局演变的重要驱动力。     

中国冰川旅游发展潜力评价及其空间开发策略

从区位交通、资源环境、基础开发及经济社会四个方面出发,构建了中国冰川旅游发展潜力评价指标体系,运用模糊评价赋值与层次分析法,对中国冰川区32个地州市冰川旅游发展潜力进行了综合评估,提出了相应的空间开发策略。结果表明：（1）区位交通潜力较高地区集中于冰川进入性和通达性较好的省会城市及周边地州市,以及具有明显地缘优势的区域...     

Air transportation in China: Temporal and spatial evolution and development forecasts

This paper analyses the features and dynamic changes of the spatial layout of air transportation utilization among different provinces in China. It makes use of data for the airport throughput and socio-economic development of every province throughout the country in the years 2006 and 2015, and employs airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita and per unit of GDP as measures of regional air transportation utilization, which is significant for refining indicators of regional air transportation scale and comparing against them. It also analyzes the spatial differences of coupling between the regional air transportation utilization indicators and the key influencing factors on regional air transportation demand and utilization, which include per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density. Based on these key influencing factors, it establishes a multiple linear regression model to conduct forecasting of each province’s future airport passenger and cargo throughput as well as throughput growth rates. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) Between 2006 and 2015, every province throughout the country showed a trend of year on year growth in their airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita. Throughput per capita grew fastest in Hebei, with a rise of 780%, and slowest in Beijing, with a rise of 38%. Throughput per capita was relatively high in western and southeastern coastal regions, and relatively low in northern and central regions. Airport passenger and cargo throughput per unit of GDP showed growth in provinces with relatively slow economic development, and showed negative growth in provinces with relatively rapid economic development. Throughput per unit of GDP grew fastest in Hebei, rising 265% between 2006 and 2015, and Hunan had the fastest negative growth, with a fall of 44% in the same period. Southwestern regions had relatively high throughput per unit of GDP, while in central, northern, and northeastern regions it was relatively low. (2) Strong correlation exists between airport passenger and cargo throughput per capita and per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density. Throughput per capita has positive correlation with per capita GDP and urbanization rate in all regions, and positive correlation with population density in most regions. Meanwhile, there is weak correlation between airport passenger and cargo throughput per unit of GDP and per capita GDP, urbanization rate, and population density, with positive correlation in some regions and negative correlation in others. (3) Between 2015 and 2025, it is estimated that all provinces experience a trend of rapid growth in their airport passenger and cargo throughput. Inner Mongolia and Hebei will see the fastest growth, rising 221% and 155%, respectively, while Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei will see the slowest growth, with increases of 62%, 63%, and 65%, respectively.     

基于模糊综合评价模型的中亚水资源开发潜力评估

定量评估水资源开发潜力对掌握区域水资源开发现状、提高水资源利用率具有重要意义。通过选取水资源利用率、灌溉率、地表水控制率、人均占有水量、重复利用率、生活用水定额、供水量模数、生态环境用水率等8个重要指标,借助模糊综合评价模型对中亚五国水资源开发潜力进行定量分析。结果表明:中亚地区整体水资源开发利用处于中级阶段,开发潜力综合评分值为0.502 7,表明开发潜力较大。其中,哈萨克斯坦水资源综合评分值最高,为0.712 4,有很大的开发潜力,但要注意摒弃不合理的水资源利用方式;吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦综合评分值分别为0.591 1、0.488 7,有较大的开发潜力,但应注意由广度开发逐渐向深度开发转变。下游国家土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦处于开发利用的高级阶段,综合评分值分别为0.352 6、0.315 0,水资源开发潜力较小。今后应注意发展节水型经济,注重水资源综合管理。     

Present land use and cover patterns and their development potential in North Ningxia

With the objectives to acquire the fundamental data of the territorial resource, understand the impacts of human activities on the land use and cover patterns and evaluate the potential of the future exploitation, an intensive land cover classification with an accuracy of 93% has been completed for North Ningxia by remote sensing technique based on the adoption of a combination method composed of texture training, maximum likelihood classification and post-processing such as re-allocation and aggregation. This classification result was incorporated with the contemporaneous socio-economic and meteorological data for cross-sectional regression modelling to reveal the spatial determinants of the land cover patterns and understand the human-environmental relationships. A tentative evaluation on the potential of soil exploitation in the near future was carried out in combination with our land use and cover change detection results aiming at supplying some useful references for the central and local governments in their sustainable land use planning.     

宁夏北部地区土地覆盖模式及其发展潜力

With the objectives to acquire the fundamental data of the territorial resource,understand the impacts of human activities on the lan use and cover patterns and evaluate the potential of the future exploitation,and intensive land cover classification with and accuracy of 93?has been completed for North Ningxia by remote sensin technique based on the adoption of a combination method composed of texture training,maximum likelihood classification and post-processing such as re-allocation and aggregation.This classification result was incorporated with the contemporaneous socio-economic and meteorological data for cross-sectional regression modelling to reveal the spatial determinants of the land cover patterns and understand the human-environmental relationships.A tentative evaluation on the potential of soil exploitation in the near future was carried out in combination with our land use and cover change detection results aiming at supplying some useful references for the central and local governments in their sustainable land use planning.     

中国省域科技创新模式及其时空演变

中国的经济增长模式正在由要素驱动型向创新驱动型转变,适宜的科技创新模式是促进中国经济社会协调可持续发展的关键。基于熵值法构建综合指标评价体系,运用Theil指数对中国科技创新投入与产出水平的时空演变进行分析,并结合K-means聚类分析法将其分别归为相同的5个等级。根据不同的投入—产出组合,得出投入产出协调型、投入领先型与产出领先型3个科技创新类型及其子类。最后,利用多阶段DEA模型,从科技创新投入的角度,将科技创新模式划分为混合驱动型、创新平台驱动型、人力与资本驱动型和人力驱动型四类;从科技创新产出的角度,划分为经济创新导向型、知识与经济创新导向型和知识创新导向型三类模式。对比发现,中国科技创新模式与科技创新类型的时空演变呈现高度的相关性。在此基础上,为中国未来区域科技创新的发展提出若干建议。     

Temporal and spatial differences and imbalance of China’s urbanization development during 1950–2006

A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China’s urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China’s urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc., the urbanization level reduces with the elevation of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of urbanization in 1950–2006, the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied, and then the inter- regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method, to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China’s urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model, the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population, grain output, total agricultural output value, gross output value of industry, tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed, to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.     

The identification of global strategic shipping pivots and their spatial patterns

In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue which influences national maritime interests including the security of trade and energy resources. A strategic shipping pivot thus performs a vital controlling function for global shipping networks. In this study strategic shipping pivots are defined and subdivided into sea hubs, channels and areas. We then develop a model to identify strategic shipping pivots on a global scale. The results show that, depending on differences in location, function, and type, the concept of strategic shipping pivot permits the identification of both spatial and structural differentiation with respect to strategic hubs, corridors, and seas. Now 44 strategic hubs have formed across the globe. These hubs have become the control centers of local shipping network organization. At the same time, seven strategic corridors containing most shipping routes and transportation capacity connect important sea areas, and permit a high-degree of control over the transport of strategic materials. The strategic seas, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific provide vital import and export pathways, so that the formation of strategic shipping pivots is mainly influenced by factors such as physical geographical conditions, the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities, business organization, technical progress, geopolitical patterns and geopolitical disputes. Physical geographical conditions provide the potential foundations for strategic shipping pivots, while the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities and communications determine the strategic value of these points. Finally, business organization, technical progress, and geopolitical disputes all function to strengthen the strategic mechanisms and the mutagenicity of strategic shipping pivots.     

高级科学人才集聚成长的时空格局演化及其驱动机制——基于中国科学院院士的典型分析

以中国科学院1192 名院士为典型群体, 运用基尼系数、集中化指数和空间自相关识别和剖析了高级科学人才成长的时空规律及其演化机制。结果表明:① 中科院院士国内籍贯或出生地、国内最高学历(位)获取地和国内长期工作地, 在东中西3 大地带均呈现出较强的不平衡性;② 自20 世纪50 年代以来, 中科院院士在上述3 地的大部分省域表现出地理空间上显著的正的空间自相关性, 其国内籍贯或出生地、国内最高学历(位)获取地和国内长期工作地均呈现出集聚逐渐弱化的空间演化态势;③ 中科院院士在上述3 地带的HH集聚省域数量随年代推进分别呈现出先增后减、变化不大和逐渐增加态势, 主要分布于中国东部沿海省域及其邻近省域;④ 从20 世纪50 年代至今, 中科院院士在上述3 地带时空格局演化跃迁较多的是类型Ⅳ(省域本身及其邻居均保持了相同水平), 近半省域表现出了空间上的连续稳定性, 而类型Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ在数量上也有所差异, 且存在部分省域跃迁明显的现象;⑤自然环境、经济基础、政治环境和文化教育的差异和变化不同程度的影响着中科院院士的总体空间分布和时空格局演化。     

1840年以来我国鼠疫的时空分布规律

利用 GIS空间统计工具分析了中国鼠疫疫源地的分布状况 ,结果表明我国鼠疫疫源地明显呈现南、北两个不连续的带状分布 ,北方鼠疫疫源地类型多 ,面积大 ;南方鼠疫疫源地类型少 ,面积小 ,并计算出我国鼠疫疫源地的面积为 1 2 6万 km2 。在此基础上 ,利用我国人间鼠疫流行资料 ,分析了鼠疫空间分布规律。两者的对比表明 ,鼠疫病区面积在鼠疫疫源地基础上扩大一倍。由于受自然条件、人类社会经济因素和鼠疫流行规律影响 ,南方鼠疫病区在鼠疫疫源地的基础上扩展范围比北方明显。最后作者利用历史病情资料从 1 840～ 1 990按十年段 ,重建了1 50年来中国鼠疫流行扩散简史。     

1840年以来我国鼠疫的时空分布规律

利用GIS空间统计工具分析了中国鼠疫疫源地的分布状况,结果表明我国鼠疫疫源地明显呈现南、北两个不连续的带状分布,北方鼠疫疫源地类型多,面积大;南方鼠疫疫源地类型少,面积小,并计算出我国鼠疫疫源地的面积为126万km²。在此基础上,利用我国人间鼠疫流行资料,分析了鼠疫空间分布规律。两者的对比表明,鼠疫病区面积在鼠疫疫源地基础上扩大一倍。由于受自然条件、人类社会经济因素和鼠疫流行规律影响,南方鼠疫病区在鼠疫疫源地的基础上扩展范围比北方明显。最后作者利用历史病情资料从1840～1990按十年段,重建了150年来中国鼠疫流行扩散简史。     

福建沿海“海丝”文化旅游资源空间结构与开发潜力分析

应用定量统计和GIS分析方法研究福建沿海“海丝”文化旅游资源的类型结构、空间结构特征及资源群开发潜力,为“海丝”文化旅游资源的保护和旅游目的地开发提供决策依据。结果表明：（1）福建沿海“海丝”文化旅游资源分为海上交通、商业贸易、文化融合和宗教文化4大类及12个亚类;（2）从整体空间结构看,资源呈集聚型分布,形成“一带四区”格局,即宁德-福州-莆田-泉州-厦门-漳州的沿海带状区域和以泉州为中心的极核区、以漳州和福州为中心的两个高密度区、以莆田为中心的次级密度区;（3）从各类型资源空间分布特征看,海上交通类资源在沿海港口处高度聚集,商业贸易类资源在福州和泉州的城区及内陆山区河流两岸聚集,文化融合类资源高度聚集在泉州、漳州和福州,宗教文化类资源以泉州为中心在沿海广泛分布;（4）从资源群开发潜力看,泉州为开发潜力最大城市;宗教文化类资源群为最具开发潜力的资源类型。基于以上研究结果,提出构建以“点-轴-网”为格局的福建“海丝”文化旅游资源空间开发格局设想。     

中国老龄事业发展水平时空演化及其与经济发展水平的空间匹配

基于“积极老龄化”理论框架,从健康、参与和保障三大维度构建中国老龄事业发展水平评价指标体系。以中国大陆31个省（自治区、直辖市）为研究对象,运用数理统计、重心和空间重叠性、空间错位分析和计量经济模型等方法,分析了2004—2016年中国老龄事业发展水平的时序变化、空间格局、错位特征及其影响机制。结果表明：① 2004—2016年,中国老龄事业发展水平整体快速增长,区域差异逐渐缩小,但区域失衡特征不容忽视。东部地区整体水平高于中部、西部及东北地区,并伴有“西部崛起,中部及东北地区塌陷”特征。东部地区呈现“两极化”现象。② 中国老龄事业基本处于低水平发展阶段,空间分布由西南-东北辐射递减模式转变为显著的“中部塌陷”式,形成一条由北向南的低值集聚带,纵贯中国中部,与区域经济发展存在错位关系。③ 负向错位区主要分布在黄河、长江中上游地区,正向错位区主要集中在东部沿海、长城以北等地区。空间错位强度存在显著的地域差异性,其中西部地区尤为显著。④ 老龄事业发展水平的动态变化是多因素交互作用的结果。经济发展水平、政府政策和行政导向及产业结构的时空分异对其产生正向影响。市场经济规模扩大和人口老龄化未对老龄事业发展起推动作用,与理论预期不符。家庭规模小型化的倒逼作用不显著。     

中国区域创新能力与能源利用效率的时空耦合协调分析

创新驱动与绿色发展存在内在耦合协调需求。在梳理了区域创新能力与能源利用效率的耦合协调机理的基础上,以研究区内30个省际样本实证分析了其“绿色+创新”的耦合协调时空分布规律,得出以下结论：（1）区域创新能力与能源利用效率的耦合度随时间推移不断提升,二者的协调度呈现长期均衡提升短期波动的规律。（2）区域创新能力与能源利用效率高度耦合地区集中分布于长江经济带沿线地区,且随时间推移高度耦合地区集聚范围逐渐扩大。（3）我国大部分地区仍处于低水平耦合协调状态,各地区协调度的差异正在逐渐缩小。（4）西北部地区较低等级的耦合协调类型更容易发生跳跃式变化,而东南部地区较高等级的耦合协调类型变化较为稳健且方向明确。针对以上发现给出了相应的政策发展建议。     

广东省外商直接投资业绩与潜力的时空差异

回顾广东省外商直接投资历史,选取10项影响其直接投资潜力的要素指标,构建业绩指数和潜力指数进行定量分析认为:(1)广东省已经取得了很高的外商直接投资业绩,但是外商直接投资业绩指数总体上呈稳定而缓慢的下降趋势。(2)无论是潜力还是业绩,珠江三角洲的核心区域一直是广东省外商直接投资高水平区域,珠江三角洲外商直接投资分散化空间分布趋势主导了全省外商直接投资的分散化趋势。(3)广东省大部分地市外商直接投资业绩水平的增长快于潜力水平的提高,但广州、深圳和佛山等中心城市外商直接投资业绩都不同程度地滞后于潜力。