Pollution Condition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutant and Estimation of Its Environmental Capacities in Summer in the Bohai Sea

The zones around the Bohai Sea are the most developed area in north China [1]. With the development of economy and increasing of population, the marine environment quality has become worse and worse in Bohai Sea, especially in the coastal regions of Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and Laizhou Bay [1]. As reported, the petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) contamination in the Bohai Sea was mainly due to the discharge of oily wastewater from inland [1]. There were about 8 734 392.3 104 t water input in the …     

Study of attenuation depths for MODIS bands in the Bohai Sea in China

An attenuation depth is defined for remote sensing purposes as a depth above which 90% of the arising light leaving the water surface is originated.The deeper the attenuation depth,the more information of water is detectable by remote sensing,then the more precise information of water is extracted.Meanwhile,the attenuation depth is helpful to know water layer (by its thickness) from which remote sensing will be able to extract information.A number of investigators are using the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (or MODIS) for remote sensing of ocean color.It is necessary to have a rough idea of the effective attenuation depth of imagery in each of the spectral bands employed by the MODIS.The attenuation depth is directly determined from MODIS data.Though analyzing the spectral distribution of the attenuation depth on 7 August 2003 and the seasonal variation of the attenuation depth (551 nm) in the Bohai Sea indicated that:the spectral distribution of the attenuation depth for the spectral range between 400 to 700 nm is single-peak curve,and it''s similar and difference in different regions is consistent with other scholars'' results of zoning,moreover,it supports the Bohai Sea is Case 2 water; the maximum attenuation depth shifts toward longer wavelengths,liking the red shift,with increase of turbidity of water,just like the maximum attenuation depth in the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea and the Bohai Strait is at 531nm,in the central of the Bohai Sea is at 551nm,in the region controlled by the Huanghe (Yellow) River,the region impacted by the old Huanghe River,the western side of the Liaodong Bay and the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay is at 555 nm; the seasonal change of the attenuation depth is the largest in the summer,followed by the fall,and the ranking of winter and spring in different regions is distinct.The attenuation depth in different regions is dissimilar:the order of the attenuation depth in different regions from small to big is the region controlled by the Huanghe River or the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay,the western side of the Liaodong Bay,the region impacted by the old Huanghe River,the central of the Bohai Sea or the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea,the Bohai Strait (except at 412 nm and 645 nm),in which between the region controlled by the Huanghe River and the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay (and between the central of the Bohai Sea and the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea) it varies in different seasons and different bands.     

渤海夏季环流的高分辨率海浪-潮汐-环流耦合模式研究

The Bohai Sea is a shallow semi-enclosed inner sea with an average depth of 18 m and is located at the west of the northern Yellow Sea. The climatological circulation pattern in summer of the Bohai Sea is studied by using a wave-tide-circulation coupled model. The simulated temperature and the circulation agree with the observation well. The result shows that the circulation pattern of the Bohai Sea is jointly influenced by the tidal residual current, wind and baroclinic current. There exists an obvious density current along the temperature front from the west part of the Liaodong Bay to the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary. In the Liaodong Bay there exists a clockwise gyre in the area north to the 40°N. While in the area south to the 40°N the circulation shows a two-gyre structure, the flow from the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary to the Liaodong Bay splits into two branches in the area between 39°N and 40°N. The west branch turns into north-west and forms an anti-clockwise gyre with the south-westward density current off the west of the Liaodong Bay. The east branch turns to the east and forms a clockwise gyre with the flow along the east coast of the Liaodong Bay. The forming mechanism of the circulation is also discussed in this paper.     

Risk assessment and zoning of sea level rise in Shandong Province

Sea level rise is a slow-onset disaster.We collected information about the natural and ecological environments,tides and sea levels,and socio-economic aspects to investigate the distribution and zoning of the risks from sea level rise across Shandong Province.The trends in sea level in different counties of Shandong Province were predicted using moving averages and a random dynamic analysis forecasting model,and the model outputs and socio-economic indicators were combined to assess the risks.The results show that the risks of sea level rise along the western coast of Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay in Shandong Province were sufficiently large to warrant attention.     

Distribution of chlorophyll a and some ecological factors in the Daya Bay

The marine environment, productivity and potential biotic resources in the waters of the Daya Bay were investigated by South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica from 1984 to 1986. The present paper deals mainly with the annual variation and distribution characteristics in chlorophyll a and with some of the ecological factors involved in chlorophyll distribution within the bay. Correlation models are established and discussed. The results could be helpful for further probing into ecosystem and for the exploitation-utilization of aquatic resources in this region.     

Long-term variation of storm surge-associated waves in the Bohai Sea

When investigating the long-term variation of wave characteristics as associated with storm surges in the Bohai Sea,the Simulating Waves Nearshore(SWAN)model and Advanced CIRCulation(ADCIRC)model were coupled to simulate 32 storm surges between 1985 and 2014.This simulation was validated by reproducing three actual wave processes,showing that the simulated significant wave height(SWH)and mean wave period agreed well with the actual measurements.In addition,the long-term variations in SWH,pattems in SWH extremes along the Bohai Sea coast,the 100-year retum period SWH extreme distribution,and waves conditional probability distribution were calculated and analyzed.We find that the trend of SWH extremes in most of the coastal stations was negative,among which the largest trend was-0.03 m/a in the western part of Liaodong Bay.From the 100-year return period of the SWH distribution calculated in the Gumbel method,we find that the SWH extremes associated with storm surges decreased gradually from the center of the Bohai Sea to the coast.In addition,the joint probability of wave and surge for the entire Bohai Sea in 100-year return period was determined by the Gumbel logistic method.We therefore,assuming a minimum surge of one meter across the entire Bohai Sea,obtained the spatial SWH distribution.The conclusions of this study are significant for offshore and coastal engineering design.     

CIAY MINERALS IN THE SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF THE BOHAI SEA

Analyses of clay mineralogy about 30 surface sediments indicate widespread occurrence of illite, kaolinite, chlorite and montmorillonite throughout the Bohai Sea. Illite is the most abundant mineral, averaging 60%, kaolinite, next to illite, is the most abundant one,averaging 18%. Chlorite and montmorillonite come second, averaging 12% and 10% respectively. The distributive patterns of clay minerals in the surface sediments are closely related to the suspended materials carried into the Bohai Sea, especially to those did by the Huanghe River, and to water dynamics in the area. Based on the distribution, the assemblages and the others of clay minerals, the Bohai Sea can be divided into two clay mineral regions, the Liaodong Gulf region and the Bohai-Laizhou Bay region.     

Speciation, distribution, and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Xiamen Bay surface sediment

Based on the survey of surface sediment in Xiamen Bay in October 2011, the speciation, distribution, and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr） in this area were studied us-ing the sequential extraction method and ecological risk assessment method. The results indicated：（1） the total concentrations of these heavy metals were influenced by runoff, industrial wastewater, and sewage, and were all higher in the coastal area than the offshore area while the highest area of Pb was a little far-ther away from the coastal water due to atmosphere deposition;（2） sequential extractions suggested that Cu was mainly composed with residual and Fe/Mn-oxide bound fractions, Pb was bound to Fe/Mn-oxide, Zn and Cr were dominated by residual, and Cd bound to exchangeable and carbonate fractions; （3） the order of migration and transformation sequence was Cd＆gt;Pb＆gt;Cu＆gt;Zn＆gt;Cr and the degree of pollution was Cd＆gt;Pb＆gt;Cu＆gt;Zn＆gt;Cr;and （4） the ratios of the secondary and primary phases showed that Zn and Cr were both clean, Cu may be polluted, Pb was moderately polluted, while Cd was heavily polluted.     

Size-fractionated phytoplankton standing stock and primary production in the Bohai Sea during late spring

During June 1997 cruise by R/V Science No.l, observations on temporal and spatialvariations of the size-fractionated phytoplankton standing stock and primary production were carried out in the Bohai Sea. The size-fractionated chlorophyll a (Chl a) and primary production, photosynthet-ically available radiation (PAR), as well as the related physico-oceanographic and zooplanktonic parameters were measured at five time-series observation stations representing sub-areas of the sea. Results obtained show that there were the marked features of spatial zonation of Chl a and primary production in the Bohai Sea. The values in the Laizhou Bay, the Liaodong Gulf and the Bohai Gulf were high and showed close relation with tidal fluctuations, i.e. high Chl a concentration occurred during high tide in the Laizhou Bay, and during low tide in the Liaodong Gulf and the Bohai Gulf. In the strait and the central region of the Bohai Sea, the values were relatively low and no relationship with tidal fluctuation could be foun     

黄河口及邻近海域中悬浮体的分布特征和季节性变化

The results of the suspended material measurement in the Huanghe River Estuary show that the silt movement in the estuary is different during summer and winter. The centric water-mass in Bohai Sea enters the Laizhou Bay, which makes the fresh water occupy the head of Laizhou Bay and prevents the silt from spveading to the sea.The disturbing of wind in winter makes the sediment resuspend which results in the high content of suspended materials in the water. The distribution of suspended materials and salinity in summer indicate that because of its own momentum, the silt from the Huanghe River will go ahead out of the river mouth and the effect of centric water-mass in the middle Bohai Sea is relatively small in summer. The distributions of suspended materials in the mid and bottom layer water during different seasons show that the primary direction of the siltl movement in the estuary is towards NE, whice coincides with the movement of residual current.Our paper also presents the size distribution of suspended materials.According to the data, we consider that the silt from Huanghe River moves mainly in the surface layer and the Huanghe River Estuary belongs to weak mixing estuary.     

Use of QSAR and SSD methods on deriving predicted no-effect concentrations in seawater and sediment for ten individual parent- and alkyl-PAHs and a case study on the assessment of their ecological risks from the Dalian Bay,China

Parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(alkyl-PAHs), which are a class of important toxic components of crude oil especially in the marine environment, exhibit adverse effects on aquatic life and potentially pose a human health risk. However, the lack of chronic toxicity data is one of the hindrances for alkylPAHs when assessing their ecological risks. In this study, predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs) in seawater and marine sediment for ten parent-and alkyl-PAHs were derived...     

基于CART方法计算的黄河淡水水龄在渤海的分布变化特征

通过计算黄河淡水在渤海内部的水龄变化,能够进一步了解由黄河口排出的溶解性污染物在渤海中的输运时间和分布规律。利用ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)数值模型,加入了基于CART(the constituent-oriented age and residence time theory)方法计算水龄的模块,用于计算黄河淡水水龄在渤海的分布以及长期变化规律。模式较好地再现了渤海物理场以及黄河淡水水龄在渤海中的分布。模拟结果显示水龄在空间分布上差异很大,莱州湾平均水龄为700天,而辽东湾则高达1760天。渤海中部与辽东湾水龄时空分布表现出季节变化,冬季辽东湾水龄西低东高,高龄水自辽东湾东侧入侵渤海中部;夏季辽东湾水龄西高东低,渤海中部低龄水占优。黄河淡水水龄在年际时间尺度上存在明显差异,1998—2003年黄河淡水水龄较高且存在上升趋势,而2003—2007年则迅速下降,此变化主要由黄河入海径流量的改变导致;径流量增大会使淡水水龄降低,反之则会使水龄升高。黄河径流量对黄河淡水水龄的影响主要是通过改变目标区域黄河淡水浓度和低龄淡水质点在水团中所占的比例来实现的。     

渤海沉积物重金属环境质量评价及其影响因素

基于渤海404个站位的沉积物重金属元素含量与分布特征,通过潜在生态风险、地累积指数等指标定量评价了沉积物中重金属的环境质量,利用富集因子和主成分分析法,对影响渤海表层沉积物中重金属元素分布特征的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果显示,渤海湾重金属元素平均含量最高,渤海海峡最低;渤海Cd具有强潜在生态风险,Hg具有中等?强潜在生态风险,总潜在生态风险程度为中等;Cr和Ni的少量站位超过毒性阈值上限,其余重金属污染物含量均低于毒性阈值下限,表明渤海发生沉积物重金属的毒性污染的概率很低。沉积物中粒度效应控制的重金属元素含量对渤海表层沉积物中的重金属元素的分布具有主要影响,人类活动所造成的污染主要是Cd,主要分布于辽东湾的锦州湾和复州湾,其次通过河流进入海洋的Hg对黄河三角洲及莱州湾有重要影响,亟需引起注意。     

渤海氮磷营养盐和叶绿素浓度时空分布数值模拟与富营养化评估

当前渤海富营养化风险仍居高不下,严重制约了环渤海社会经济可持续发展。开展近海富营养化评估与趋势分析是国家生态安全保障的需求, 其难点在于富营养化评价要素长期演变进程高质量数据的获取。基于HAMSOM海洋生态模型, 通过修正溶解有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen, DON)的难/易降解组分降解动力学形式, 构建了适用于富营养化评估与趋势分析的渤海三维水动力/生物地球化学耦合模型。利用2019年渤海春、夏、秋、冬四个季节DON、溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN)、溶解无机磷(dissolved inorganicphosphorus, DIP)和叶绿素a(chlorophyll a, chl a)调查结果, 对模型进行了校正, 并利用1980年至2020年的长期调查结果进行了验证, 模拟结果与调查结果相比较, 在数值大小和变化趋势上均吻合较好, 相对标准偏差、相似性系数和Kappa系数分别为24%、0.77和0.60。利用模型模拟计算的DIN、DIP、DON和chl a长期演变进程数据, 计算了营养状态质量指数(nutritional quality index, NQI)。结果表明, 当前渤海富营养化状态整体上处于贫营养状态, 但在渤海湾、辽东湾和莱州湾湾底近岸海域处于富营养状态, 季节上5~10月份处于中等富营养化状态, 从长期变化趋势看, 渤海整体上富营养化状态趋于改善。与复合富营养化指数(compound eutrophication index, CEI)对比表明, 渤海富营养化评估按NQI计算结果与按CEI计算结果相当吻合, 相似性系数为0.83。文章建立的渤海富营养化评估方法具有较高可靠性, 可用于渤海富营养化评估。     

基于遥感分析渤海湾冬季表层悬浮体浓度变化规律

渤海湾是三面环陆的半封闭浅水海湾,海底泥沙悬浮与输运对海洋工程与生态环境有重要影响。冬季是渤海泥沙输运、海床冲刷和海底灾害的主要发生季节,但冬季观测(特别是连续观测)难度大,观测资料相对缺乏,研究冬季悬浮体分布与输运规律对海洋生态环境保护和海洋工程维护等具有指导意义,对认识近海物质及能量循环有重要科学价值。本文基于海洋水色卫星GOCI(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager)遥感影像资料,对渤海湾冬季悬浮体浓度进行了长达8年监测,提取2011—2017年冬季(11、12、1、2月)悬浮体浓度(Total Suspended Sediment, TSS)月平均数据,对渤海湾冬季悬浮体分布情况及输运规律进行研究。结果表明,渤海湾冬季的表层悬浮体浓度分布呈现近岸高离岸低、南岸高北岸低的规律,悬浮体浓度的高值区主要分布于黄河口附近以及渤海湾南岸一带,该海域冬季TSS在80mg/L以上,最高可达200mg/L;海河口及辽东湾沿岸流区域各存在一个低值区,悬浮体浓度介于0—40mg/L。冬季大风天气对水体扰动剧烈,导致渤海湾海底泥沙再悬浮,风速与悬浮体浓度存在正相关性。同时...     

渤海的环流、潮余流及其对沉积物分布的影响

阐明渤海环流和潮余流的分布特征及其与沉积物输运之间的关系。本文根据８０年代以来的实测海流资料得到：辽东湾的环流是顺时针向的；黄河三角洲外海存在着一支流向东北偏北向流，与辽东湾西部的东北向海流相接；渤海湾内的环流北部为反时针向，南部为顺时针向回转的双环结构。上述环流趋势与渤海沉积物分布相一致。渤海沿岸主要入海河流的特征矿物分布正在上述环流存在的最好佐证。文中进一步讨论了潮余流分布特征及其对渤海环流的     

基于GOCI影像的半月潮周期内渤海悬浮泥沙浓度变化研究

悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)的变化对渤海海域的生态等有着重要的影响.本文基于已有表层水体SSC遥感反演算法进行了优化,利用较高时空分辨率的GOCI影像,基于优化后的模型对渤海表层水体的SSC浓度在半月潮周期中的时空分布与变化特征进行了研究.结果 表明:(1)渤海各海湾表层水体SSC在半月潮周期内的变化规律存在差异.从小潮到大...     

渤海悬浮物分布的遥感研究

利用渤海湾和莱州湾现场实测的悬浮物含量和光谱数据,建立了基于555和670nm波段遥感反射率的悬浮物含量遥感反演模型。经检验,模型平均相对误差优于20%,对输入端误差不敏感。基于该模型,利用ENVISAT MERIS遥感数据,从空间分布格局、大风过程的短期扰动以及季节性差异等方面分析了渤海悬浮物的时空分布特征。(1)渤海悬浮物含量的高值区集中分布在莱州湾(尤其是黄河口和莱州湾湾底)和渤海湾沿岸,此外在辽东湾沿岸海域悬浮物含量也相对较高,而在渤海大部水体悬浮物含量较低。(2)大风过程可在短期内(约1~3d)显著改变全渤海的悬浮物空间分布格局,其中渤海湾和莱州湾响应最为强烈,辽东湾响应相对较弱,这与其各自的水深条件、底质类型和悬浮物粒径等因素有关。(3)渤海悬浮物含量总体上呈春夏低、秋冬高的分布特征;季节性差异最显著的区域是渤海湾、莱州湾和辽东湾,差异性最小的是秦皇岛近岸海域;风力等气候因素是悬浮物分布呈现季节性差异的主要原因,入海径流是另一重要因素。     

渤海海域表层沉积物中的多环芳烃综述

为保障渤海海域的污染物控制和生态环境保护,文章基于已有监测数据,分析渤海海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs、LPAHs、HPAHs和CPAHs)的分布、来源及其与沿岸陆地的相关性。研究结果表明:PAHs、LPAHs、HPAHs和CPAHs含量最高的海湾分别为莱州湾、渤海湾、辽东湾和渤海湾,3个海湾均以LPAHs为主;PAHs及其各类组成的来源主要包括入海河流携带的陆源污染物,海流输送并沉积的泄漏原油以及港口、城市和工业基地的排放污水;PAHs的分布受沿岸土地开发利用以及工业和城镇建设等人类活动影响较大,且沿岸土壤中的PAHs对海洋环境造成破坏。