Meso-scale flanking structure and micro-scale push up structure within migmatitic biotite granite,Peninsular Gneissic Complex,Southern India

International Journal of Earth Sciences -     

Growth defects in metamorphic biotite

Metamorphic biotites examined by transmission electron microscopy contain planar defects on the (001) plane, superlattices, twins and a microstructure causing streaking of k≠3n rows. Analysis of the fringe contrast shows that the fault vectors associated with the planar defects are either R ₁=±1/3 [010], R ₂=±1/6 [310] or R ₃=±1/6 [3 \(\bar 1\) 0]. Structural considerations indicate that a stacking fault R ₁, R ₂ or R ₃ is most likely to exist in the octahedral layer rather than the potassium layer. The result of such a fault on a unit layer of mica is effectively to rotate it through ±120° about c* (equivalent to the common mica twin law). These stacking faults can provide the mechanism for producing the ±120° rotations associated with the common mica polytypes. Furthermore, many of the observed microstructures can be generated by these stacking faults.     

Fluorine-hydroxyl exchange in apatite and biotite: A potential igneous geothermometer

The free energy data for the simple fluorides, chlorides and hydroxides have been used to predict the distribution of these anions in hydrous minerals. The calculated partition of fluorine in phlogopite agrees well with published results; the distribution of fluorine and hydroxyl between apatite and phlogopite is temperature dependent and has been calculated. The temperatures deduced from analyses of natural apatite-biotite pairs frequently show discrepancies as compared with independent temperature estimates; these probably arise from late-stage exchange of the fluorine in phlogopite with an aqueous fluid, for which independent evidence is available.The fugacity of phosphorus in equilibrium with apatite, a ubiquitous hydrous mineral, has been calculated for various mineral assemblages. The estimates, which are subject to considerable error, are lower for basanites and alkali-basalts than for tholeiites and range from approximately 10^–14 at 1000° C to 10^–16 bars at 750° C for fayalitic rhyolites.     

Quantification of Ar recoil ejection from GA1550 biotite during neutron irradiation as a function of grain dimensions

This study presents the first measurement of ³⁹Ar recoil ejection loss from individual, dimensionally characterized mineral grains due to neutron irradiation, and reveals the extent to which this recoil loss is problematic for ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating. Using the well-characterized biotite standard GA1550, known to have between grain reproducibility of ⁴⁰Ar*/³⁹Ar_K of order 0.1%, we measured the thicknesses (3-210 μm) and surface areas (0.07-0.90 mm²) of 159 grains selected to span the dimensional range represented in the aliquot. Thinner grains with high surface area/volume (SA/V) reveal elevated ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar, as much as 26% higher than thicker grains expected to suffer proportionately negligible depletion. Although the thinner grains yield intrinsically less precise measurements due to small ³⁹Ar ion beams, a regular decrease in net recoil loss with increasing biotite grain thickness is clear for grains thinner than ca. 50 μm. Grains thicker than 50 μm reveal essentially no ³⁹Ar loss within analytical uncertainties. The measured ³⁹Ar loss spectrum is significantly higher than predicted by previous modeling approaches. These results suggest a practical threshold of ca. 50 μm grain thickness for biotites, and probably other phyllosilicates, irradiated with ²³⁵U fission spectrum neutrons in order to avoid recoil artifacts. Poor agreement between our data and simulation results indicates that recoil displacement models should be revisited in order to resolve the discrepancy. Further empirical work to determine the recoil loss of ³⁹Ar in other minerals is important not only for routine age measurements, but also to shed more light on the role of recoil in multi-diffusion domain theory and other thermochronologic applications exploiting variable diffusion radii and/or grain size effects.     

A thermodynamic model for titanium and ferric iron solution in biotite

Recent crystallographic data indicate that in biotite Ti orders preferentially onto the M2 octahedral site rather than onto the M1 site as assumed in previous solution models for K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O₂ (KFMASHTO) biotite. In view of these data, we reformulate and reparameterize former biotite solution models. Our reparameterization takes into account Fe–Mg order–disorder and ferric iron contents of natural biotite as well as both natural and experimental observations on biotite Ti-content over a wide range of physicochemical conditions. In comparison with previous biotite models, the new model reproduces the Ti-content and stability field of biotite as constrained by experiments with significantly better accuracy. The predictive power of the model is tested by comparison with petrologically well-characterized natural samples of SiO₂-saturated and SiO₂-undersaturated rocks that were not used in the parameterization. In all these tests, the reformulated model performs well.     

A recalibration of the chlorite—biotite—muscovite geobarometer

Massonne (1981) reported experiments on the composition of muscovite in the assemblage phlogopite-muscovite-K-feldspar-quart. The experimental data have been used to recalculate the equilibrium conditions for the chlorite-muscovite-biotite-quartz assemblage which has been proposed as a new geobarometer by Powell and Evans (1983).The recalculated equilibrium shows much steeperdp/dT slopes than those calculated by Powell and Evans (1983). Nevertheless, with the necessary precautions it is suggested that the barometer may provide the critical user with valuable pressure estimates.     

Microfabric of mica aggregates in partly recrystallized biotite

Large biotite grains, up to 1 metre across, in a pegmatite near Broken Hill, Australia, have been heterogeneously deformed and partly recrystallized in zones of relatively high strain, probably under conditions of the lower amphibolite facies. Many of the new aggregates (which consist mainly of more magnesian biotite, with muscovite, and less abundant ilmenite and albite) have a mica preferred orientation. Some of the oriented mica aggregates have grown in kink-like deformation zones (some of which appear to have involved fracturing) and others have grown in dilatation zones (growth of mica probably keeping pace with the opening of the zones). The shapes and preferred orientation of new mica grains appear to be due to varying contributions by (a) mechanical rotation of slices cleaved parallel to (001), (b) coaxial nucleation and/or growth of new mica on rotated portions of deformed biotite, and (c) preferred nucleation and/or growth of new grains in directions of minimum mechanical constraint and maximum transport of chemical components. This preferred growth can also explain the observed high degree of elongation of the oriented mica grains.     

Polarized EXAFS of biotite and chlorite

Polarized Fe K-edge EXAFS spectra of biotite and chlorite monocrystals have been recorded using the Synchrotron radiation at LURE, Orsay. The anisotropic contribution of the nearest cation shell is clearly brought to evidence. In the limit case in which the electric field vector would be disposed normal to the layer plane, the contribution of cations belonging to octahedral sheets would not be sampled. At this orientation, the Fe-(Si, Al) contribution is selected and it is then possible by extrapolation of spectra taken at lower angles to extract phase and amplitude functions associated with this atomic pair. Two applications of this experiment are presented, (i) In chlorite, the amplitude of the Fe-(Si, Al) contribution is directly proportional to the distribution of Fe atoms between the TOT layer and the interlayer. It is found that about 25 percent of the iron is located in the interlayer. (ii) In the biotite structure, the contribution of the (Si, Al) shell is almost constant for a wide range of Fe-containing phyllosilicates and can be subtracted from their EXAFS spectrum. Such an operation will permit a more accurate analysis of the reality of solid solutions.     

安徽省绩溪黑云母二长花岗岩中高铁铁橄榄石大斑晶的研究

高铁铁橄揽石大斑晶产在安徽省绩溪县黑云母二长花岗岩中.岩石呈细粒花岗结 构，矿物成分为条纹长石、更长石、石英和黑云母。大斑晶最大粒径可达5em，其中含有微小的 磁铁矿自形晶，呈浸染状或断续脉状.在表生条件下，高铁铁橄榄石局部氧化成褐铁矿.大斑晶 的外形、颜色和光泽等酷似黑钨矿. 大斑晶形成于上地慢高温高压条件下，先从花岗岩浆中结晶出铁橄榄石的高压变晶，岩浆沿 深断裂向上部运移过程中，随着氧分压的增加而氧化成高铁铁橄榄石.     

用于颗粒土微观力学行为试验的微型三轴试验仪

颗粒土的微观力学行为（如土颗粒的运动与破碎等）决定着其宏观应力-应变行为,如应变局部化、应力硬化等。为研究颗粒土的微观力学行为,开发了一台微型三轴试验装置。它的轴向加载系统由伺服控制的步进转动马达与涡轮传动的减速器组成,围压由GDS压力控制器提供,压力室采用高透光率,高强度的轻质材料制成。借助于X射线显微CT及图像处理分析技术,该装置能实现对干砂土微尺寸试样（直径为8 mm,高度为16 mm）在三轴剪切条件下微观特性的无损检测。采用该三轴试验装置对粒径为0.60～1.18 mm 的LBS（Leighton Buzzard sand）试样在1.5 MPa的围压下进行了试验。结果显示,试验装置测得应力-应变曲线合理,显微CT 图像特征清晰,能够用于颗粒土体微观土力学行为的试验研究。     

A methodology for urban micro-scale coastal flood vulnerability and risk assessment and mapping

Natural Hazards - Wind gusts are a major cause of damage to property and the natural environment and a source of noise in seismic networks such as the USArray Transportable Array. Wind gusts cause...     

Variations in rates of nucleation and growth of biotite porphyroblasts

Differences in rates of nucleation and diffusion‐limited growth for biotite porphyroblasts in adjacent centimetre‐scale layers of a garnet‐biotite schist from the Picuris Mountains of New Mexico are revealed by variations in crystal size and abundance between two layers with strong compositional similarity. Relationships between fabrics recorded by inclusion patterns in biotite and garnet porphyroblasts are interpreted to reflect garnet growth following biotite growth, without substantial alteration of the biotite sizes. Sizes and locations of biotite crystals, obtained via high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography, document that of the two adjacent layers, one has a larger mean crystal volume (9.5 × 10^?4v. 2.4 × 10^?4 cm³), fewer biotite crystals per unit volume (232 v. 576 crystals cm^?3), and a higher volume fraction of biotite (23%v. 14%). The two layers have similar mineral assemblages and mineral chemistry. Both layers show evidence for diffusional control of nucleation and growth. Pseudosection analysis suggests that the large‐biotite layer began to crystallize biotite at a temperature ～67 °C greater than the small‐biotite layer. Diffusion rates differed between layers, because of their different temperature ranges of crystallization, but this effect can be quantified. The bulk compositional difference between the layers, manifested in different modal amounts of biotite, has an effect on the biotite sizes that is also quantifiable and insufficient to account for the difference in biotite size. After these other possible causes of variation in crystal sizes have been eliminated, variability in nucleation and diffusion rates remain as the dominant factors responsible for the difference in porphyroblastic textures. Numerical simulations suggest that relative to the small‐biotite layer, the large‐biotite layer experienced elevated diffusion rates because of the higher crystallization temperature, as well as increased nucleation rates in order to achieve the observed size and number density of crystals. The simulations can replicate the observed textures only by invoking unreasonably large values for the thermal dependence of nucleation rates (activation energies), strongly suggesting that the observed textural differences arise from variations between layers in the abundance and energetics of potential nucleation sites.     

On dehydroxylation mechanisms of a biotite in vacuo and in oxygen

The dehydroxylation mechanisms of a biotite in the temperature range 300–800° C at controlled oxygen pressures were studied by infrared (IR) and Mössbauer spectroscopies. At low pressure, the lack of O₂ delays the oxidation of Fe⁺² and simultaneous loss of hydrogen but favours the loss of OH associated with octahedral vacancies in comparison with heat treatment in air. Stoichiometrical considerations based on the facts that the octahedral cations are randomly distributed and all Fe⁺² is oxidized lead to the conclusion that all the OH groups initially coordinated to Fe⁺² must be lost during the oxidation process.     

Principal formation types in Ural folded province

The author propounds definitions and identification of formations, parageneses of complexes, and others, and their relations to structures and stages of the geosynclinal evolution, with attention to mapping of formations on regional scale. --AGI Staff.     

Experiental deformation of single crystals of biotite

Single crystals of biotite have been shortened up to 20% in compression tests parallel to [100], [110] and [010] directions at 3 Kbar confining pressure and temperatures from 300 to 700° C, and at a strain rate of 10^–4 sec^–1. Thick metal constraining sleeves were used and led to a distribution of kinking throughout the crystals. The orientation of kink boundaries, angle of bending and asymmetry of the basal plane across the kink boundaries and the axes of bending were measured. A minor amount of unidentified non-basal slip must have occurred to account for the assymmetry, but basal slip predominates at all temperatures. From the axes of bending, the discrete slip directions [100], [110] and [110] for basal slip are deduced. Increase in temperature mainly leads to a simpler pattern of kinking associated with the kinks being wider and the kinking angle larger, presumably as a result of greater mobility of dislocation walls that form the kink boundaries.In his summary table, Mügge lists these axes as [010] and [130] but the latter seems to be quoted in error, and in conflict with his text, in place of [310]. Borg and Handin (1966) have quoted the [130] indices as given by Mügge in his table. In the analysis of their own observations there has been a confusion between direction indices and plane normal indices. When this is corrected, their results would also indicate [100] and [110] as active slip directions in [001] (Borg, private communication).     

花岗质岩石中黑云母成分区域性变化对深部物质示踪及成矿的约束：以秦岭地区为例

秦岭造山带早中生代花岗质岩浆及成矿作用非常发育, 是探讨地壳深部物质组成及成矿关系的重要地区之一, 学者已从岩石学、矿床学和地球化学等角度开展了众多研究, 但对成矿作用与花岗岩和地壳深部物质组成的认识仍不太清楚。黑云母是中酸性岩中常见的暗色矿物, 也是指示成矿可能性的重要矿物之一。因此, 本文对秦岭该期花岗质岩石中黑云母成分开展研究, 为解决该问题探索新途径。对秦岭早中生代花岗质岩石中黑云母成分的研究结果显示, 北秦岭和南秦岭两个构造单元中黑云母成分和形成物理条件存在系统差异, 揭示其岩浆物源有别, 进而制约了其成矿种类特征。北秦岭早中生代花岗质岩石中黑云母的成分和形成条件变化范围小, 以MgO(8%~13%)、TiO₂(3%~5%)和Cl(0.02%~0.6%)含量较高, F(0.2%~0.4%)含量较低, 以及较高的氧逸度(logfO₂值为-16.96~-14.62)和温度(682~771℃)为特征; 而南秦岭的成分和形成条件总体变化范围较大, 具有MgO(3%~15%)、TiO₂(2%~4.5%)、Cl(0.01%~0.18%)含量较低, F(0.1%~1.6%)含量较高, 以及较低的氧逸度(logfO₂值为-20.88~-15.08)和温度(536~754℃)。此外, 研究还显示, 黑云母的形成压力与岩浆演化程度和矿物组合相关, 当岩石中出现黑云母+白云母±石榴子石组合时, 压力较高。秦岭两个构造单元中黑云母成分和形成条件的差异, 特别是氧逸度和Cl含量的明显不同, 揭示各自的成矿种类和成矿潜力不同, 如北秦岭较高的氧逸度和Cl含量, 形成铜矿的潜力比南秦岭大。同时, 两个构造单元中黑云母的成分差异, 还揭示了岩浆物源及深部物质组成的不同, 即北秦岭比南秦岭具有更为年轻的地壳, 这与区域同位素填图示踪的深部物质组成差异基本一致。由此可见, 对区域上同时代花岗质岩石中黑云母成分的研究, 不仅可以揭示岩浆演化、岩浆结晶过程物理化学条件等, 还可示踪深部物质组成的空间变化与差异及成矿种类和潜力, 有望成为探测深部物质组成的新方法和了解区域成矿背景和潜力的新途径。

     

Phase relations of biotite and stilpnomelane in the greenschist facies

Phase relations of biotite and stilpnomelane and associated silicate minerals have been studied in rocks of the greenschist facies, chiefly from Otago, New Zealand and western Vermont, but also from Scotland, Minnesota-Michigan iron range, and northwest Washington. That stilpnomelane in the greenschicht facies crystallizes initially with nearly all iron in the ferrous state is indicated by chemical analyses, high p-T experiments, and phase relationships. Alteration of stilpnomelane after metamorphism not only oxidizes iron but leaches potassium; corrections for both effects must be made in using analyses of brown stilpnomelane in studies of phase relations. Two discontinuous reactions which produce biotite at the biotite isograd have been identified:

1. muscovite+stilpnomelane+actinolite→ biotite+chlorite+epidote
2. chlorite+microcline→ biotite+muscovite. Biotite produced by the first of these reactions has a limited range of variation in Fe/Mg. As grade advances within the biotite zone more magnesian and ferruginous biotites become stable in consequence of the two continuous reactions:
3. muscovite+actinolite+chlorite→ biotite (Mg-rich)+epidote
4. muscovite+stilpnomelane→ biotite (Fe-rich)+chlorite.

Stilpnomelane is stable in muscovite-free rocks throughout the biotite zone, and even up to the grade at which hornblende becomes stable. Phengitic muscovite is stable throughout the biotite zone in New Zealand and thus apparently does not contribute to the formation of biotite until a higher grade is reached.