应用固体测汞仪直接测定载金炭中的总汞

载金炭对汞有较强的吸附性,易造成黄金生产工艺污染及活性炭吸附金的活性降低,需测定载金炭中的汞含量以监控汞的危害。应用目前测定汞的分析方法在样品前处理过程中需要高温去除基体炭,但容易造成汞的挥发损失。本文采用固体测汞仪在不需样品前处理及不加入其他试剂的情况下实现了载金炭中总汞的直接测定,载金炭最优热解条件为空气流速0.8~1.2 L/min,蒸发温度680~740℃,汞的回收率达到99%以上。样品在热解过程中基体炭转化成二氧化碳,二氧化碳的干扰可由仪器自动消除,所以基体炭对汞的测定无明显影响。全流程的管道不足50 cm,且整个管道处于较高温度之下,通过加大空气流速可快速消除管道上残余的汞,减少了记忆效应的影响。本方法的相对标准偏差小于8.0%,测定下限为0.014μg/g,汞的测试结果与原子荧光光谱法基本吻合。     

铜-铜试剂分离富集-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中痕量汞

利用铜(Ⅱ)与铜试剂反应生成鳌合物沉淀的同时,能将痕量汞(Ⅱ)共同沉淀出来的特性,将汞(Ⅱ)分离富集,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中汞的含量。在汞标准溶液中,加入不同量的铜和铜试剂测定汞的真实含量,最终确定铜和铜试剂最佳加入量。通过优选分析线、背景恰当扣除处理,水溶液体积由200 mL浓缩至5 mL,富集40倍后汞的检出限可达0.1μg/L。方法用于测定国家标准物质GBW(E)080006和实际样品,测定值与标准值、国家标准方法测定值一致,均在允许误差范围内。方法精密度(RSD,n=12)小于10%,可满足地下水中痕量汞的测定要求。     

硫代米蚩酮比色法测定微量汞

测定汞的方法有很多报导,据资料(1)报导在醋酸——醋酸钠缓冲溶液中用硫代米蚩酮与汞生成红色络合物,能直接测定微克量的汞,实验证明该方法能测定0.0001%以上汞的含量。用热逐法熔矿几乎可以把所有干扰元素分离,同时逸出的有少量砷、锑、硫,加入活性炭可抑制其挥发,即不干扰测定。所以本法不存在干扰元素的问题。此法可用于常量汞的测定,也可用于化探试样微克量汞的测定。方法简单快速,易于掌握。     

硫代米蚩酮比色法测定微量汞

测定汞的方法有很多报导,据资料[1]报导在醋酸——醋酸钠缓冲溶液中用硫代米蚩酮与汞生成红色络合物,能直接测定微克量的汞,实验证明该方法能测定0.0001％以上汞的含量。 用热逐法熔矿几乎可以把所有干扰元素分离,同时逸出的有少量砷、锑、硫,加入活性炭可抑制其挥发,即不干扰测定。所以本法不存在干扰元素的问题。此法可用于常量汞的测定,也可用于化探试样微克量汞的测定。方法简单快速,易于掌握。     

汞量测量在第四系厚覆盖区的地质效果

汞量测量是一种正在发展中的化探方法,它利用测定土壤中的汞气含量或测定地表气体中的汞气含量籍以寻找覆盖层下的隐伏矿体和断裂构造。汞气测量的原理是鉴于汞与金属硫化物经常伴生,而汞的气体容易扩散到矿体的围岩、裂隙发育带,上覆土层乃至邻近的大气中。利用捕汞管把土壤中或地表气体中的汞气捕集在管中的金丝上,形成汞齐,用管式电炉     

巯基棉分离富集-原子荧光光谱法测定重晶石中痕量汞

重晶石样品研磨过筛,用EDTA-氢氧化钠混合溶液络合处理,盐酸调节至弱酸性释放出汞,处理后的样品用原子荧光光谱法测定矿样中的痕量汞。采用巯基棉分离富集有机汞及无机汞,在pH 3~4时巯基棉可充分吸附汞,分别用2 mol/L和6 mol/L盐酸洗脱有机汞和无机汞,并将有机汞转化为无机汞。对影响汞测定的实验条件及干扰元素进行探讨。方法线性范围为0.00~5.00 ng/mL,相关系数为0.999 6;加标回收率为92.0%~114.0%。方法具有简便、快速、基体干扰少、灵敏度高等优点。     

流动注射HG-AFS法同时测定化探样品中的砷和汞

建立了流动注射HG-AFS测定痕量砷和汞的分析方法。把砷和汞放入20%的王水介质中,它们被硫脲-抗坏血酸预还原,待测量溶液澄清之后,将溶液与硼氢化钾一起导入反应器,产生的氢化物载气导入原子化器中测定,测定结果符合国家标准。本法改进了流动注射HG-AFS法测定砷、汞的分析方法。     

用次灵敏线火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定含铜物料中高含量铜

应用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定滑石中痕量砷和汞,并对样品的浸取方法及共存元素和实验奈件进行了研究。结果表明,用浓盐酸浸取样品,砷、汞溶出量最大;加入硫脲-抗坏血酸溶液后,滑石中共存元素铝、铁、钙、铜、铅、镉不干扰砷、汞的测定。方法的检出限为砷0.047 mg/L,汞3.9 ng/L;回收率为砷107.5%～109.2%,汞103.3%～130.0%;精密度(RSD,n=11)为砷0.6%,汞0.7%。建立的氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱同时测定滑石中砷、汞含量的分析方法能满足日常检验的要求。     

万山汞矿区稻田土壤生物有效性汞的提取方法

土壤中汞的生物有效性是决定土壤汞污染和农作物汞富集的重要指标。然而,采用不同提取方法所得到的有效态汞含量存在差异。为探索适用于汞矿区稻田土壤生物有效性汞的提取方法,研究对比了4种提取剂(超纯水、0.005 mol/L DTPA混合液、0.1 mol/L CaCl2和0.1 mol/L HCl)对万山汞矿区内两条典型河流沿岸稻田土壤生物有效态汞的测定结果。结果表明,万山汞矿区稻田土壤总汞含量均值为(12.7±0.42)mg/kg,超标率为93%。土壤生物有效态汞含量较低,4种试剂提取的有效态汞占总汞比例依次为0.005%、0.018%、0.003%和0.036%;超纯水提取的土壤生物有效态汞与稻田土壤、水稻根和茎的总汞浓度显著相关,表明超纯水提取方法最适用于测定万山汞矿区稻田土壤的生物有效态汞。本研究可为评估土壤汞污染风险提供技术和数据参考。     

微型氢化物发生装置在冷原子吸收分光光度法测汞中的应用

采用微型氢化物发生装置-冷原子吸收分光光度法测定了焊锡料及纽扣电池中的汞。在酸性介质中,用硼氢化钾将汞离子还原为汞原子,用载气将汞蒸气导入石英管,原子吸收分光光度计在波长253.7 nm处进行测定。选择了实验条件,对共存离子的干扰等进行了考察。方法的检出限为0.34 ng/mL,11次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6%,加标回收率为94.4%~104.7%。     

Stress-strain analysis of geogrid-supported liners over subsurface cavities

Summary Finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the magnitude of tensile strains imposed on landfill liners due to the formation of subsurface cavities. The study incorporated the significance of using geogrids to reduce the magnitude of strains and possibly the potential for collapse of landfill liners. Variations of key parameters included depth of overburden (D) and diameter of the cavity (B). Estimated stress distributions were compared to theoretical values obtained from a model reported in the literature. Results indicated that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the critical area based on the mechanics of arching was above the edge of the cavity where stress concentration occurred. Incorporation of geogrid reinforcement reduced the magnitude of tensile strains. The tensile force in the geogrid was dependent upon the size of the cavity, the depth of the overburden, and the applied pressure.     

Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills

Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.     

L'archivage des activités humaines par les neiges et glaces polaires : le cas du plomb

The investigation of the occurrence of lead in dated snow and ice from Greenland and Antarctica has played a major role in our understanding of the history of the pollution of the atmosphere of our planet by this metal. Such studies have however proved to be very demanding, mainly because of the extreme purity of polar snow and ice. Reliable measurements can be obtained only if ultra-clean and highly sensitive procedures are used, as pioneered by Clair Patterson. The Greenland data show evidence of large-scale pollution of the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere for lead as early as two millennia ago during Greco–Roman times, especially because of mining and smelting activities in southern Spain. It peaked at the end of the 1960s, with lead concentrations in snow about 200 times higher than natural values, before declining during recent times because of the fall in the use of leaded gasoline. Lead pollution in Antarctica was already significant at the end of the 19th century as a consequence of whaling activities, the traffic of coal-powered ships crossing the Cape Horn, and mining activities in South America, South Africa and Australia. After declining because of the opening of the Panama Canal, the great economic depression and World War II, it reached a maximum during the 1980s, with lead concentrations 20 times higher than natural values. Other studies focus on past natural variations of lead in ancient ice dated from the last climatic cycles. To cite this article: C. Boutron et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

Removal of lead minerals from copper industrial flotation concentrates by xanthate flotation in the presence of dextrin

Potato starch and dextrins resulting from thermolysis of potato starch in the absence of reagents and presence of -amino acids are promising depressants for separation of lead and copper minerals present in the Polish industrial copper concentrates. The polysaccharides were used for differential xanthate flotation of the final industrial concentrates produced by flotation with sulfhydryl collectors in the absence of depressants. The polysaccharides depressed galena and provided froth concentrate rich in chalcocite and other copper minerals as well as cell product containing lead minerals. The best results of separation were obtained in the presence of plain dextrin prepared by a thermal degradation of potato starch. The industrial concentrate containing 18.5% Cu and 5.5% Pb was divided into a froth product containing 38.1% Cu with 77% recovery of copper and a cell product assaying 7.3% Pb with 83% recovery of lead. It was accomplished using 2500 g/t of dextrin, 50g/t of potassium ethyl xanthate, and 50 g/t of frother (α-terpineol). The pH of flotation was 8.0–8.2.     

具彩色斑纹颅形贝在广西桂林下石炭统黄金组中的发现:兼论颅形贝属的地质地理分布

文中描述了产自广西桂林地区下石炭统黄金组下部的颅形贝属一新种,桂林颅形贝(Cranaena guilinensis)。新种以平直的前结合缘和背壳上发育中槽为特征。在4枚标本上发现保存有放射状的彩色条带,表明该种当时生活在温暖海域的浅水环境。对该属70个种的地质地理分布和生物多样性变化的初步分析表明,该属可能起源于早泥盆世欧美大陆西北缘的老世界区,之后的地理分布和生物多样性发展以北美地区为中心,经历了中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期和早石炭世2次比较明显的辐射演化、迁移扩散高峰和晚泥盆世晚期的1次严重衰退。第1次高峰是中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期,该属的生物多样性达到巅峰,生物地理分布范围扩大到欧美大陆之外的西伯利亚板块、哈萨克斯坦板块和华南板块等;第2次高峰是早石炭世,该属的生物多样性虽不及前一次,但获得了最广泛的地理分布,不仅在北方大陆有分布,而且已进入到冈瓦纳大陆边缘。晚泥盆世晚期该属的1次严重衰退显然与F/F灭绝事件有关。早石炭世之后,该属进入衰退阶段,最终在二叠纪初灭绝。     

渭河中游宝鸡-扶风北岸斜坡结构及其对大型滑坡形成机理的指示意义

渭河中游宝鸡-扶风段北岸塬边集中发育大型黄土滑坡,体积超过1 000×10⁴ m³的滑坡达58处。在区域活动断裂调查、地球物理勘察、典型斜坡结构与构造调查基础上,研究了大型滑坡结构及其形成机理。研究表明：渭河北缘活动断裂以地堑式结构控制北坡塬边斜坡的地貌,主断裂面倾向南,倾角平均为68°,而次级断面结构组合控制斜坡结构,影响塬边大型黄土滑坡结构;塬边主断裂面与多个大型黄土滑坡后缘滑壁一致,断裂最大下挫距离7.1 m,影响大型滑坡的形态及发生过程;活动断裂呈地堑式结构,局部次级断面控制塬边多级滑动面的结构及其演化过程,如杨家村滑坡,局部滑坡剪出受断裂结构控制,剪出口角度可达72°,大部分剪出口未受到断裂面影响,角度平均为23°;三门组黏土岩黏粒体积分数超过35%,塑限平均值为23,是滑坡的层间剪切带;降雨诱发老滑坡复活是目前新滑坡发育的主要形式,大量的老滑坡形成于0.009 Ma BP二级阶地侵蚀期,而古滑坡形成于0.13 Ma BP三级阶地侵蚀期。     

Grands gisements d'albite dans le massif métamorphique de Menderes (Turquie occidentale)

Albite deposits of western Turkey occur within gneiss in the basal part of the Menderes Metamorphic Massif. The most important deposits are located along the Karadere mineralization zone, within an anticlinorium of 15-km length with a direction of N10–30E. Detailed study of the four deposits forming the northern part of this zone has allowed us to discover large reserves of 100.65 million tons, of which 78% is composed of high-grade ore with a content of 10.27% Na₂O. The remainder is formed by low-grade ore with 8.37% Na₂O and 1.11% K₂O and mixed ore with 4.61% Na₂O and 4.05% K₂O, with reserves of 14.4 and 8.2 million tons, respectively. To cite this article: U. Çak?r, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

地下水对压实高庙子膨润土冲蚀作用研究

采用膨胀渗透仪和浊度仪,通过检测冲蚀循环溶液浊度和膨润土试样膨胀力的变化,获得了冲蚀液对高庙子（GMZ）膨润土的冲蚀规律,对比分析了膨润土干密度、冲蚀液pH值、冲蚀液渗流方向、围岩裂隙条数、溶液类型和浓度等因素对膨润土冲蚀的影响规律。研究表明：膨润土的膨胀力在冲蚀开始的几天内迅速增长,随后达到稳定,膨润土干密度越大,地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用越弱;冲蚀液pH值对膨润土的冲蚀作用影响很大,碱性较强的地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用较弱,而碱性较弱地下水的冲蚀作用则明显;地下水径向渗流时对膨润土的冲蚀作用大于纵向渗流情况,围岩裂隙增多后,地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用加强;随着冲蚀液中NaCl浓度的增加,冲蚀液对膨润土的冲蚀作用先增强后减弱,冲蚀液中CaCl2的浓度对膨润土的冲蚀影响规律与NaCl浓度对膨润土的冲蚀影响规律相似,但CaCl2浓度的变化对膨润土的冲蚀影响不明显。     

Aeolian dune‐field development in a water table‐controlled system: Skeiđarársandur,Southern Iceland

Aeolian dune fields characterized by partly vegetated bedforms undergoing active construction and with interdune depressions that lie at or close to the water table are widespread on Skei?arársandur, Southern Iceland. The largest aeolian dune complex on the sandur covers an area of 80 km² and is characterized by four distinct landform types: (i) spatially isolated aeolian dunes; (ii) extensive areas of damp and wet (flooded) interdune flat with small fluvial channels; (iii) small aeolian dune fields composed of assemblages of bedforms with simple morphologies and small, predominantly damp, interdune corridors; and (iv) larger aeolian dune fields composed of assemblages of complex bedforms floored by older aeolian dune deposits that are themselves raised above the level of the surrounding wet sandur plain. The morphology of each of these landform areas reflects a range of styles of interaction between aeolian dune, interdune and fluvial processes that operate coevally on the sandur surface. The geometry, scale, orientation and facies composition of sets of strata in the cores of the aeolian dunes, and their relationship to adjoining interdune strata, have been analysed to explain the temporal behaviour of the dunes in terms of their mode of initiation, construction, pattern of migration, style of accumulation and nature of preservation. Seasonal and longer‐term flooding‐induced changes in water table level have caused episodic expansion and contraction of the wet interdune ponds. Most of the dunes are currently undergoing active construction and migration and, although sediment availability is limited because of the high water table, substantial aeolian transport must occur, especially during winter months when the surface of the wet interdune ponds is frozen and sand can be blown across the sandur without being trapped by surface moisture. Bedforms within the larger dune fields have grown to a size whereby formerly damp interdune flats have been reduced to dry enclosed depressions and dry aeolian system accumulation via bedform climb is ongoing. Despite regional uplift of the proximal sandur surface in response to glacial retreat and unloading over the past century, sediment compaction‐induced subsidence of the distal sandur is progressively placing aeolian deposits below the water table and is enabling the accumulation of wet aeolian systems and increasing the likelihood of their long‐term preservation. Wet, dry and stabilizing aeolian system types all co‐exist on Skei?arársandur and the dunes are variously undergoing coeval construction, accumulation, bypass, stabilization and destruction as a result of interactions between localized factors.     

Modes of trace element occurrence in galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit, Primorye

The localization and chemical composition of the galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit have been studied in the Second Contact ore body and Bol’nichnaya ore lode. The Partizansky deposit was formed during two stages: base metal-skarn and silver-sulfosalt. Much of the galena was deposited with the productive galena-sphalerite assemblage at the first stage. The galena of the productive stage of the Second Contact body shows wide variations in trace element composition. The galena from the root zone of the ore-bodies (the level of ?135 m) is characterized by steady high contents of economically important isomorphic and mechanical admixtures of bismuth and silver. The galena from the middle levels is almost devoid of isomorphic admixtures and occasionally contains fine inclusions of Ag-tetrahedrite. The high silver (and stibium) contents in the galena from the uppermost horizon (the level of +285 m) are mainly related to mineral inclusions of diverse silver minerals of the late silver-bearing assemblage. The galena from the Bol’nichnaya lode over a large depth interval has elevated contents of isomorphic silver and bismuth, with abundant inclusions of native bismuth.