WRF模式对江苏一次强降水过程的模拟分析

利用NCEP最终分析资料,使用WRF模式模拟了2008年7月22—23日出现在江苏的一次强降水天气过程。结果表明：WRF模式能较好地模拟出这次降水的区域,对这种中尺度天气系统具有良好的预报能力。在这次降水过程中,低空风场切变线和冷空气以及与高空急流的合理配置加强了强降水区垂直环流的发展,使降水区对流发展;而高空辐散、低空辐合的流场特征也促进了强降水的产生;这次过程的水汽输送在850hPa上最强,850hPa的强水汽输送是产生强降水必需的水汽条件;从能量方面看,江苏全境都处于K指数高值区,特别是江苏中北部有相当高的能量聚集,为强降水提供了不稳定条件。暴雨区上空螺旋度呈低层正中心、高层负值区的分布,螺旋度的高低层耦合是触发并维持低压暴雨的动力机制。     

WRF模式对弱强迫系统中雷暴预报个例研究

用WRF2．2版本,针对2006年7月13日洛阳市区,发生在副高边缘偏东南暖湿气流中的雷暴进行了模拟预报,结果表明WRF模式能描述弱强迫天气尺度系统中的中小尺度对流系统,能捕捉到常规天气图上难以分辨出来的雷暴单体。模式输出的中尺度要素场可以确定雷暴发生的地点;模式探空的对流有效位能、抬升指数、沙瓦特指数、K指数随时间演变曲线的拐点,能指示雷暴发生的时间。个例分析表明WRF模式在预报弱强迫天气系统雷暴时具有较好的性能,用WRF模式来作雷暴的分析预报早一条可行的徐径。     

WRF模式在南京数值天气预报中的应用

利用最新版本的WRFV3.1进行了南京地区的高分辨率的数值天气预报,对预报结果进行了细致的评估,结果表明：模式很好的预报出了温度、相对湿度及风场的逐日变化特征。0~24 h预报的平均温度和实况基本一致,预报的击中率为0.73;预报的平均相对湿度较实况偏高了0.3%,击中率为0.74;模式预报的风场跟实况较为吻合,对风速增大、减小的趋势预报非常准确。另外, 模式对层云降水预报较好,能很好的把握了降水的强度及空间变化,但对积云强降水预报,结果不理想,降水范围、强度均偏小,持续时间偏短。     

不同下垫面数据和城市冠层参数化方案对江苏气温影响的个例分析

利用中尺度数值模式WRF,分别选用新旧两种下垫面资料和不同城市冠层模型设计试验,以江苏一次秋末高温天气个例(2014年11月20—21日)为背景,研究城市化进程对气温的影响和可能机制。将模式结果与江苏国家气象观测站和地面加密区域自动站观测资料进行对比,并分析3组试验结果发现:(1)采用BEP城市方案对2 m气温、2 m相对湿度和10 m风速等物理量的日变化模拟最优。(2)相比USGS数据,MODIS较新地表覆盖变化数据能更真实反映研究区域当前地表类型分布情况,且能提高近地面风温湿要素空间分布的模拟。(3)分析不同试验模拟的地表能量平衡过程差异,发现相比UCM单层城市冠层方案,BEP多层城市冠层方案在白天能更好模拟出城市地区的温度升高以及相对应的地表感热通量和地面热通量的增加。     

基于CALMET-WRF耦合的复杂地形下导线覆冰的精细化数值模拟研究

利用耦合了WRF模式的CALMET模型,对2022年1月5—10日山西省南部中条山区导线覆冰事件的天气背景场进行了数值模拟,在评估了WRF和CALMET对气象要素的模拟效果的基础上,分别利用WRF和CALMET模拟的气象场驱动Makkonen覆冰模型,对本次导线覆冰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了如下结论:1)相比于WRF模式的模拟结果,CALMET降尺度后的气象场能更符合实际地形影响下近地面温度场和风场的分布规律,其模拟的近地面低温区(气温<0 ℃)范围较WRF模拟范围更大。2)CALMET的气温均方根误差整体较WRF模式减小0.5～1 ℃,相关系数由0.5～0.8提升至0.6～0.85;风速的均方根误差较WRF减少了1 m/s,相关系数较WRF提升0.2,说明WRF模式结合CALMET模拟气象场更加接近真实观测结果。3)利用CALMET降尺度场驱动覆冰模型能较好地反映微尺度地形下电线积冰的时空分布特征,各杆塔模拟的覆冰厚度偏差较WRF显著减小了2 mm,且降低了模式对覆冰启动的滞后时间。     

Adaptation to climate change impacts on urban storm water: a case study in Arvika, Sweden

Already today, the functionality of many sewer and storm water systems are not up to the required standards and consequently flooding problems are experienced in case of heavy storms. System upgrades are required, which are however complicated by the expected future increase in short-term rainfall intensities as a result of climate change. In this case study, focusing on the town of Arvika, Sweden, this issue is investigated in three main steps. In the first, extreme value analyses of 30-min rainfall from an ensemble of climate projections are carried out to estimate the future increase and generate a future design storm. In the second, the existing system’s response to both today’s and future design storms are simulated by a coarse sewer model setup (MOUSE) and a detailed coupled surface-sewer model setup (TSR). In the third and final step, system upgrades are designed and evaluated by both models. The results indicate an increase by 10–30 % of today’s short-term rainfall extremes by the end of the century. Upgrading the system to achieve a satisfactory performance for the future design storm would cost approximately twice as much as an upgrade based on today’s design storm.     

Simulating urban flow and dispersion in Beijing by coupling a CFD model with the WRF model

The airflow and dispersion of a pollutant in a complex urban area of Beijing, China, were numerically examined by coupling a Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） model with a mesoscale weather model. The models used were Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation （OpenFOAM） software package and Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model. OpenFOAM was firstly validated against wind-tunnel experiment data. Then, the WRF model was integrated for 42 h starting from 0800 LST 08 September 2009, and the coupled model was used to compute the flow fields at 1000 LST and 1400 LST 09 September 2009. During the WRF-simulated period, a high pressure system was dominant over the Beijing area. The WRF-simulated local circulations were characterized by mountain valley winds, which matched well with observations. Results from the coupled model simulation demonstrated that the airflows around actual buildings were quite different from the ambient wind on the boundary provided by the WRF model, and the pollutant dispersion pattern was complicated under the influence of buildings. A higher concentration level of the pollutant near the surface was found in both the step-down and step-up notches, but the reason for this higher level in each configurations was different： in the former, it was caused by weaker vertical flow, while in the latter it was caused by a downward-shifted vortex. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the coupled WRF-OpenFOAM model is an important tool that can be used for studying and predicting urban flow and dispersions in densely built-up areas.     

城市适应气候变化能力评价—以朝阳市为例

利用朝阳市1961—2016年气温、降水资料和2007—2016年社会经济资料,采用层次分析法（AHP）构建了基于气候系统和城市系统的城市适应气候变化能力评价指标体系,根据综合指数评价结果将适应能力分为五个等级,定量评估了2007—2016年朝阳市气候系统危险度、城市系统适应度以及城市适应气候变化能力动态变化。结果表明：2007—2016年朝阳市气候系统危险度显著增加,危险度由“较低”水平至“一般”水平,气候系统危险度的增加主要是由气象灾害和极端气候危险度增加造成的;随着经济发展和城市公共服务不断完善,朝阳市城市系统适应度稳步提升,由“低”水平提高至“高”水平;在气候系统和城市系统共同作用下,朝阳市城市适应气候变化能力显著提高,年增加率为0.029,综合能力由“较低”水平提升至“较高”水平。     

The simulation of medicanes in a high-resolution regional climate model

Medicanes, strong mesoscale cyclones with tropical-like features, develop occasionally over the Mediterranean Sea. Due to the scarcity of observations over sea and the coarse resolution of the long-term reanalysis datasets, it is difficult to study systematically the multidecadal statistics of sub-synoptic medicanes. Our goal is to assess the long-term variability and trends of medicanes, obtaining a long-term climatology through dynamical downscaling of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. In this paper, we examine the robustness of this method and investigate the value added for the study of medicanes. To do so, we performed several climate mode simulations with a high resolution regional atmospheric model (CCLM) for a number of test cases described in the literature. We find that the medicanes are formed in the simulations, with deeper pressures and stronger winds than in the driving global NCEP reanalysis. The tracks are adequately reproduced. We conclude that our methodology is suitable for constructing multi-decadal statistics and scenarios of current and possible future medicane activities.     

A regional climate model downscaling projection of China future climate change

Climate changes over China from the present (1990–1999) to future (2046–2055) under the A1FI (fossil fuel intensive) and A1B (balanced) emission scenarios are projected using the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) nests with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate System Model (CCSM). For the present climate, RegCM3 downscaling corrects several major deficiencies in the driving CCSM, especially the wet and cold biases over the Sichuan Basin. As compared with CCSM, RegCM3 produces systematic higher spatial pattern correlation coefficients with observations for precipitation and surface air temperature except during winter. The projected future precipitation changes differ largely between CCSM and RegCM3, with strong regional and seasonal dependence. The RegCM3 downscaling produces larger regional precipitation trends (both decreases and increases) than the driving CCSM. Contrast to substantial trend differences projected by CCSM, RegCM3 produces similar precipitation spatial patterns under different scenarios except autumn. Surface air temperature is projected to consistently increase by both CCSM and RegCM3, with greater warming under A1FI than A1B. The result demonstrates that different scenarios can induce large uncertainties even with the same RCM-GCM nesting system. Largest temperature increases are projected in the Tibetan Plateau during winter and high-latitude areas in the northern China during summer under both scenarios. This indicates that high elevation and northern regions are more vulnerable to climate change. Notable discrepancies for precipitation and surface air temperature simulated by RegCM3 with the driving conditions of CCSM versus the model for interdisciplinary research on climate under the same A1B scenario further complicated the uncertainty issue. The geographic distributions for precipitation difference among various simulations are very similar between the present and future climate with very high spatial pattern correlation coefficients. The result suggests that the model present climate biases are systematically propagate into the future climate projections. The impacts of the model present biases on projected future trends are, however, highly nonlinear and regional specific, and thus cannot be simply removed by a linear method. A model with more realistic present climate simulations is anticipated to yield future climate projections with higher credibility.     

Dynamical downscaling of ERA-40 in complex terrain using the WRF regional climate model

Results from a first-time employment of the WRF regional climate model to climatological simulations in Europe are presented. The ERA-40 reanalysis (resolution 1°) has been downscaled to a horizontal resolution of 30 and 10?km for the period of 1961?C1990. This model setup includes the whole North Atlantic in the 30?km domain and spectral nudging is used to keep the large scales consistent with the driving ERA-40 reanalysis. The model results are compared against an extensive observational network of surface variables in complex terrain in Norway. The comparison shows that the WRF model is able to add significant detail to the representation of precipitation and 2-m temperature of the ERA-40 reanalysis. Especially the geographical distribution, wet day frequency and extreme values of precipitation are highly improved due to the better representation of the orography. Refining the resolution from 30 to 10?km further increases the skill of the model, especially in case of precipitation. Our results indicate that the use of 10-km resolution is advantageous for producing regional future climate projections. Use of a large domain and spectral nudging seems to be useful in reproducing the extreme precipitation events due to the better resolved synoptic scale features over the North Atlantic, and also helps to reduce the large regional temperature biases over Norway. This study presents a high-resolution, high-quality climatological data set useful for reference climate impact studies.     

Environmental impacts of urban growth from an integrated dynamic perspective: A case study of Shenzhen, South China

China is home to one-fifth of the world's population and that population is increasingly urban. The landscape is also urbanizing. Although there are studies that focus on specific elements of urban growth, there is very little empirical work that incorporates feedbacks and linkages to assess the interactions between the dynamics of urban growth and their environmental impacts. In this study, we develop a system dynamics simulation model of the drivers and environmental impacts of urban growth, using Shenzhen, South China, as a case study. We identify three phases of urban growth and develop scenarios to evaluate the impact of urban growth on several environmental indicators: land use, air quality, and demand for water and energy. The results show that all developable land will be urban by 2020 and the increase in the number of vehicles will be a major source of air pollution. Demand for water and electricity will rise, and the city will become increasingly vulnerable to shortages of either. The scenarios also show that there will be improvements in local environmental quality as a result of increasing affluence and economic growth. However, the environmental impacts outside of Shenzhen may increase as demands for natural resources increase and Shenzhen pushes its manufacturing industries out of the municipality. The findings may also portend to changes other cities in China and elsewhere in the developing world may experience as they continue to industrialize.     

植被覆盖度算法对中国区域WRF模拟的影响

利用MODIS NDVI资料,采用线性(GI方法)和非线性(CR方法)两种方法计算中国区域植被覆盖度,并利用WRF模式模拟了2006年7月中国区域气象场,对比分析了这两种植被覆盖度算法对WRF模式模拟结果的影响。结果表明,在半干旱区,两种方法计算的植被覆盖度差异较大,在该区域的模拟结果差异明显;而在干旱区和湿润区两种算法计算的植被覆盖度差异相对较小,模拟结果差异也相对较小。采用GI方法计算的植被覆盖度,模拟的中国区域近地面平均气温和最高气温与观测值的偏差较小,而采用CR方法计算的植被覆盖度,模拟的最低气温偏差较小,同时能更准确的模拟夏季高温天气。与GI方法相比,CR方法能更准确的模拟出降水的平均值、逐日变化和空间分布特征。不同区域两者模拟性能存在一定差异,总体上采用CR方法得到的植被覆盖度,WRF模式对温度和降水的模拟效果会有所改进。     

A study of abrupt climate change in a simple nonlinear climate model

We use a seasonal energy balance climate model to study the behavior of the snowline cycle as a function of external parameters such as the solar constant. Our studies are confined in this study to cases with zonally symmetric land-sea distributions (bands or caps of land). The model is nonlinear in that the seasonally varying snow/sea ice line modifies the energy receipt through its different albedo from open land or water. The repeating steady-state seasonal cycle of the model is solved by a truncated Fourier series in time. This method is several thousand times faster than a time stepping approach. The results are interesting in that a number of bifurcations in the snowline behavior are found and studied for various geographies. Polar land caps and land bands positioned near the poles exhibit a variety of discontinuous summer snow cover behaviors (abrupt transitions as a parameter such as solar constant is slowly varied), which may be relevant to the inception and decay of continental ice sheets.     

Deforestation,climate change and sustainable nutrition security: A case study of India

Wheat and rice are the most important crops from the point of view of maintaining a sustainable nutrition security system for India, a country whose population may reach one billion by the year 2000. The implications of climate change deriving from tropical deforestation, particularly as concerns temperature and precipitation, with reference to the yield of wheat and rice in different parts of India are hence being studied carefully. Any possible positive gain arising from increased CO₂ concentration is likely to be offset by the yield decline induced by higher temperature and shorter growing period.Professor of Eminence, Water Technology Centre, IARI.President, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences of India and Past President of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).     

华北地区夏季降水模拟研究:区域气候模式性能评估

利用高分辨率区域气候模式Reg CM3对华北地区1991—2002年夏季气候进行了数值模拟,对照中国台站的实测资料,对模拟的华北地区夏季降水、温度进行了较为全面的比较,以检验模式的模拟性能。对平均场的模拟结果检验认为,该区域气候模式对华北地区夏季降水的空间分布模拟存在一定的误差,河套地区及黄河以南地区降水量接近实况,沿着太行山脉及东部沿海地区降水量明显偏多。模式对温度的模拟误差较小,较好地再现了气温的空间分布特征,但山西及以北地区模拟的温度略偏低。模式能够较好地模拟出华北地区夏季降水和气温的年际变化,成功再现了该区域降水和气温的异常变化。模式能够成功模拟出该区域降水和气温日变化特征,特别是对于逐年夏季的降水日变化过程的峰值和谷值均有成功表现,对于典型年份华北地区较强降水过程中降水发生的时间、落区、强度等也有再现能力,不足的是模拟的降水量比观测偏大。对于模式误差是否与地形或模式积云对流参数化方案等有关,需要进一步探讨。