论专属经济区的国家主权权利

1982年《联合国海洋法公约》确立了专属经济区制度，规定了沿海国对200海里专属经济区享有公约规定的主权权利和管辖权。专属经济区是一个既不同于公海又有别于领海的特殊海域，沿海国家对专属经济区的主权权利是国家经济主权的组成部分，公约的规定是尊重国家主权的。我们应充分利用公约的规定，积极维护我国专属经济区的国家主权权利。     

国际海洋新秩序及其对我国海洋经济的影响

国际海洋新秩序的形成以<联合国海洋法公约>的生效为标志.<公约>不仅赋予了沿海国对200 n mile专属经济区的主权权利等海洋权益,带来国际海洋形势的新趋势,而且会对我国海洋经济产生重要影响.<公约>的生效一方面促进了我国海洋法律的建设进程,扩大了海洋管辖;另一方面又使我国海洋经济权益受到新的威胁.专属经济区制度对我国海洋渔业生产和管理也将产生重要影响.     

中日东海划界之中间线方案:问题与评析

中日东海划界历经旷日持久而未能解决,中国主张尊重《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)中大陆架之自然延伸原则,采取不同于专属经济区的方法对大陆架进行划界,而日本则始终坚持采用中间线对中日东海大陆架和经济专属区作一揽子划界。无论从逻辑角度还是法理视角,日本主张在中日东海划界中适用中间线将混淆《公约》中专属经济区与大陆架两种制度。基于中日东海大陆架的地质与地貌特点以及公约对上述两种权利的不同规定,中日难以通过中间线对东海的海洋权益作出公平划分。中日两国应以《公约》为依据,分别对专属经济区和大陆架的划界作出安排,同时兼顾处理钓鱼岛群岛的主权归属问题,使中日东海划界问题得到妥善解决。     

南海周边国家的海洋划界立法与实践

介绍了南海周边国家根据1982年《联合国海洋法公约》精神颁布的海洋法律,并叙述了这些国家的管辖区域主张以及与海洋划界有关的领海基线和基点等方面的问题。指出:南海周边国家之间若要划出专属经济区和大陆架边界线,包括我国在内的所有周边国家政府都应当修正不适宜的划界主张,并在划界原则、理论和方法上趋向一致,为早日划好边界,促进南海地区的经济发展和和平稳定而努力。     

龙州:多部门联合开展问题地图清查整顿活动

为规范地图市场,提高全民的国家主权意识和领土版图意识,2012年10月17～18日,龙州县政府组织了由国土、安全、工商、教育、文体等部门组成的执法组到县城报刊亭及学校等对"问题"地图进行了全面清查。此次检查重点对无出版单位、无审图号、无编制单位的"三无地图"及其制品等不符合国家规定的地图进行严厉查处;对带有主权领土等政治性问题的地图进行     

我国土地使用权类型分析

1988年4月12日全国人大七届一次会议通过的宪法修正案中关于“土地的使用权可以依照法律的规定转让”的规定,正式从法律上确立了我国土地有偿使用制度,土地使用权成为可交易的对象,为我国土地市场的建立奠定了坚实的基础,同时也形成了以土地使用权为核心的土地立法模式。 土地使用权是我国土地使用制度的法律体现形式,指民事主体在法律允许的范围内对国有土地或集体土地占有、使用、收益和部分处分的权利,是一种从所有权中分出来的财产权,这种权利根据我国的法律规定,可依法转让,是一种可变动的权利。国家对土地使用权的一系列法律规定构…     

小资料

《保护世界文化遗产与自然遗产公约》 1972年10月,联合国教科文组织召开大会通过了《保护世界文化遗产和自然遗产公约》,经过30多年的努力,目前全世界已有124个国家和地区加入公约,有731处遗产地列入世界遗产名录,我国于1985年正式加入该公约。世界上拥有遗产地最多的国家是西班牙和意大利,各拥有31处,我国和印度各拥有28处。     

温地的呼唤——中国生态聚焦

２００２年 ２月 ２日，第六个“世界湿地日”。 １９７１年２月 ２日，原苏联、英国、加拿大等１８个国家的代表在伊朗小城拉姆萨尔签署了 《湿地公约》，旨在通过国家行动和国际合作对湿地进行保护与合理利用，尤其是来挽救急速消失或许多濒临灭绝的水禽。它是目前唯一针对一种特定生态环境的全球性公约。 《湿地公约》签署后在国家社会引起广泛关注，目前已有１００多个国家或地区成为公约组织成员。我国于 １９９２年签署该公约。１９９７年２月 ２日，国际湿地公约组织常委会决定将每年的２月２日定为“世界湿地日”。１９９７年２月 ２日为全球第一个“世界湿地日”。     

主要发达国家土地征收制度的比较与启示

一、主要发达国家的土地征收制度比较 1．土地征收权是政府特有的一种行政权力 由于土地征收的强制性,涉及到对被征土地权利人造成的权利变更等关系,世界大多数的国家（地区）都以法律的形式规定了征地的主体是国家,对征地主体进行了严格的限制。     

"海洋地方问题"浅探

我国“海洋地方问题”是 2 0世纪后期才产生的。问题的产生有其客观的、法律的依据 ,核心内容是中央与沿海地方合理的事权分工以及各沿海行政区之间的划界。解决“海洋地方问题”应坚持三条原则 :海洋国家所有原则 ;兼顾各行为主体利益的原则 ;因地制宜 ,特事特办原则。中央政府海洋管理的基本职责是处理以国家名义对外的各种海洋事务 ,关系国家主权、安全和经济命脉的海洋事务 ;沿海地方政府海洋管理的基本职责是制定、实施地方海洋工作规划和政策等。中央和地方主要责任海区的划分原则上地方管理的海域以 1 2海里为标准 ,特殊区位灵活处理 ;沿海地方之间的海域 ,一是不划齐 ,联合开发 ,二是划域标准灵活掌握     

海权的国际法释义——以《联合国海洋法公约》的相关规定为中心

海权是国家主权的自然延伸,是一种具有权利义务内容的法权;海权是国家在海洋中享有的基本权利,是一种安全权和自卫权;海权还是主权国家的发展权。随着国际海洋新秩序的确立,国际社会应该重新认识和定位海权。我国政府应维护我国的海权,推动我国海洋事业的发展。     

Causes of land loss in Tuvalu,a small island nation in the pacific

Studies on land loss in Tuvalu reveal the following findings. Although both sea level rise and coastal erosion can cause land loss in the tropic Pacific oceanic islands, their mechanisms are different. When sea level rises, the low elevation coastal zone submerges and the erosion datum plane rises, the beach process progresses normally as always, resulting in no beach sediment coarsening. When the sea level is stable, coastal erosion removes finer sediment from reef flat, beach and land, resulting in beach sediment coarsening. The human-induced coastal erosion in the tropic Pacific oceanic islands has the following features. 1) Erosion occurs or intensifies immediately after inappropriate human activities. 2) It occurs near the places having human activities and places related to the above places in sediment supply. 3) It often occurs on original prograding or stable coasts (on lagoon coasts for atolls) because there are more coastal engineering projects and other human activities on such coasts. 4) It is chronic, covering a long period of time. The coastal geological events in Tuvalu islands do not accord with the features resulted from sea level rise but do accord with the features resulted from coastal erosion, particularly from human-induced erosion. The land loss in Tuvalu is mainly caused by inappropriate human activities including coastal engineering and aggregate mining, and partly caused by cyclones. Moreover, all recent measurements (satellite altimetry,thermosteric sea level data and tide observations) so far have not been able to verify any sea level rise around Tuvalu islands.     

Impacts of sea level rise on coastal erosion in the Changjiang River delta and north Jiangsu coastal plain

At present, approximately 36% of coasts are experiencing net erosion in the Changjiang River delta and the north Jiangsu coastal plain. Future sea level rise will accelerate the process of coastal erosion. According to the ratio of the calculated value of coast retreat by Bruun rule to the estimated value by using measured data, the proportion affected by sea level rise in total coastal erosion has been estimated in this paper. When sea level rises by 20cm, the proportion determined by sea level rise will increase from 1.0% at present to 2.2% in the future in the coasts of abandoned Huanghe River delta and from 8.5%–9.6% to 13.5%–15.2% in the north and south banks of the Changjiang River delta. This result is lower than that from the similar research in the world, and this phenomenon is related with the special development process of the coasts in this area. The mechanism of accelerating coastal erosion by sea level rise is that sea level is will increase the intensity of tidal current, wave and storm surge and decrease the ability to reduce the force of waves on the tidal flat and coastal wetland due to the loss of their areas. Therefore, the length of erosion coasts will increase, the sedimentation rate of accretion coasts will decrease or even turn accretion into erosion, the width of tidal flat will reduce and coastal slope will increase. So the project of coastal protection of this area must be reinforced. Project funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

A comparison of fishery biology of jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas outside three Exclusive Economic Zones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Although many studies on the fishery biology of jumbo flying squid, Dosidicus gigas, have been conducted in the coastal areas within Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of various countries due to its commercial and ecological importance, limited biological information is available from waters outside these EEZs. In this paper, we examined D. gigas fishery biology from waters outside Chilean, Peruvian and Costa Rican EEZs, based on the fishery data collected by Chinese jigging vessels during 2006 to 2010. The dominant mantle lengths of D. gigas were 350–450 mm, 250–400 mm and 250–350 mm outside Chilean, Peruvian and Costa Rican EEZs, respectively. Size structure analysis show that a medium-sized group existed mostly in the waters outside the Chilean and Peruvian EEZs, whereas a small-sized group occurred mainly in the waters outside the Costa Rican EEZ. The longevity of the squid outside the Costa Rican EEZ was less than 10 months, while most of those outside Chilean and Peruvian EEZs were about 1–1.5 years and very few large individuals were 1.5–2 years old. A higher percentage of mature individuals existed outside Costa Rican EEZ implying the region as a potential spawning ground, while lower proportions of mature squid outside the Peruvian and Chilean EEZs indicated that spawning may be occurring outside our study area. Spatial differences in sizes at maturity of the squid are thought to be result from different environmental factors especially different temperature and nutrition among the three areas. Stomach-content analysis showed that cannibalism was important in the diet of D. gigas. Stress generated by jigging may increase the incidence of cannibalism.     

IMPACTS OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON COASTAL EROSION IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER DELTA AND NORTH JIANGSU COASTAL PLAINO

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Mechanism of sea ice formation based on comprehensive observation data in Liaodong Bay,China

Sea ice disaster is one of the principal natural hazards that affect some coastal areas of China, and the formation of ice cover in a wave field has important characteristics. However, analysis of the mechanism in which waves affect the thermodynamic process of sea ice is lacking, and the influence of waves is not taken into consideration in numerical models of sea ice, largely because of a lack of simultaneous observations of waves and sea ice. Using observational data of the sea ice cycle in the coastal waters of Liaodong Bay(China), we analyzed the characteristics of hydrology, meteorology, and sea ice thickness during the formation of sea ice, and explored the changes in the interrelationships among heat fluxes, waves, and sea ice under actual sea conditions. The results could provide a decision-making support as a reference to the establishment and improvement of China's early warning system to sea ice disasters, and the protection of ice drilling operations and production platform safety.     

地名与广东历史时期盐业分布研究

地名是人们赋予一特定空间位置上自然或人文地理实体的专有名称,是人们为了交往而产生的语言代号。作为语言的化石,地名对特定历史时期和区域文化具有指示作用。广东地处我国南方边陲沿海,具有发展海盐业的有利条件。宋代以来,广东海盐业的兴旺,在地名上留下深刻烙印。以广东现在遗留盐业地名,反观历史时期盐业发展,揭示广东盐业发展过程和规律,为研究历史时期盐业发展和当今盐业开发提供借鉴。