涡旋诱发重联模型（Ⅱ）——通量传输事件理论和模拟

本文应用涡旋诱发重联理论研究了地球磁层顶区发生的瞬时局部重联现象.对向阳面磁顶区通量传输事件(FTEs)的形成、结构和运动进行了理论和模拟研究,并与卫星观测结果作了比较.结果表明,涡旋诱发重联可能是产生FTEs的重要机制.利用这一理论模型能解释FTEs的一些主要观测现象.此外,对背阳面磁顶区的局部重联从理论上作了分析,指出在背阳面磁顶区可能存在类似于向阳面磁顶区的通量传输事件.     

地球磁层顶湍动重联的数值模拟

用二维磁流体力学数值模拟研究了磁层顶的磁场湍动重联．提出了一个新的磁场湍动重联模型．数值模拟表明，如果磁层顶是一个开放系统并同时存在磁场剪切和流场剪切，当雷诺数和磁雷诺数超过某临界数值时，磁场重联具有很强的湍动特性，可产生许多不同尺度的磁岛和涡旋结构．随着雷诺数和磁雷诺数的增大和减小，大尺度结构能破碎成中小尺度结构，小尺度结构也能合并成大中尺度结构．湍动重联是涡旋诱发重联在一定条件下的过渡．依据本文的模拟结果，我们预言：磁层预可发生准定常重联、瞬时局地重联和湍动重联等多种重联过程；大中小不同尺度的结构都可以存在于磁层顶；湍动重联及其所产生的中小尺度结构在太阳风－磁层的能量、动量和质量耦合过程中可起重要作用．     

不考虑磁层顶磁重联的全球三维MHD模型

本文介绍了一个新的磁层全球三维MHD模型,该模型可通过把IMF和地球磁场分开处理的方法“关闭”磁层顶的磁重联,从而可直观地显示不同IMF条件下磁层顶的IMF与地磁场的反平行区域,即磁重联最可能发生的地方,结果表示,IMFBx分量对磁层顶磁重联有重要影响。由于可关闭磁重联,该模型还可有效地研究有无磁重联时,太阳风对磁层位形（如晨-昏不对称性）、粒子输运等重要问题的影响,有助于揭示磁层物理现象的基本特性。     

磁层顶的涡旋诱发重联和单X线重联

用二维MHD数值模拟研究了地球磁层顶的涡旋重联和单X线重联,并将两者作了比较。涡旋重联和单X线重联各在Alfvèn马赫数M_Λ大于和小于0.5时出现于向阳面磁层顶。前者所产生的磁岛与涡旋同心重叠;后者磁力线重联仅产生X点,而不闭合形成磁岛,涡旋分布于X点两侧。在涡旋重联的自组织过程中,互螺旋度等近似守恒决定其渐近态的拓扑结构。最后,讨论了这两种重联对通量传输事件所起的不同作用。     

非均匀动压冲击和停止后产生的瞬时重联过程

在非均匀动压冲击期间和冲击突然停止,可引起等离子体边界层的局部瞬时重联过程．本文用二维可压缩ＭＨＤ数值模拟方法研究了这两个过程．结果表明：当大尺度的均匀横向流从一侧边冲击边界层时,磁力线不弯曲,也不发生磁场重联,只是边界层被推着向下游运动;当局部的非均匀动压（特别是横向剪切流）冲击边界层时,被冲击的同向磁场区磁力线逐渐弯曲,在弯曲的反磁场区,出现磁岛,然后在电流片区发生磁场重联,且逐渐形成准稳态的“反Ｋ型”重联结构;当横向剪切流冲击停止后,边界层区变为非常不稳定的系统,产生多种流体涡旋和流型,并相应地产生多种类型的磁场重联结构,直到涡旋消失变为湍动状态时,磁场拓扑才逐渐恢复到未扰动状态。我们提出,外力作用的突然停止,可能是驱动重联的一种新机制,并对这种重联过程在磁层物理中可能的应用进行了讨论．     

极隙区场向电流对高纬电离层电场和电流体系的影响

用Ｋａｍｉｄｅ－Ｍａｔｓｕｓｈｉｔａ方法，在行星际磁场具有较小的北向分量，且｜Ｂｙ｜＞＞｜Ｂｋ｜时，对磁语和磁扰状态以及Ｂｒ＞０和Ｂｙ＜０等不同情况，分别计算了场向电流引起的电离层电势、电场和电流体系．结果表明，极隙区场向电流的存在使高纬向日面区域的电势发生畸变，当Ｂｙ＞０时，无论是磁扰还是磁静日，极隙区电场具有显著的北向分量；等离子体对流有较大的西向分量；电离层电流为东向电流．当Ｂｙ＜０时，电场和等离子体对流的方向与Ｂｙ＞０时相反；电离层电流在磁抗日有西向分量，但在磁静日没有西向分量．电导率对电场和电流体系的影响十分明显，磁扰极光带电导率增强使电流涡从背阳面向向阳而漂移，与静日相比，磁扰时极隙区场向电流引起的电场畸变更为明显，但电场和电流强度的大小却基本保持不变．     

非稳态多重X线重联的类型与特征

为了进一步认识间歇性多重Ｘ线重联的特征，本文分析计算结果，发现入流自边界进入后向两侧发散，沿着ｘ轴（ｚ＝０）和出流边界（ｚ＝２），压强Ｐ和磁场Ｂ的分布形态表明这种非稳态重联属快模式扩张型．数值结果还表明，进入扩散区的入流马赫数Ｍ_ｉ与磁雷诺数Ｒｍ之间基本满足关系式Ｍ_ｉ≈１．５Ｒ_ｍ^－１／２─１．７５Ｒ_ｍ^－１／２，而且等离子体的加速与压强Ｐ_ｔ(Ｐ_ｔ     

K-H不稳定性在多电流片系统磁场重联中的效应

等离子体系统中存在两个或多个电流片时，电流片中发生的不稳定性可能会相互作用．行星际磁场北向时，背阳面碰层顶电流片与磁尾等离子体片之间可能发生相互作用，高纬边界层强烈的流场剪切可能促进磁场重联，产生磁层亚暴．本文运用二维可压缩磁流体模拟研究具有强流场剪切的多个电流片系统中磁场重联的演化．结果表明，Kelvin－Helmholtz不稳定性使多电流片系统的磁场重联过程明显加快；相邻电流片之间的距离越近，两者相互作用越强，重联增长率越大；在三电流片系统中，超Alfven速度强流场导致外侧两个电流片中出现强烈的磁场重联，并引发中心电流片的磁场重联．行星际磁场北向时，也可能发生磁层亚暴．     

驱动重联过程中等离子体团的聚合

本文对驱动重联过程作了二维可压缩磁流体动力学模拟．对于长的计算域（１：４），在持续入流的作用下形成了双重磁岛结构，这些磁岛在向外运动的过程中不断靠近，逐渐聚合成为一个大的等离子体团，并继续向外运动．这说明在地球磁层顶和磁尾所观测到的大尺度磁结构，很可能是在驱动重联过程中，由较小的等离子体团聚合后形成的．并初步揭示了在空间等离子体中，磁岛的聚合过程难以直接观测的动力学原因．     

核幔界面反极性磁斑区和地磁场倒转

用国际参考地磁场模型ＩＧＲＦ１９００－２０００，在忽略地幔电导率的假设下，求出从地球表面直至核幔界面（ＣＭＢ）的深部地磁场分布．核幔界面磁场分布的重要特点之一是存在几块“反极性磁斑区”，即在南半球－Ｚ（向上）极性区的总体背景上有两块东西排列的＋Ｚ反极性磁斑区──南非斑区（ＳＡＦ）和南美斑区（ＳＡＭ），而在北半球＋Ｚ（向下）极性区的总体背景上也有两块－Ｚ反极性磁斑区──北极斑区（ＮＰＬ）和北太平洋斑区（ＮＰＡ）．在１９００～２０００年的１００ａ当中，南非斑区以０．２～０．３°／ａ的速度快速向西漂移，斑区面积增大了５倍，通过斑区的磁通量急剧增长了３０倍．与此相比，其他斑区的变化要小得多．从ＣＭＢ向上延伸，反极性斑区在地幔中形成烟筒状的“反极性磁柱”，其中南非反极性柱的高度随时间快速增加，从１９００年的２００ｋｍ增加到２０００年的９００ｋｍ．按照目前的增长速度估计，６００～７００ａ后，南非反极性柱将出露地表，那时，在南非将形成一个地磁场反极性区，这可能标志着一次新的地磁极移或地磁场倒转的开始．由此可以推论，地磁场倒转可能不是全球同时开始和同步发展的，倒转现象更象是首先在一个（或几个）区域出现，然后向周围扩展，继而     

亚暴期间高纬黄昏-子夜扇区极光弧增亮与衰减及其与IMF的关系

利用南极中山站极光全天空摄相、地磁、地磁脉动数据和Wind卫星的行星际磁场IMF观测数据，分析了7个亚暴期间高纬黄昏-子夜扇区极光弧的短暂增亮现象.极光弧特征是，短暂增亮随后很快衰减，历时10-20min，基本沿着日-地方向，有明显黄昏方向运动.这些事件大都发生在IMFB_z南转之后，亚暴增长相或膨胀相期间，极光浪涌到达之前10-73min消失.相应的IMFB_x＞0，IMFB_y＜0.这种极光弧和亚暴极光不同，它们与地磁活动及Pi2脉动不相关.这7个极光弧的形态和IMF特征表明，极光弧的增亮很可能由尾瓣重联产生，很快衰减归因于IMFB_z南向条件，而黄昏方向运动受IMFB_y控制.     

Reconnection driven lobe convection: Interball tail probe observations and global simulations

We present Interball Tail Probe observations from the high latitude mid-tail magnetopause which provide evidence of reconnection between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and lobe field lines during a 6 h interval of stable northward and dawnward IMF on October 19, 1995. Results from a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation for this interval compare well with the Interball observations. With the simulations, we provide an extended global view of this event which gives us insight into the reconnection and convection dynamics of the magnetosphere. We find that reconnection occurs in a region of limited spatial extent near the terminator and where the IMF and the lobe field are anti-parallel. Reconnected IMF field lines drape over the dayside magnetosphere, convect along the flanks into the nightside, and enter the magnetotail through a small entry window that is located in the flank opposite to the reconnection site. Ionospheric convection is consistent with previous observations under similar IMF conditions and exhibits a two cell pattern with a dominant lobe cell over the pole. The magnetic mapping between the ionosphere and the lobe boundary is characterized by two singularities: the narrow entry window in the tail maps to a 6 h wide section of the ionospheric lobe cell. A singular mapping line cuts the lobe cell open and maps to almost the entire tail magnetopause. By this singularity the magnetosphere avoids having a stagnation point, i.e., the lobe cell center maps to a tailward convecting field line. The existence of singularities in the magnetic mapping between the ionosphere and the tail has important implications for the study of tail–ionosphere coupling via empirical magnetic field models. Because the lobe–IMF reconnection cuts away old lobe flux and replaces it with flux tubes of magnetosheath origin, solar wind plasma enters the lobes in a process that is similar to the one that operates during southward IMF.     

A flux transfer event observed at the magnetopause by the Equator-S spacecraft and in the ionosphere by the CUTLASS HF radar

Observations of a flux transfer event (FTE) have been made simultaneously by the Equator-S spacecraft near the dayside magnetopause whilst corresponding transient plasma flows were seen in the near-conjugate polar ionosphere by the CUTLASS Finland HF radar. Prior to the occurrence of the FTE, the magnetometer on the WIND spacecraft ≈226 R_E upstream of the Earth in the solar wind detected a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) which is estimated to have reached the subsolar magnetopause ≈77 min later. Shortly afterwards the Equator-S magnetometer observed a typical bipolar FTE signature in the magnetic field component normal to the magnetopause, just inside the magnetosphere. Almost simultaneously the CUTLASS Finland radar observed a strong transient flow in the F region plasma between 78° and 83° magnetic latitude, near the ionospheric region predicted to map along geomagnetic field lines to the spacecraft. The flow signature (and the data set as a whole) is found to be fully consistent with the view that the FTE was formed by a burst of magnetopause reconnection.     

Multiple Flux Rope Events at the High-Latitude Magnetopause: Cluster/Rapid Observation on 26 January, 2001

Cluster measurements of the cusp and high latitude magnetopause boundary on 26 January, 2001 confirm that the cusp is a dynamic region full of energetic charged particles and turbulence. An energetic ion layer at high-latitudes beyond and adjacent to the duskside magnetopause exists when the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) has a southward orientation. Multiple energetic ion flux bursts were observed in the energetic ion layer. Each energetic ion flux burst was closely related to a magnetic flux rope. The axes of the flux ropes lie in the direction pointing duskward/tailward and somewhat upward. An intense axis-aligned current flows inside the ropes, with the current density reaching ∼10⁻⁸ A/m². The main components of the energetic ions are protons, helium and CNO ions, which originate from the magnetosphere, flowing out into the magnetosheath along the axis of the flux ropes. The velocity of the magnetosheath thermal plasma relative to the deHoffman-Teller (DHT) frame is found to be basically along the axis of the flux ropes also, but towards the magnetosphere. These flux ropes seem to be produced somewhere away via magnetic reconnection and move at similar DHT velocities passing over the spacecraft. These observations further confirm that the high-latitude magnetopause boundary region plays an important role in the solar wind-magnetopause coupling.     

模拟IMF北向且By分量占主导时磁层顶重联

本文基于自己开发的全球三维磁层模型, 模拟研究了IMF(Interplanetary Magnetic Field)北向并且B_y分量较大(时钟角为60°)时磁层顶三维结构及其重联图像. 结果发现, IMF B_y为正时, 在北极隙区附近尾-昏侧存在IMF与地磁场之间稳定持续的重联现象;参与重联的地球磁场既有闭合磁力线也有开放磁力线;IMF在北极隙区与地球闭合磁力重联后一端与南磁极相连的磁力线在尾向运动时还可能与北尾瓣的开放磁力线重联而重新闭合, 这种重联与磁力线循环过程不同于同一条IMF磁力线分别在南北半球与地磁场重联的模型. 南极隙区的重联发生在尾-晨侧, 其动力学过程与北极隙区情形类似. 我们的模拟结果表明, IMF B_y较大时不可能发生IMF同一条磁力线分别在南北极隙区重联的情形, 也不会因此而减少尾瓣的开放磁力线.     

Simulation Studies of High-Latitude Magnetospheric Boundary Dynamics

Magnetic reconnection at the high-latitude magnetopause is studied using 2–1/2-dimensional (2−1/2-D) Hall-MHD simulation. Concentric flow vortices and magnetic islands appear when both Hall effect and sheared flow are considered. Plasma mixing across the magnetopause occurs in the presence of the flow vortices. Reconnected structure generated in the vicinity of the subsolar point changes its geometry with increasing flow shear while moving to high latitudes. In the presence of flow shear, with the Hall-MHD reconnection a higher reconnection rate than with the traditional MHD is obtained. The out-of-plane components of flow and magnetic field produced by the Hall current are redistributed under the action of the flow shear, which makes the plasma transport across the boundaries more complicated. The simulation results provide some help in understanding the dynamic processes at the high-latitude magnetopause.     

Specific features of magnetic barrier formation near the magnetopause

The numerical three-dimensional MHD model is used to study the formation of the magnetic barrier in the inner part of the magnetosheath near the magnetopause. The set of the quasistationary solutions for several characteristic directions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has been obtained: for northward and southward IMF, for the direction along the Parker helix (at an angle of 45° with respect to the Sun-Earth line), and for the predominantly radial direction (at an angle of 20° with respect to the Sun-Earth line). The mechanism used to take into account the effect of magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause on a flow in the magnetosheath is introduced in the case of southward IMF. The results of the calculations indicate that the magnetic field absolute value in the magnetic barrier reaches its maximal value when IMF is northward. The introduction of magnetic reconnection at southward IMF can result in an insignificant decrease in the field value. However, the model predicts that a decrease in the magnetic field is much more substantial when the IMF direction is close to radial.