A small‐strain overlay model

The paper begins with a discussion of the phenomenon of small‐strain stiffness and presents the small‐strain overlay model, a simple model that takes into account the non‐linear stiffness of soils at small strains. The new model can enhance already established elastoplastic formulations for non‐linear stiffness variation at small strains in a similar way that intergranular strain enhances the hypoplastic model. The overlay model is driven by the material's strain history and only two additional material constants, both with clear physical meaning. Therefore, the proposed model is a step towards the incorporation of small‐strain stiffness into routine design. In this paper, the new small‐strain overlay model is formulated. Its ability to take into account the influence of various strain histories on soil stiffness is illustrated in several examples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multilaminate constitutive model accounting for anisotropic small strain stiffness

In this paper an extension of existing multilaminate soil models is presented, which can account for inherent and stress‐induced cross‐anisotropic elasticity in the small strain range and its dependency on the load history. In the multilaminate framework, material behaviour is formulated on a number of local planes in each stress point, and the macroscopic response of the material is obtained by integration of the local contributions. Strain‐induced anisotropy, which adds to the stiffness anisotropy inherently present in the material, is therefore intrinsically taken into account. Micro–macro relations between local parameters on plane level and global parameters on macroscopic level are obtained by the spectral decomposition of the global elastic compliance matrix. The model is implemented into a finite‐element code, and model predictions are compared with experimental data of triaxial tests on different soils involving small and large load cycles. The importance of cross‐anisotropic elasticity within the small strain range for predicting ground deformations in geotechnical boundary value problems is discussed at the example of an excavation problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On a multilaminate model for soil incorporating small strain stiffness

In this paper a constitutive model for soils incorporating small strain stiffness formulated in the multilaminate framework is presented. In the multilaminate framework, the stress–strain behaviour of a material is obtained by integrating the mechanical response of an infinite number of randomly oriented planes passing through a material point. Such a procedure leads to a number of advantages in describing soil behaviour, the most significant being capture of initial and induced anisotropy due to plastic flow in a physically meaningful manner. In the past, many soil models of varying degree of refinement in the multilaminate framework have been presented by various authors. However, the issue of high initial soil stiffness in the range of very small strains and its degradation with straining, commonly referred to as ‘small strain stiffness’, has not been addressed within the multilaminate framework. In this paper, we adopt a micromechanics‐based approach to derive small strain elastic stiffness of the soil mass. Comparison of laboratory test data with results obtained from numerical simulations based on the proposed constitutive model incorporating small strain stiffness is performed to demonstrate its predictive capabilities. The model is implemented in a finite element code and numerical simulations of a deep excavation are presented with and without incorporation of small strain stiffness to demonstrate its importance in predicting profiles of deformation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于CLoE与Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型的颗粒材料应变局部化对比研究

基于CLoE与Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型数值模拟了平面应变条件下Hostun砂的应变局部化现象。从侧向压力和初始缺陷两个方面对比研究了两种模型所预测应变局部化的产生及演化模式。结果表明：（1）两种模型均能反映Hostun砂刚度随着侧向压力提高而增大的现象。（2）相比Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型,CLoE亚塑性模型所得出的应变局部化形态与试验结果更加一致。（3）CLoE亚塑性模型能够反映随着荷载增加,砂的体积先膨胀后缩小的特点。（4）相比Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型,CLoE亚塑性模型所得到的应变-应力曲线能够更明显地反映应变局部化带中单元的软化现象。（5）CLoE亚塑性模型能够更好地模拟由初始缺陷导致的不均匀应变。总的来说,所得的数值结果表明,CLoE亚塑性模型能够较好地模拟侧向压力和初始缺陷对应变局部化的影响,在模拟应变局部化现象方面较Gudehus-Bauer更有优势。然而,现有CLoE亚塑性模型无法考虑孔隙比,也未包含颗粒材料内尺度变量,有待进一步完善。     

土体小应变试验研究综述与评价

从室内试验与现场试验两方面对土体小应变试验研究现状进行了综述与评价,指出最近应力历史对小应变刚度门槛值及小应变范围内刚度变化的重要性,值得进一步系统研究。同时也指出小应变试验研究对指导我国工程实践也具有重要的现实意义。     

Directional response of a reconstituted fine‐grained soil—Part II: performance of different constitutive models

In this paper, the performance of different advanced constitutive models for soils is evaluated with respect to the experimentally observed behaviour of a soft reconstituted clay subject to a wide range of loading directions, see (presented in the companion paper). The models considered include a three‐surface kinematic hardening elastoplastic model; the CLoE hypoplastic model; a recently proposed K‐hypoplastic model for clays, and an enhanced version of the same model incorporating the concept of intergranular strain. A clear qualitative picture of the relative performance of the different models as a function of the loading direction is obtained by means of the incremental strain response envelopes. The definition of suitable error measures allows to obtain further quantitative information in this respect. For the particular initial conditions and loading programme considered in this study, the kinematic hardening and the enhanced K‐hypoplastic models appear to provide the best performance overall. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

邓肯-张模型几种改进方法的比较

针对邓肯-张模型忽略了中主应力影响的不足之处，不少国内外学者提出了修正方法。在这些方法当中，究竟哪一种方法能更好地反映中主应力的影响，是需要讨论的问题。针对平面应变这一特殊情况，分别运用各种修正方法计算得出其应力．应变关系，在此基础上与平面应变试验资料进行分析比较，从中得出一些有意义的结论。     

Behavior of sand–rubber particle mixtures: experimental observations and numerical simulations

A series of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations are conducted to explore the characteristics of mixtures composed of sand and rubber particles of the same median diameter. The mixtures are prepared with different volumetric sand fractions (sf = V_sand/V_total). The experiment focuses on assessing the strain level on the characteristics of the mixture with the volume fraction of each component. Numerical simulations using the discrete element method are performed to obtain insight into the microscale behavior and internal mechanism of the mixtures. The experimental results show that the behavior of the mixtures is dependent on the relative sand and rubber particles composition with variation in the strain levels. The numerical simulation reveals the effect of the soft rubber particle inclusion in the mixture on the micromechanical parameters. In low sand fraction mixtures, a high shear stress along the contact is mobilized, and the stress state is driven to a more anisotropic condition because of the relatively high particle friction angle of the rubber. The rubber particles play different roles with the strain level in the mixture, including increasing the coordination number and controlling plasticity of the mixture in a small strain, preventing buckling of the force chain in an intermediate strain, and leading to contractive behavior in a large strain. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预应力锚索抗滑桩工程效果的数值计算评价

针对目前桩土接触问题及滑坡治理后预应力锚索抗滑桩的受力效果进行评价研究成果还很少,结合现场勘查与工程设计,根据预应力锚索抗滑桩中桩土相互作用特征,引入接触单元并编制有限元程序进行计算。根据抗滑桩锚固段的受力分布、桩体弯矩、位移及预应力因素对预应力锚索抗滑桩抗滑效果进行评价,提出预应力锚索抗滑桩的最佳预应力值,对工程设计具有一定的指导意义。     

大主应力方向及中主应力系数对重塑黄土小应变刚度特性影响试验研究

利用配备高精度应变传感器的空心圆柱扭剪仪对重塑黄土开展了一系列定向剪切试验,剪切过程中保持平均主应力p、大主应力方向角? 以及中主应力系数b不变。共完成了包括3组不同大主应力方向角和1组不同中主应力系数的4组试验,共21个试样。对定向剪切条件下重塑粉土的应力-应变-强度以及小应变（<0.1%）刚度特性进行了研究,分析了不同大主应力方向角及中主应力系数的影响。试验研究结果表明,重塑黄土存在显著的强度各向异性特性,沿? =0°方向的强度最大,而最小强度方向因中主应力系数的不同而不同。? =0°时,b=0.25的强度最大,此时试样接近平面应变条件。小应变条件下重塑黄土的剪切刚度也因剪切时?和b的不同而不同,剪应变小于0.02%和大于2%时,刚度基本保持不变,初始剪切刚度很大,当剪应变大于0.02%后,随着剪应变的增加而迅速衰减,衰减曲线可以采用指数函数进行较好的拟合。     

Modelling the time‐dependent behaviour of granular material with hypoplasticity

This paper presents a constitutive model for time‐dependent behaviour of granular material. The model consists of 2 parts representing the inviscid and viscous behaviour of granular materials. The inviscid part is a rate‐independent hypoplastic constitutive model. The viscous part is represented by a rheological model, which contains a high‐order term denoting the strain acceleration. The proposed model is validated by simulating some element tests on granular soils. Our model is able to model not only the non‐isotach behaviour but also the 3 creep stages, namely, primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, in a unified way.     

气体吸附诱发煤强度劣化的力学模型与数值分析

在吸附性气体作用下,煤体将产生吸附应变,吸附应变通过使煤微观结构重新排列从而诱发煤损伤,并使其力学性质劣化。尽管大量试验证实了吸附性气体将会改变煤的力学特性,然而当前描述煤-气相互作用的力学模型并未将吸附诱发的损伤考虑其中,故也无法考虑气体吸附诱发煤强度劣化。基于此,建立一个考虑气体吸附损伤的双重孔隙介质力学模型,揭示气体吸附过程诱发的两个相互作用：一个是游离气体引起的常规弹性力学作用,一个是吸附气体诱发的内部膨胀应力,并在此基础上考虑两个力学作用所带来了煤的附加损伤。研究结果表明：气体吸附诱发煤基质产生细观损伤,以拉伸损伤为主,这使煤的力学性质劣化,表现为弹性模量和强度的降低。吸附能力越强的气体,诱发煤的微观结构改变越大,损伤越明显,甚至会诱发煤样呈现新的破坏形态。超临界CO2会诱发煤更大的损伤和强度劣化。     

砂土的渐进破坏及其数值模拟

紧密砂土在排水剪切过程中由于材料的应变软化特性,会出现变形局部化并伴随剪切带的产生。对此类问题进行数值模拟时会遇到很多困难,比如如何模拟紧砂的应变软化特性,如何处理有限元数值分析过程中刚度矩阵的非正定导致计算结果发散问题,以及如何处理应力不连续的问题,拟针对以上问题进行了探讨。     

Evaluation of numerical simulations of capillary barrier field tests

This paper presents a comparison of numerical simulations to the measured response of capillary barrier field tests. The simulations were of pilot-scale tests of four 7 m long, 1.2 m thick capillary barriers, two with 5% slopes and two with 10% slopes, with and without an included unsaturated drainage layers. The unsaturated drainage layer was included to encourage lateral drainage. The 5% sloped barriers were subjected to a period of constant infiltration for a period of 74 days, while the 10% system with the drainage layer had water added for 26 days and the conventional capillary barrier with a 10% slope was subjected to 43 days of infiltration. The numerical modelling was conducted using both drying and wetting soil moisture characteristic curves to determine their influence on the results. Differences between the field test and the model data were found, but in general the simulations appeared to adequately reproduce the response of the test systems. It was found that the use of wetting curve data provided a better fit to the field data, more accurately predicting the amount and timing of the percolate produced. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

基于CLoE亚塑性模型的密砂循环荷载下力学行为模拟

亚塑性模型为模拟颗粒材料的非线性力学行为提供了一条新途径,特别是CLoE亚塑性模型在模拟应变局部化时具有一定的优势。然而该模型在模拟小幅应力-应变循环时表现出一定的锯齿效应。为了克服该效应,基于颗粒间应变张量的概念发展了修正的CLoE亚塑性模型以正确模拟循环荷载下密砂的力学行为。此外,为保证单调荷载作用下修正模型与原模型预测结果的一致性,改进了颗粒间应变率及颗粒间最大应变的定义。数值算例表明:（1）修正模型保留了克服锯齿效应的优点。（2）修正模型能够反映不同振幅条件下的卸载刚度。（3）在大振幅循环条件下,滞回圈的面积随着循环次数增加而增大。（4）修正模型能够保证单调加载条件下所得结果与原模型的一致性。（5）修正模型可以反映材料的疲劳破坏机制。     

硬岩裂纹起裂强度和损伤强度取值方法探讨

岩石裂纹起裂强度σci和损伤强度σcd的研究对探讨岩石渐进破坏过程和脆性破坏机制,建立岩石的起裂强度和长期强度准则具有重要意义。鉴于此,系统总结了岩石起裂强度和损伤强度的4种计算方法,包括裂纹应变模型计算法,声发射参数取值法,侧向应变、体积应变曲线观察法和移动点回归法,并以大理岩和花岗岩在单轴压缩条件下为例,详细描述了用不同方法计算σci和σcd时存在的问题。研究结果表明,裂纹应变模型法物理意义明确,可以方便和准确地确定岩石的σci和σcd;声发射撞击率可以定性或半定量了解岩石的渐进破坏和损伤过程,但无法准确定量确定σci和σcd;移动点回归法计算体积应变刚度时受取值点间隔影响较大,而且加载过程中不同阶段的特征并不明显,难以确定起裂强度值。研究结论可为加深对岩石裂纹起裂强度和损伤强度的重要意义的认识,了解两个强度值的计算方法并合理选取其计算方法提供有益的参考。     

Hyperelastic modelling of small‐strain stiffness anisotropy of cyclically loaded sand

Experimental evidence shows that soil stiffness at very small strains is strongly anisotropic and depends on the stress level and void ratio. In particular, stiffness anisotropy varies considerably in sand when subjected to cyclic loading, following the stress cycles applied. To model this behaviour, an innovative hyperelastic formulation based on the elastoplastic coupling is incorporated in a new kinematic hardening elastoplastic model. The proposed hyperelastic–plastic model is the first to be capable of correctly simulating all aspects of the small‐strain behaviour of granular materials subjected to monotonic and cyclic loads. This hyperelastic formulation is generally applicable to any elastoplastic model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DEM simulations of methane hydrate exploitation by thermal recovery and depressurization methods

Methane hydrate (MH, also called fiery ice) exists in forms of pore filling, cementing and load-bearing skeleton in the methane hydrate bearing sediment (MHBS) and affects its mechanical behavior greatly. To study the changes of macro-scale and micro-scale mechanical behaviors of MHBS during exploitation by thermal recovery and depressurization methods, a novel 2D thermo-hydro-mechanical bonded contact model was proposed and implemented into a platform of distinct element method (DEM), PFC2D. MHBS samples were first biaxially compressed to different deviator stress levels to model different in-situ stress conditions. With the deviator stress maintained at constant, the temperature was then raised to simulate the thermal recovery process or the pore water pressure (i.e. confining pressure for MH bond) was decreased to simulate the depressurization process. DEM simulation results showed that: during exploitation, the axial strain increased with the increase of temperature (in the thermal recovery method) or decrease of pore water pressure (in the depressurization method); sample collapsed during MH dissociation if the deviator stress applied was larger than the compression strength of a pure host sand sample; sample experienced volume contraction but its void ratio was slightly larger than the pure host sand sample at the same axial strain throughout the test. By comparison with the laboratory test results, the new model was validated to be capable of reproducing the exploitation process by thermal recovery and depressurization methods. In addition, some micro-scale parameters, such as contact distribution, bond distribution, and averaged pure rotation rate, were also analyzed to investigate their relationships with the macroscopic responses.