Finite element reliability analysis of reinforced retaining walls

This paper presents the reliability analysis of reinforced retaining wall using finite element method. Response surface approach is used to approximate the performance function and a first-order reliability method (FORM) is used to evaluate the reliability index. In the analysis, displacement response of the reinforced retaining wall is considered as performance function and the corresponding reliability index is evaluated with the aid of a spreadsheet. Uncertainties associated with the soil and reinforcement properties are explicitly taken into account in the analysis. A parametric sensitivity analysis has been performed to bring out the effect of important uncertain parameters by evaluating the sensitivity of the reliability index with respect to each of the uncertain parameters. Results of the response surface method coupled with finite element analysis show the ease and successful implementation of the reliability analysis procedure for the reinforced retaining walls.     

互锚式薄壁挡土墙影响因素分析

针对日益增多的高填方路堤,提出了一种新型的挡土墙结构--互锚式薄壁挡土墙,它具有成本低廉、结构合理、施工方便的特点,有利于保护环境,具有广泛地应用前景。在现场测试的基础上进行有限元分析,总结出拉筋应力、侧向土压力、侧向位移等指标的可能影响因素,为这种新结构的设计及优化提供了理论依据。     

Comparison of the pseudo-static and dynamic behaviour of gravity retaining walls

Summary Pseudo-static and dynamic non-linear finite element analyses have been performed to assess the dynamic behaviour of gravity retaining walls subjected to horizontal earthquake loading. In the pseudo-static analysis, the peak ground acceleration is converted into a pseudo-static inertia force and applied as a horizontal incremental gravity load. In the dynamic analysis, an actual measured earthquake acceleration time history has been scaled to provide peak ground acceleration values of 0.1 g and 0.3 g. Good agreement is obtained between the pseudo-static analysis and analytical methods for the calculation of the active coefficient of earth pressure. However, the results from the dynamic analysis require careful interpretation. In the pseudo-static analysis, the increase in the point of application of the resultant active force with the horizontal earthquake coefficient k _h from the one-third point to the mid-height of the wall is clearly observed. In the dynamic analysis, the variation in the point of application is shown to be a function of the type of wall deformation. Both finite element analyses indicate the importance of determining the magnitude of the predicted displacements when assessing the behaviour of the wall to seismic loading.     

俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙强震反应数值模拟

首先,介绍了基于OpenSees独立开发的一套用于挡土墙-土地震反应相互作用有限元分析计算软件RW_2DPS.据此建立了俯斜式混凝土重力挡土墙-土强震相互作用有限元模型.模型中,引入非线性有限元计算方法,选用多屈服面弹塑性本构模型模拟砂土的动力属性,应用零长度接触单元模拟墙与土体之间的接触特性,且采用一致耗能阻尼边界与速度边界条件.最后,输入随机地震动,进行挡土墙-土强震反应分析,并重点探讨墙背地震土压力和水平地震惯性力沿挡土墙高度分布规律.结果表明,墙背动土压力峰值出现在距挡土墙底约1/3墙高处;挡土墙背加速度具有放大效应,加速度峰值出现在挡土墙顶部;不同地震动作用下,加速度放大系数沿墙高分布规律不同,动土压力沿墙高变化规律基本一致.     

考虑填土强度的加筋土挡墙动位移计算

加筋土挡墙在地震荷载作用下的位移大小对结构的抗震性能影响显著。为了计算地震荷载作用下加筋土挡墙的位移,Newmark滑块法通常被用于设计中。由于传统的Newmark滑块法在计算中忽略了填土强度的变化,因而采用单一峰值或残余强度的计算将可能导致计算得到的位移小于或大于实际位移值。在二楔块破坏模式的假定条件下,根据楔块的力学平衡条件,建立了加筋土挡墙滑动安全系数计算式,同时通过引入位移阈值考虑了填土的应变软化特点。通过将计算结果与模型试验结果对比,得到以下结论：相较于单楔块法,二楔块法更能真实地反映出墙体的实际破坏模式,且计算得到的屈服加速度系数更接近试验值;相较于采用单一峰值或残余强度计算的位移,考虑填土应变软化的计算解更接近于模型测试值。     

不同面板形式加筋土挡墙结构特性现场试验研究

以成昆铁路复线加筋土挡墙为工程依托进行现场原位试验,对比分析工后9个月内新型整体式面板、内嵌返包结构的模块式面板和模块式面板3类加筋土挡墙的结构特性。在此期间发生两次地震,监测了震后挡墙变形及土压力变化。结果表明:整体式面板加筋土挡墙整体稳定性最好,具有良好的抗震性能,格栅应变变化率、墙体压缩量和墙面水平位移均最小。整体式面板和模块式面板加筋土挡墙墙背土压力沿墙高近似呈M型,内嵌返包结构的模块式面板加筋土挡墙墙背土压力沿墙高近似呈倒S型。整体式面板加筋土挡墙的侧向土压力系数沿墙高变化较小,小于美国联邦公路局(FHWA)加筋设计指南计算值;内嵌返包结构的模块式面板加筋土挡墙侧向土压力系数沿墙高呈增大的趋势,挡墙中、下部小于FHWA计算值,上部接近或大于静止土压力系数;模块式面板加筋土挡墙侧向土压力系数大部分处在FHWA计算值与静止土压力系数之间。3类挡墙土工格栅应变沿墙高均呈非线性变化。挡墙墙体压缩量随着时间的增加逐渐增加,在工后前50 d时间内增加速率较快,随后增加速率减缓,进入雨季之后增加速率再次增大。发生地震后,3类加筋土挡墙均出现不同程度的墙背土压力减小、格栅应变增大、墙体压缩量增加和墙面板外移的现象。     

加筋砂土挡墙面板刚度效果的数值分析

为了对加筋砂土挡墙面板的刚度效果有一个合理、定量的把握,利用非线性硬化-软化弹塑性有限元方法对相关的一系列室内模型试验结果进行了系统全面的数值分析。有限元解析中所采用的砂土本构模型是以修正塑性功为基本状态量的弹塑性硬软化模型,该模型可以较为精确地模拟砂土的应力路径效应。结果表明,利用这种较高精度的有限元方法对加筋砂土挡墙的变形破坏进行解析,不仅能较好地模拟加筋砂土挡墙基础底面的平均压力与沉降之间的关系,同时也能较好地再现由于面板刚度变化对加筋砂土挡墙基础的承载力以及渐进性变形破坏的影响。随着面板刚度的增加,面板对剪切带的抑制作用将随之增加,具体表现在砂土围压σ3增大所带来的砂土强度σ1的提高,进而使得加筋砂土挡墙的峰值承载力也随之增大。     

有地下水时刚性挡土墙的动主动土压力

基于Mononobe-Okabe假定,在合理考虑土体孔隙中受限水含量的基础上,利用水平层分析法推导了填土中有地下水时刚性挡土墙平移模式下的动主动土压力强度的一阶微分方程,并求得非线性分布解;探讨了地下水位、受限水含量、填土的内摩擦角、墙背的摩擦角和地震系数等参数对土压力强度分布、合力作用点高度以及倾覆力矩的影响。所提出的方法可考虑填土的孔隙率、渗透性和地震动周期的影响。     

Modeling the 2D behavior of dry‐stone retaining walls by a fully discrete element method

The dry‐stone retaining walls (DSRW) have been tipped as a promising solution for sustainable development. However, before recently, their behavior is relatively obscure. In this study, discrete element method (DEM) approach was applied to simulate the plane strain failure of these walls. A commercial DEM package (PFC2D™) was used throughout this study. The authors used a fully discrete approach; thus, both the wall and the backfill were modeled as discrete elements. The methodology for obtaining the micromechanical parameters was discussed in detail; this includes the three mechanical sub‐systems of DSRWs: wall, backfill and interface. The models were loaded progressively until failure, and then the results were compared with the full‐scale experimental results where the walls were loaded, respectively, with hydrostatic load and backfill. Despite its complexity and its intensive calculation time, DEM model can then be used to validate a more simplified approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of interface properties on retaining wall behaviour

A series of finite element analyses have been undertaken to investigate the effects of interface properties on the behaviour of a vertical retaining wall and the deformation of the ground around it. The boundary between a rigid embedded wall and the soil is modelled with zero thickness interface elements. Uniform translation of the wall has been studied. The analyses show the predicted limiting active and passive pressure on the wall are dependent on the maximum wall friction angle and are in reasonable agreement with accepted approximate analytical solutions. The limiting pressure is independent of the stiffness and dilation properties of the interface elements. The dilation properties of the interface have a significant effect on the ground surface deformation around the wall. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同运动模式的悬臂式挡墙地震永久位移算法EI北大核心CSCD

为了有效确定支挡边坡的悬臂式挡墙的地震永久位移,考虑悬臂墙踵板上方局部填土可能存在的不同滑裂特征,基于拟静力法、塑性极限分析上限定理与Newmark滑块法,针对地震条件下可能发生的墙-坡整体对数螺旋面转动、墙-局部填土体系水平滑动及绕墙趾转动3种运动模式,根据较为严格的力学定义分别推导了墙体地震永久位移计算公式。实例分析表明,前两种运动模式所得的地震永久位移相近,均远大于后一种模式,在工程设计中属于位移控制模式。与既有的经验公式法对比表明,文中方法与其误差在30%以内,且比概率置信水平取0.7的Ambraseys-Menu方法小7%。对于墙-坡系统整体旋转滑动模式,在水平地震影响系数一定的情况下,10个主要参数敏感性正交分析结果表明,其对水平屈服加速度影响的敏感性大小排序为:填土黏聚力、墙高、填土内摩擦角、墙体重度、立臂顶宽、填土重度、趾板长度、竖向地震影响系数、底板厚度和踵板长度。     

考虑土拱效应的刚性挡墙主动土压力分析

以墙后填土为无黏性土的刚性挡土墙为研究对象,考虑墙后土体的土拱效应,修改了Shubhra Geol 抛物线形土拱表达式,推导了对应不同内摩擦角和墙-土摩擦角的挡土墙平动模式下的主动土压力系数。基于水平微分单元法,得到考虑土拱效应的主动土压力分布、合力大小和合力作用点高度的理论表达式,并与现有经典理论解及前人理论研究成果和模型试验数据进行对比分析,结果表明,主动土压力与墙-土接触面摩擦角、土体内摩擦角、土体重度和挡墙高度相关,土压力分布为非线性,与其他结果比较吻合,从而验证了该研究成果的正确性。     

面板对加筋土挡墙影响的离心模型试验研究

加筋土挡墙因其特有的景观性能、协调变形性能而日益受到设计者青睐。面板作为加筋土挡墙的组成部分,对墙体的承载能力影响显著。针对现有设计规范无法考虑面板形式对结构自身力学变形特性的影响,设计并开展了整体式与分块式面板的离心模型试验。数据测试分析显示：整体式面板加载期的位移小于分块式面板位移;由于分块式面板位移较大,所以其水平土压力小于整体式面板土压力;加筋土挡墙面板底部存在应力集中现象;分块式面板筋-土界面的摩擦系数发挥值大于整体式面板数值,但两者均小于设计规范建议值;由于模型筋材长度较长并且连接件的存在,导致原型设计较为保守。     

刚性挡土墙主动土压力计算方法的改进

采用库仑土压力理论的假设：挡土墙土压力是由墙后填土在极限平衡状态下出现的滑动楔体产生,在该滑动楔体上沿竖向取水平薄层作为微分单元体,通过作用在单元体上的水平力、竖向力,建立挡土墙上土压力分布的基本分析方程,结合整个滑楔体的力矩平衡条件,先确定土侧压力系数、再建立土压力分布和土压力合力及作用点高度的理论公式。算例计算值与实测值吻合很好,这表明该方法不仅可行,而且可靠。     

重力式挡土墙地震旋转位移下的屈服加速度

旋转位移假设下,将挡土墙和填土看成一个系统,建立挡土墙在地震作用下的旋转破坏模式,应用极限分析上限法推导了系统外力功率和耗散功率,得到了水平屈服加速度系数的理论计算公式,并采用MATLAB语言进行数值求解,获得了破裂角和水平屈服加速度系数的数值解。计算公式考虑了填土与墙体接触面上的黏聚力、墙和填土的摩擦角、竖向地震加速度系数、填土黏聚力、填土内摩擦角等对水平屈服加速度系数的影响。研究结果表明：填土与墙体接触面上的黏聚力、墙和填土的摩擦角和竖向地震作用对水平屈服加速度系数的影响显著,在实际工程设计中需合理取值以达到安全经济的目的。     

基于耦合方法的挡土墙地震响应的数值模拟

为有效描述动力灾变过程中挡土墙附近土体的细观特性,并大量减小离散元模拟的颗粒数目,节省计算时间,利用离散-连续耦合动力数值模型,模拟了已有离心机试验中重力式挡土墙的地震响应。靠近挡土墙的土体区域用相互作用的离散颗粒模拟,远离挡土墙的土体采用连续模型模拟,编写结构的动力有限元程序并嵌入离散元软件中来模拟挡土墙。通过离散元软件PFC2D和有限差分软件FLAC2D的交互运算实现耦合过程。耦合方法的核心在于:①在离散-连续土体的交界面保证连续性;②模拟中离散区域土体的宏观性质与连续土体模型一致。为进一步满足以上两点,分别提出了新的边界耦合力提取方法和自振柱模拟方法。研究表明耦合方法可以从细观尺度上有效描述土体与结构的相互作用和关心区域的土体特性。     

面板对路堤式加筋土挡墙力学特性的影响

加筋土挡墙作为一种新型的轻型支挡结构,广泛应用于公路、铁路、港口等工程中。随着加筋土挡墙技术的发展,面板的类型也越来越丰富。利用Plaxis有限元软件,对路堤式加筋土挡墙进行了二维有限元计算分析。针对墙背水平土压力、垂直土压力、挡墙侧向位移、筋材应变和挡墙稳定系数等计算结果的分析,探讨了3种类型面板（返包式面板、整体式面板和拼装式面板）对路堤式加筋土挡墙力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,垂直和水平土压力的数值计算结果均小于理论值;相比较与其他两种面板的加筋土挡墙,返包式面板加筋土挡墙筋材的应变最大;面板类型对于加筋土挡墙的整体稳定性几乎没有影响。研究成果为实际工程的应用提供了理论指导。     

Finite element analysis of the effect of corrosion on the behavior of reinforced earth walls

A simple model for the corrosion‐induced loss of stiffness and strength of the steel strips of earth‐reinforced walls was introduced in a finite element simulation of the long‐term behavior of the wall, in which the backfill‐strips interactions are taken into account by means of a generalized homogenization procedure (called a multiphase model). The results show an initial phase of slow displacements induced by the loss of stiffness, followed after a few decades by a steep acceleration of the displacements, leading to wall failure. The influences of the parameter controlling corrosion, the backfill cohesion and the heterogeneity of the corrosion process are discussed. Results are used to discuss a strategy for reinforced earth wall surveillance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震条件下黏性土挡土墙土压力分析

Mononobe-Okabe理论是现阶段计算地震土压力的常用方法,但Mononobe-Okabe理论的诸多假设使其具有一定的局限性。针对Mononobe-Okabe理论的不足,考虑到地震作用下挡土墙偏转对土压力的影响,采用斜向条分法推导了复杂条件下黏性土地震土压力强度分布、土压力合力及其作用点位置公式,并利用图解法给出了临界破裂角的解析解。研究表明：填土黏聚力和地震系数对土压力影响显著;忽略黏性填土表面开裂与地震作用对均布超载及开裂填土等效超载的影响将使主动土压力计算结果偏小,其误差随着填土黏聚力和均布超载的增大而增大;在不同水平地震系数下土压力沿墙高呈非线性分布;所提公式适用范围更广,有效完善了Mononobe-Okabe理论。