赣南及邻区视应力时空特征分析

利用赣南及邻区2009年以来的地震波形资料,计算249次M_L1.8~4.0地震的视应力,同时利用研究区1978年以来的地震目录计算b值。结果表明,视应力值在0.002~2.070 MPa之间,平均值为0.152 MPa;M_L2.0~2.9地震视应力的时间变化显示,2009年以来5次M_L≥3.5地震(去余震)中有3次震前出现高值异常,空间分布显示M_L≥3.0地震均发生在视应力高值区及高低值分界线附近;视应力与震级呈正相关关系;研究区1978年以来的最小完整性震级为M_L2.0,b值为0.78,2009年以来M_L≥3.0地震多发生在低b值区或其边缘附近;低b值区与视应力高值区分布较为接近,反映出较高的地震活动水平及地壳应力状态。     

河套地震带中小地震的震源机制测定及应力场特征

运用振幅比和CAP方法测定224次地震的震源机制解,进行归一频度统计和震源机制类型时空分析,以考察河套地震带的应力场在模式转换和应力作用方式两方面的变化形态。河套地震带的压应力方位在北东向存在优势分布,张应力方位在北西向存在优势分布,滑动角主要分布在近水平方向,应力场整体表现出继承性运动特征,表明水平剪切拉张运动总体控制了带内断裂的作用模式而多产出走滑型地震,并贯穿整个研究时段,属稳态应力作用模式。在太平洋板块向西俯冲和青藏块体向北运移的联合作用下,河套地震带两侧的阴山隆起和鄂尔多斯块体作相对旋性扭动,最终驱使带内众多北东-近东西向展布的断裂产生水平旋性剪切,构成相对稳定的应力场演化模式。     

Influence of principal stress rotation of unequal tensile and compressive stress amplitudes on characteristics of soft clay

Soil behavior can reflect the characteristics of principal stress rotation under dynamic wave and traffic loads. Unequal amplitudes of tensile and compressive stresses applied to soils have complex effects on foundation soils in comparison with the pure principal stress rotation path. A series of undrained cyclic hollow torsional shear tests were performed on typical remolded soft clay from the Hexi area of Nanjing, China. The main control parameters were the tensile and compressive stress amplitude ratio(α) and the cyclic dynamic stress ratio(η). It was found that the critical η tended to remain constant at 0.13, when the value of the compressive stress amplitude was higher than the tensile stress amplitude. However, the influence of the tensile stress was limited by the dynamic stress level when α= 1.For obvious structural change in the soil, the corresponding numbers of cyclic vibration cycles were found to be independent of α at low stress levels and were only related to η. Finally, a new method for evaluating the failure of remolded soft clay was presented. It considers the influence of the tensile and compressive stresses which caused by complex stress paths of the principal stress rotation. This criterion can distinguish stable, critical, and destructive states based on the pore-water-pressure-strain coupling curve while also providing a range of failure strain and vibration cycles. These results provide the theoretical support for systematic studies of principal stress rotation using constitutive models.     

采煤塌陷区建筑物附加应力影响深度的计算与分析

建筑物附加应力的影响深度是评价采空区新建建筑是否会破坏冒落带和导水裂隙带内的应力平衡状态,进而引发破碎岩体"二次沉降"的重要依据。该文介绍分析了矩形基底建筑在均布荷载作用下角点附加应力对地下影响深度的计算原理,提出了使用线性逼近的方法,分别将复杂、非线性的土层自重应力函数及建筑物附加应力函数转化为线段微元,通过计算两直线段交点来获得建筑物附加应力影响深度的方法,并使用C#语言编制了相关计算程序。结合工程实例,分析了建筑物附加应力影响深度与土(岩)层容重、建筑物荷载、地基面积、地基形状的关系。     

2010年玉树地震库仑应力变化对2016年杂多地震的影响及区域危险性评估

在以往研究的基础上,利用弹性位错理论和岩石圈分层粘弹性模型,进一步分析2010年玉树地震同震及震后应力变化对2016年杂多地震的影响,讨论玉树地震和杂多地震对研究区主要活动断裂的应力影响及未来地震危险性。结果表明,玉树地震同震库仑应力使杂多地震震中位置应力升高1.476 kPa。2010年玉树地震至2016年杂多地震的6 a内,震后粘弹性松弛作用使研究区域库仑应力增强区域应力持续集中,并使应力影区进一步释放应力,杂多地震位于玉树地震导致的库仑应力增强区域。2016年杂多地震发生时,其震中位置应力升高3.902 kPa。采用多组不同模型参数的研究结果均显示,玉树地震对杂多地震孕育起促进作用。2016年杂多地震同震破裂仅影响震中周边小范围区域的应力状态,在杂多断裂带西北端出现应力高值区域。2010年玉树地震同震及震后作用使甘孜-玉树断裂的叶诺卡-结隆段、巴塘乡-洛须段、当江段、巴塘乡断裂中段及五道梁-曲麻莱断裂称多段应力明显升高。甘孜-玉树断裂西北段的叶诺卡-结隆段、巴塘乡-相古段地震空区的地震危险性较高。     

Impacts of wave and current on drag coefficient and wind stress over the tropical and northern Pacific

By taking into consideration the effects of ocean surface wave-induced Stokes drift velocity U,w and current velocityU,c on the drag coefficient,the spatial distributions of drag coefficient and wind stress in 2004 are computed over the tropical andnorthern Pacific using an empirical drag coefficient parameterization formula based on wave steepness and wind speed.The globalocean current field is generated from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and the wave data are generated from Wave-watch Ⅲ (WW3).The spatial variability of the drag coefficient and wind stress is analyzed.Preliminary results indicate that theocean surface Stokes drift velocity and current velocity exert an important influence on the wind stress.The results also show thatconsideration of the effects of the ocean surface Stokes drift velocity and current velocity on the wind stress can significantly im-prove the modeling of ocean circulation and air-sea interaction processes.     

2016-01-21青海门源MS6.4地震震前应力降变化特征研究

利用甘肃省数字地震台网记录的波形数据,采用Atkinson多台多震计算非弹性衰减系数方法和Moya遗传算法,计算2016年门源MS6.4地震震前3 a震源区及周围地区157个ML2.0以上地震的应力降参数,应力降值分布在0.02~10.86 MPa,平均值为1.67 MPa。结果显示,应力降高值区主要集中在皇城-双塔断裂与冷龙岭断裂之间,与研究区内中强地震活动范围具有很强的一致性;2013年肃南-门源交界MS5.1地震前数月开始出现显著的应力降高值,震后逐渐下降,直到2016年门源MS6.4地震发生前,应力降总体处于较低水平,但在MS6.4地震前半年左右,应力降月均值出现两次高值异常,与门源地震具有一定的对应关系。     

Characteristics and causes of the preconsolidation stress of soils in the Yellow River Delta

Preconsolidation stress ( σ P') is the maximum effective stress that a soil has suffered throughout its life. From a geotechnical point of view, pre-consolidation stress has great importance because it separates elastic and reversible deformations from inelastic and only partially irreversible deformations and marks the starting point of high compressibility. In this study we calculated the preconsolidation stress for 72 undisturbed soil samples from the Yellow River Delta, using the oedometer tes...     

1994年美国北岭地震震源区构造应力状态反演及动力学解释

针对余震震源机制解相对比较复杂、紊乱这一现象,借助ZMAP软件包的特点,提出在尽可能减少人为分区因素情况下,利用余震震源机制解反演计算震源区应力状态的具体思路。利用1994年美国北岭MW6.7地震的余震震源机制解,采用Michael提出的应力张量反演算法,对震后震源区的构造应力状态及其分布进行反演分析,探讨了地震后震源区应力状态的调整变化及其与地质构造的关系。结果表明：1）震后震源区最大主应力为近水平,方向为北北东向,北北东向的水平挤压是北岭震源区构造应力状态的一个明确特征;2）震后震源区深浅部的构造应力状态可能不完全一致,虽然深部和浅部的最大主应力方向均为北北东向,但震源区深部的应力类型为逆断型,震源区浅部的应力类型为走滑型,深部数据组的反演结果与区域构造应力场相一致。认为北岭地震后震源区深浅部构造应力状态的差异可能与震源区的地震构造和北岭主震的错动方式有关。北岭主震是一次逆冲型地震,地震发生后,在区域构造应力的作用下,震源区应力继续释放,隐伏的北岭断裂（可能包括其周围的小断层）继续逆冲运动,从而产生一些逆冲型的中小余震。深部构造应力状态没有发生明显的改变,但北岭断裂的逆冲运动有可能引起了震源区浅部应力状态的变化。     

寻乌及邻区震源机制和视应力特征

利用寻乌及邻区2009年以来的地震波形资料,采用Snoke方法反演19次ML2.5以上地震的震源机制,计算89次ML1.5以上地震的视应力。结果显示,寻乌及邻区的走滑型地震占绝对优势,震源机制解P轴优势方向分布在310°~320°和110°~130°之间,倾角绝大多数在40°以内,与该区以NWW-SEE向水平挤压为特征的构造应力场吻合;寻乌震群集中区内8次ML2.5以上地震的震源机制结果一致性较好。寻乌及邻区视应力与震级呈正相关,2017-11-06寻乌ML3.8震群前的差视应力值出现高值波动。     

The effect of grain size on the viscosity and yield stress of fine-grained sediments

In debris flow modelling,the viscosity and yield stress of fine-grained sediments should be determined in order to better characterize sediment flow.In particular,it is important to understand the effect of grain size on the rheology of fine-grained sediments associated with yielding.When looking at the relationship between shear stress and shear rate before yielding,a high-viscosity zone（called pseudoNewtonian viscosity） towards the apparent yield stress exists.After yielding,plastic viscosity（called Bingham viscosity） governs the flow.To examine the effect of grain size on the rheological characteristics of fine-grained sediments,clay-rich materials（from the Adriatic Sea,Italy; Cambridge Fjord,Canada; and the Mediterranean Sea,Spain）,silt-rich debris flow materials（from La Valette,France） and silt-rich materials（iron tailings from Canada） were compared.Rheological characteristics were examined using a modified Bingham model.The materials examined,including the Canadian inorganic and sensitive clays,exhibit typical shear thinning behavior and strong thixotropy.In the relationships between the liquidity index and rheological values（viscosity and apparent yield stress）,the effect of grain size on viscosity and yield stress is significant at a given liquidity index.The viscosity and yield stress of debris flow materials are higher than those of low-activity clays at the same liquid state.However the viscosity and yield stress of the tailings,which are mainly composed of silt-sized particles,are slightly lower than those of low-activity clays.     

矾山铜钼矿区重金属与覆盖植被胁迫相关性光谱特征

高光谱遥感在地物精细探测方面具有较高的精度,能够实现弱缓信息的提取。应用高光谱遥感技术研究福建矾山高植被覆盖铜钼矿区重金属铜铅等元素与覆盖植被光谱胁迫相关性。通过对比分析矿区与非矿区典型植被光谱特征,在光谱特征分析结果基础上得出矿区典型植被均不同程度受到了重金属元素胁迫,并造成光谱曲线发生变异。在分析结果基础上,结合植被地球化学数据建立重金属与植被光谱胁迫相关性数学模型,提出矿区重金属与覆盖植被胁迫相关性。依据该模型可获得金属元素的空间分布,最终实现高光谱遥感技术在高植被覆盖区地质找矿中的应用。      

青藏高原西部及邻区构造应力场反演和断层滑动趋势分析

基于Global CMT提供的1976-01-01~2015-12-31期间1 255个M_W≥3.5地震的震源机制解,利用FMSI方法对青藏高原西部及邻区（新疆西部地区）应力场进行反演,得到区域应力场特征,并分析西昆仑断裂带及阿尔金断裂带的断层滑动趋势。结果表明,青藏高原西部及邻区的最大主压应力轴σ1整体呈NNE-SSW向,自西向东顺时针旋转;最小主压应力轴σ3整体呈NWW-SEE向。最大主压应力轴σ1倾角大小约为5°~9°,说明该地区的构造应力场以水平运动为主。西昆仑断裂带及阿尔金断裂带具有较强的滑动趋势（T_s≥0.5）,说明西昆仑断裂带及阿尔金断裂带未来失稳滑动的可能性较大。     

呼图壁地区震源机制解及构造应力场特征分析

基于新疆测震台网记录的数字地震波形,运用CAP方法测定呼图壁地区2010-01-15~2017-01-02共50次MS≥3.0地震的震源机制解,同时结合早期23次MS≥3.0地震的震源机制解数据,应用MSATSI软件反演研究区时空应力场。结果表明,研究区应力结构类型表现为逆断型,整个区域主压应力P轴近NNE向且倾角较小,说明整个呼图壁地区应力场以NNE向水平挤压作用为主要特征。从空间上看,东部的水平挤压作用更为显著;从时间上看,2010~2016年受到更为显著的NNE向应力场控制,反映了研究区在不同时段应力场的调整变化,但没有改变该区域最大主压应力轴呈NNE向的总体特征,说明整个呼图壁地区可能主要受一种较稳定的NNE向应力场控制。     

压力及温度对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特征的影响实验

碳酸盐岩声波传播特征具有重要的应用价值,系统性地分析流体类型、流体压力、温度及围压对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特性影响的研究仍需加强。选取四川盆地合川-潼南地区灯影组缝洞碳酸盐岩,开展了不同条件下的声波透射实验,分析了围压、孔隙压力、压力差、温度及流体类型对碳酸盐岩样品声波速度的影响及不同条件下透射声波的主频特征。研究结果表明：饱和地层水时声波速度对压力变化的敏感度较饱和氮气时低。压力变化过程中,声波速度变化幅度与岩样孔隙度为正相关关系。实验温度范围内,随着温度逐渐升高,饱和地层水、氮气岩心纵波速度、横波速度均小幅降低。当差应力较低时,通过改变孔隙压力来改变差应力的方式对应的声波速度大于通过改变围压来改变差应力方式对应的声波速度,当差应力较高时,结论相反。相同差应力条件下,声波速度对围压变化较孔隙压力变化更为敏感。定围压变孔隙压力与定孔压变围压曲线所对应的2条声波速度-差应力关系曲线的夹角及斜率差可定性反映岩样动态Biot有效应力系数相对大小。随着差应力增大,孔隙压力对有效应力的贡献逐渐降低。随着孔隙压力增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐下降,随着围压增大,纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均...     

砂土与混凝土顶管界面摩擦特性试验研究

为了揭示不同工况下混凝土顶管-砂土接触面剪切摩擦特性,确定管土、管浆摩擦系数,为顶管施工参数的选取及顶进力的计算提供指导与参考。采用直剪试验研究了5种砂土在不同法向压力、不同剪切速率及不同润滑状态下与混凝土管接触面的摩擦特性。试验结果表明:随着砂土颗粒粒径的增加,砂土与混凝土接触面剪切应力稳定值降低。随着法向应力的增加,砂土界面剪切应力达到峰值或稳定值时的剪切位移增加,同时界面剪切应力-剪切位移曲线的应变软化特性逐渐减弱,应变硬化趋势逐渐增强。无润滑条件下,随着法向应力的增加,剪切应力稳定值增量基本保持稳定或略有降低,泥浆润滑条件下,剪切应力稳定值增量增大;在较低法向压力下剪切速率对砂土剪切应力的影响较小;泥浆润滑条件下,砂土与混凝土接触面剪切应力可降低70%~80%,随着法向应力的增加,润滑效果降低。      

2020-01-19伽师6.4级地震前后视应力变化

柯坪块体中强地震频发,为获得更多的震情判定依据,利用新疆区域地震台网提供的数字地震学波形资料,计算柯坪块体2010~2020年M_L≥3.0地震的视应力值,讨论震源参数的标度关系,并分析柯坪块体5.0级及以上地震和伽师6.4级地震前后视应力的时空变化特征。结果表明,视应力和震级呈正相关关系;柯坪块体5.0级及以上地震前,视应力值在时间和空间上均出现不同程度的高值异常;伽师6.4级地震发生在视应力高值过程中,且震前5个月在震中区出现视应力高值异常。     

华北地区应力累积变化及其对现今地震活动的指示

基于分层粘弹性流变介质模型和中小地震震源机制解反演得出的区域应力场,给出历史强震对华北地区的库仑应力加载情况。结果显示,华北地区当前中等地震活动与历史强震的应力加载相关。超过85%的中等地震发生在应力加载区,表明其主体活动区域受控于历史强震的库仑应力加载。     

Mechanism of Phase Lag Between Current Speed and Suspended Sediment: Combined Effect of Erosion,Deposition, and Advection

To retrieve and explain the phase lag between current speed and suspended sediment concentration(SSC), erosion, deposition, and advection were isolated as primary processes of sediment movement in a three-dimensional model. The response time was proved to be one of the reasons for the phase lag, as time is needed for suspension to diffuse from bottom to surface. A fitted Shields diagram was introduced into the model to reflect the relationship between SSC and shear stress, between shear stress and critical shear stress, as well as between SSC and critical shear stress for erosion. It takes some time for shear stress to increase to the critical value after high or low tide, and this was proved to be an important contributor to the phase lag. Overall, the variation of vertically integrated SSC is influenced by erosion mass flux, deposition mass flux, and advection flux. The phase pattern of erosion mass flux is consistent with the pattern of current if there was no wave action. However, phase difference is produced by the influence of deposition mass flux and advection. In this study, SSC peak/trough mostly occurred near the moment erosion mass flux approximately equaled deposition mass flux and would be impacted by advection. The time required for instantaneous variation of suspension to get to 0 after current peak/trough represents the phase lag between current speed and SSC.     

青藏高原东北缘及其周边地区现今构造应力场及地震活动性

收集青藏高原东北缘及其周边地区371个震源机制解数据,对该区域进行1°×1°经纬度网格的构造应力场反演。结果表明,青藏高原东北缘内缘最大主压应力以NE向为主,外缘最大主压应力由西向东呈现出顺时针旋转的特征,即最大主压应力轴由西段近NNE向转为中段NE向,再转为东段NWW向。从不同深度对青藏高原东北缘及其周边地区进行2°×2°经纬度网格的构造应力场反演。结果显示,地壳上下部分断层体系存在巨大的变化差异,产生这种差异的原因可能与地壳的挤压增厚有关。