Numerical Modelling of Block-structure Dynamics: Application to the Vrancea Region

—A seismically active region is modelled as a system of absolutely rigid blocks separated by infinitely thin plane faults. The interaction of the blocks along the fault planes and with the underlying medium is viscous-elastic. The system of blocks moves as a consequence of prescribed motion of the boundary blocks and of the underlying medium. When, for some part of a fault plane the stress exceeds a certain strength level, a stress-drop ("a failure") occurs, and it can cause failures in other parts of the fault planes. In our model the failures represent earthquakes. As a result of the numerical simulation a synthetic earthquake catalog is produced. ? The procedure is applied to the numerical modelling of the dynamics of the block-structure, which approximates the tectonic structure of the Vrancea region. The result of the numerical experiment is a synthetic earthquake catalog with the space distribution of epicenters close to the real distribution and the frequency-magnitude relations (Gutenberg-Richter curves) obtained for the synthetic and real catalogs possessing some common features.     

Weather Radar Data for Hydrological Modelling: An Application for South of Primorye Region,Russia

Water Resources - This paper describes the experience of using weather radar data to simulate a catastrophic flood caused by intense rains that occurred in the period from August 5 to 8, 2017 in...     

Present State and Prospects of Ice Sheet and Glacier Modelling

Since the late 1970s, numerical modelling has become established as an important technique for the understanding of ice sheet and glacier dynamics, and several models have been developed over the years. Ice sheet models are particularly relevant for predicting the possible response of ice sheets to climate change. Recent observations suggest that ice dynamics could play a crucial role for the contribution of ice sheets to future sea level rise under global warming conditions, and the need for further research into the matter was explicitly stated in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In this paper, we review the state of the art and current problems of ice sheet and glacier modelling. An outline of the underlying theory is given, and crucial processes (basal sliding, calving, interaction with the solid Earth) are discussed. We summarise recent progress in the development of ice sheet and glacier system models and their coupling to climate models, and point out directions for future work.     

Modelling mixing and circulation in subglacial Lake Vostok,Antarctica

Lake Vostok, isolated from direct exchange with the atmosphere by about 4 km of ice for millions of years, provides a unique environment. This inaccessibility raises the importance of numerical models to investigate the physical conditions within the lake. Using a three-dimensional numerical model and the best available geometry, we test different parameter settings to define a standard model configuration suitable for studying flow in this subglacial lake. From our model runs we find a baroclinic circulation within the lake that splits into three different parts: Along a topographic ridge in the northern part of Lake Vostok, bottom water masses are transported eastward, diverging away from the ridge. In the lake’s surface layer, the flow in these two vertical overturning cells has opposite directions. In the southern part of the lake, where freezing occurs across about 3,500 km², two opposing gyres split the water column vertically. The general flow is stronger in the southern basin with horizontal velocities in the order of 1 mm/s. The strongest upwelling, found in the eastern part of this basin, is about 25 μm/s. We estimate the lower limit of the overturning timescale to be about 2.5 years vertically and 8.6 years horizontally. The basal mass loss of ice from the ice sheet floating on the lake is 5.6 mm/year (equivalent to a fresh water flux of 2.78 m³/s, or a basal ice loss of 0.09 km³/year). This imbalance indicates either a constant growth of the lake or its continuous (or periodical) discharge into a subglacial drainage system.     

Ice cover,landscape setting,and geological framework of Lake Vostok,East Antarctica

Lake Vostok, located beneath more than 4 km of ice in the middle of East Antarctica, is a unique subglacial habitat and may contain microorganisms with distinct adaptations to such an extreme environment. Melting and freezing at the base of the ice sheet, which slowly flows across the lake, controls the flux of water, biota and sediment particles through the lake. The influx of thermal energy, however, is limited to contributions from below. Thus the geological origin of Lake Vostok is a critical boundary condition for the subglacial ecosystem. We present the first comprehensive maps of ice surface, ice thickness and subglacial topography around Lake Vostok. The ice flow across the lake and the landscape setting are closely linked to the geological origin of Lake Vostok. Our data show that Lake Vostok is located along a major geological boundary. Magnetic and gravity data are distinct east and west of the lake, as is the roughness of the subglacial topography. The physiographic setting of the lake has important consequences for the ice flow and thus the melting and freezing pattern and the lake’s circulation. Lake Vostok is a tectonically controlled subglacial lake. The tectonic processes provided the space for a unique habitat and recent minor tectonic activity could have the potential to introduce small, but significant amounts of thermal energy into the lake.     

Modelling lake stage and water balance of Lake Tana,Ethiopia

The level of Lake Tana, Ethiopia, fluctuates annually and seasonally following the patterns of changes in precipitation. In this study, a mass balance approach is used to estimate the hydrological balance of the lake. Water influx from four major rivers, subsurface inflow from the floodplains, precipitation, outflow from the lake constituting river discharge and evapotranspiration from the lake are analysed on monthly and annual bases. Spatial interpolation of precipitation using rain gauge data was conducted using kriging. Outflow from the lake was identified as the evaporation from the lake's surface as well as discharge at the outlet where the Blue Nile commences. Groundwater inflow is estimated using MODular three‐dimensional finite‐difference ground‐water FLOW model software that showed an aligned flow pattern to the river channels. The groundwater outflow is considered negligible based on the secondary sources that confirmed the absence of lake water geochemical mixing outside of the basin. Evaporation is estimated using Penman's, Meyer's and Thornwaite's methods to compare the mass balance and energy balance approaches. Meteorological data, satellite images and temperature perturbation simulations from Global Historical Climate Network of National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration are employed for estimation of evaporation input parameters. The difference of the inflow and outflow was taken as storage in depth and compared with the measured water level fluctuations. The study has shown that the monthly and annually calculated lake level replicates the observed values with root mean square error value of 0·17 and 0·15 m, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics of hydra populations in Lake Zürich,Switzerland, and Lake Maggiore,Italy

Hydra populations were sampled every two weeks for three years in Lake Zürich and for one year in Lake Maggiore.Hydra fusca was most abundant followed byH. circumcincta andH. attenuata. The first two species showed strong seasonal fluctuations in abundance. Most of the reproduction occurred by budding. In all species, approximately one third of the individuals carried buds while the proportion of individuals carrying gametes was 1.6% inH. fusca and 13% inH. circumcincta in Lake Zürich. In Lake Maggiore very few sexual individuals were found. The ciliate commensalsKerona polyporum andTrichodina pediculus were observed on approximately one third of the individuals.     

浅水湖泊中碱性磷酸酶活性及其动力学参数的分层现象

１９９５年５月东湖与严西湖各采样点间歇水、上覆水和表层水中碱性磷酸酶的动力学参数（Ｖｍａｘ和Ｋｍ值）明显不同（Ｐ〈０．０５）,与表层水相比,东湖Ⅰ站上覆水中酶的Ｖｍａｘ明显较高,严西湖各站上覆水中酶的Ｖｍａｘ明显较低,而在东湖Ⅱ站,上覆水中酶的Ｖｍａｘ和Ｋｍ值明显较低,故仍有较高的催化效率。这一现象似与酶活性的组成有关。总之,富营养的东湖各站诸层次磷的酶促转换效率自上而下呈明显的递增趋势,严西湖则     

太湖水体理化指标在夏季短时间尺度上的分层及其控制因素

通过连续9d(2010年7月24日至2010年8月1日)对太湖水体理化指标垂向分层的高频率观测,揭示太湖多指标垂向分层规律.观测表明:(1)太湖中各水质指标频繁出现分层现象,但不稳定;(2)分层的主要控制因素包含气温的日变化、蓝藻水华堆积与风浪扰动等;(3)气温和太阳辐射日变化影响水温分层,水温垂向变幅可达3.94℃,...     

Recent changes in the spring microplankton of Lake Baikal,Russia

Lake Baikal is facing several environmental stressors, including climate change and nearshore eutrophication. To assess recent ecological changes in Lake Baikal and provide a baseline for future comparisons, we sampled spring plankton communities from the pelagic zone of the lake in 2016 and compared these data with unpublished and published historical information going back to 1990. In 2016, one pelagic long-term monitoring station was sampled in early spring (March) during ice cover and 21 long-term monitoring stations located throughout the lake were sampled in late spring (May-June). We measured water chemistry parameters at most stations and the abundance, taxonomic composition and biomass of bacteria, ciliates and phytoplankton at several locations in different areas of the lake. Biotic parameters from 2016 were compared with historical data, showing significant changes in the spring pelagic microbial community since the 1990s. We show increased quantities of small species, mixotrophic ciliates, and the appearance (or increasing number) of small coloured and colourless flagellates. We also show substantially decreased densities of formerly dominant heavily silicified diatoms such as Aulacoseira spp. Since 2007, Synedra acus subsp. radians, a smaller and weakly silicified diatom, has dominated the spring plankton of the lake. These results suggest that Lake Baikal’s pelagic plankton community may be changing, with climate likely playing a dominant role in these changes.     

1993-2010年洞庭湖湿地动态变化

利用不同时相遥感影像,结合实地调查,采用决策树分类方法提取洞庭湖湿地信息,完成洞庭湖四期湿地类型分布图;同时分析洞庭湖湿地植被群落动态变化特征、驱动因素以及湿地变化的影响.结果表明,17 a来洞庭湖滩地植被分布和面积发生了明显变化,林滩地面积净增367.88 km2,变化比例为1127.51%,分布范围向洲滩主体扩展,成为主要滩地类型;芦苇滩地面积减少44.09 km2,草滩地面积增加2.99 km2,变化比例分别为-5.80%和0.40%.洞庭湖湿地的变化一方面受洞庭湖泥沙淤积和滩地植被演替的影响,另一方面也受到人类活动干扰的影响.天然湿地植被的破坏,特别是人工种植芦苇和滩地造林在一定程度上改变了洞庭湖湿地生态系统原有的结构和功能.为有效保护洞庭湖湿地,要合理开发洲滩资源,保护天然湿地植被,合理规划和控制滩地造林.     

南京玄武湖蓝藻水华治理后水质和浮游植物的动态变化

玄武湖是典型的城市富营养化湖泊,2005年夏季暴发了大面积微囊藻水华,其后以粘土法为主,对微囊藻水华进行了应急治理。为了解应急治理后玄武湖水生态状况的变化,通过分析治理后浮游植物种类和数量变化以及重要理化指标的变化,探讨应急治理对湖水水质和浮游植物群落的影响。通过对比治理前和水华暴发期的监测数据,发现治理后浮游植物数量减少,种类增多;湖水总磷和叶绿素a的浓度都明显降低;水体透明度大幅提高,湖水总氮浓度随浮游植物的密度和菹草的生长而出现波动。     

Nutrient Budgets,Dynamics and Storm Effects in a Eutrophic,Stratified Baltic Lake

Between 1989 and 1998 the small eutrophic stratified Lake Belau was investigated intensively and multidisciplinarily. This article is a short, comprehensive summary and re‐evaluation of the hydrochemistry of the lake, with focus on nitrogen and phosphorus. In several aspects the lake can be regarded as a typical example of the glacial north German lakes. The 1960's and 1970's are characterised by heavy nutrient inputs and fast eutrophication. During the last two decades the external nutrient load, especially the phosphorus load into Lake Belau was significantly reduced. But phosphorus‐rich sediments and large areas with summerly anoxic sediment surface conditions cause intensive release of phosphorus from older deeper sediment layers. Annual budgets reveal that despite an average sediment accumulation of 3 mm a^?1 the lake has lost its function as net phosphorus sink and it is very likely that internal eutrophication by the sediments will keep the lake in its eutrophic state during the next decades. Despite that, monthly budgets of five vertical layers show that the main phosphorus supplier for the phosphorus depleted epilimnion during summer is the creek Alte Schwentine. The annual nitrogen budget indicates groundwater and interflow water as well as atmospheric input as additional important nitrogen sources. 36% (98 μmol m ^?2 h^?1 N) of all nitrogen input is lost to atmosphere mainly due to denitrification. The example of a heavy storm shows that about 10% of the annual nitrogen loss to the atmosphere can take place during a single day and in form of ammonia. The storm further made obvious that these unpredictable events can have strong impact on nutrient cycling and ecology in Lake Belau and the lake can become an unexpected nutrient source for downstream systems.     

Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Modelling and Inversion from Theory to Application

The whole subject of three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic (EM) modelling and inversion has experienced a tremendous progress in the last decade. Accordingly there is an increased need for reviewing the recent, and not so recent, achievements in the field. In the first part of this review paper I consider the finite-difference, finite-element and integral equation approaches that are presently applied for the rigorous numerical solution of fully 3-D EM forward problems. I mention the merits and drawbacks of these approaches, and focus on the most essential aspects of numerical implementations, such as preconditioning and solving the resulting systems of linear equations. I refer to some of the most advanced, state-of-the-art, solvers that are today available for such important geophysical applications as induction logging, airborne and controlled-source EM, magnetotellurics, and global induction studies. Then, in the second part of the paper, I review some of the methods that are commonly used to solve 3-D EM inverse problems and analyse current implementations of the methods available. In particular, I also address the important aspects of nonlinear Newton-type optimisation techniques and computation of gradients and sensitivities associated with these problems.     

Diurnal Thermal Stratification and Floc Rising in Clariflocculators of the Tropical Water Works

In four tropical water works there are carried out investigations on the floc rising occurring during the day-hours, and especially in the hot season, in the flocculators. This phenomenon is caused by the great heating of the raw water during the day-hours, due to which between 10.00 a. m. and 10.00 p. m. a temperature difference up to 3.7 K between the influent and the effluent of the flocculators occurs during a retention period of 3.5… 5 h within the flocculators. Even temperature differences of only 1 K result in floc rising, reducing the filter run by four to seven hours. Oversaturation of the raw water with oxygen by the photosynthetic oxygen production constitutes an additional cause. As a measure against the rising and passing-on of flocs we recommend the aeration of the water at the raw water intake point, to prevent a thermal stratification during the day-hours and at the same time to remove the perhaps given oxygen oversaturation.     

滆湖水生植物生物量、演替规律及合理利用

用五种不同的方法估算了滆湖水生植物的生物量,比较分析了全湖断面生物量和群丛生物量.分三个方面对滆湖水生植物的演替规律进行了讨论,对草型湖泊水生植物的合理利用进行了探讨.初步提出了草型湖泊估算渔产潜力的公式.在分析引起水生植物生物量变化的原因的基础上,提出了若干合理利用植物资源的建议.     

滆湖水生植物生物量、演替规律及合理利用

用五种不同的方法估算了滆湖水生植物的生物量,比较分析了全湖断面生物量和群丛生物量．分三个方面对滆湖水生植物的演替规律进行了讨论,对草型湖泊水生植物的合理利用进行了探讨．初步提出了草型湖泊估算渔产潜力的公式．在分析引起水生植物生物量变化的原因的基础上,提出了若干合理利用植物资源的建议．     

Subsurface Hydrology of the Lake Chad Basin from Convection Modelling and Observations

In the Lake Chad basin, the quaternary phreatic aquifer (named hereafter QPA) presents large piezometric anomalies referred to as domes and depressions whose depths are ~15 and ~60 m, respectively. A previous study (Leblanc et al. in Geophys Res Lett, 2003, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018094) noticed that brightness temperatures from METEOSAT infrared images of the Lake Chad basin are correlated with the QPA piezometry. Indeed, at the same latitude, domes are ~4–5 K warmer than the depressions. Leblanc et al. (Geophys Res Lett, 2003, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018094) suggested that such a thermal behaviour results from an evapotranspiration excess above the piezometric depressions, an interpretation implicitly assuming that the QPA is separated from the other aquifers by the clay-rich Pliocene formation. Based on satellite visible images, here we find evidence of giant polygons, an observation that suggests instead a local vertical connectivity between the different aquifers. We developed a numerical water convective model giving an alternative explanation for the development of QPA depressions and domes. Beneath the depressions, a cold descending water convective current sucks down the overlying QPA, while, beneath the dome, a warm ascending current produces overpressure. Such a basin-wide circulation is consistent with the water geochemistry. We further propose that the thermal diurnal and evaporation/condensation cycles specific to the water ascending current explain why domes are warmer. We finally discuss the possible influence of the inferred convective circulation on the transient variations of the QPA reported from observations of piezometric levels and GRACE-based water mass change over the region.     

湖泊藻型富营养化控制——技术、理论及应用

湖泊富营养化防治走过了从控制营养盐、直接除藻、到生物调控、生态工程及生态恢复等艰难历程,各国为此投入了巨额资金、然而收效甚微,富营养化依然是全球性重大水环境问题。回顾和分析富营养化湖泊治理研究与实践的成功经验与失败教训,无疑将有助于采取更切实可行的技术有效控制湖泊富营养化。综观全球营养养化治理研究成果,不难看出,富营养化是一个典型的生态问题,生态问题只有用生态学方法解决。在全湖性富营养化难以快速根治的情况下,如何集中技术优势和有限财力,优先解决对人类生活影响较大的局部水域富营养化问题,逐步修复受损的湖泊生态系统,提高水体自净能力、改善水体环境质量并建立湖泊健康生态系统。