Tectonic evolution of a continental magmatic arc from transpression in the upper crust to exhumation of mid-crustal orogenic root recorded by episodically emplaced plutons: the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (Bohemian Massif)

The Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (CBPC) consists of episodically emplaced plutons, the internal fabrics of which recorded tectonic evolution of a continental magmatic arc. The ~354–350 Ma calc-alkaline plutons were emplaced by multiple processes into the upper-crustal Teplá-Barrandian Unit, and their magmatic fabrics recorded increments of regional transpression. Multiple fabrics of the younger, ~346 Ma Blatná pluton recorded both regional transpression and the onset of exhumation of mid-crustal orogenic root (Moldanubian Unit). Continuous exhumation-related deformation during pluton cooling resulted in the development of a wide zone of sub-solidus deformation along the SE margin of the CBPC. Finally, syn-exhumation tabular durbachitic pluton of ultrapotassic composition was emplaced atop the intrusive sequence at ~343–340 Ma, and the ultrapotassic Tábor pluton intruded after exhumation of the orogenic root (~337 Ma). We suggest that the emplacement of plutons during regional transpression in the upper crust produced thermally softened domain which then accommodated the exhumation of the mid-crustal orogenic root, and that the complex nature of the Teplá-Barrandian/Moldanubian boundary is a result of regional transpression in the upper crust, the enhancement of regional deformation in overlapping structural aureoles, the subsequent exhumation of the orogenic root domain, and post-emplacement brittle faulting.     

Structure,emplacement, and tectonic setting of Late Devonian granitoid plutons in the Teplá–Barrandian unit,Bohemian Massif

The Štěnovice and Čistá granodiorite–tonalite plutons are small (~27 and ~38 km², respectively) intrusions that are largely discordant to regional ductile structures in the center of the upper-crustal Teplá–Barrandian unit, Bohemian Massif. Their whole-rock and trace-element compositions are consistent with medium-K calc-alkaline magma, generated above a subducted slab in a continental margin arc setting. The U–Pb zircon age of the Štěnovice pluton, newly determined at 375 ± 2 Ma using the laser ablation ICP-MS technique, is within the error of the previously published Pb–Pb age of 373 ± 1 Ma for the Čistá pluton. The two plutons also share other characteristics that are typical of concentrically expanded plutons (CEPs), such as elliptical cross-section in plan view, steep contacts, inferred downward-narrowing conical shape, faint normal zoning, and margin-parallel magmatic foliation decoupled from the regional host-rock structures. We interpret the Štěnovice and Čistá plutons as representing the initial Late Devonian stage of much more voluminous early Carboniferous arc-related plutonism (represented most typically by the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex) in the upper crust of the central Bohemian Massif. These two plutons are important tectonic elements in that they indicate an overall shift of the arc-related plutonic activity from the ~NW to the ~SE, accompanied with a general compositional trend of the magmas from medium-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic/ultrapotassic. Such a pattern is compatible with SE-directed subduction of the Saxothuringian Ocean beneath the Teplá–Barrandian overriding plate as a cause of arc-related magmatism in this part of the Bohemian Massif.     

From migmatites to granites in the Pan-African Damara orogenic belt,Namibia

The Swakop River exposes a unique structural section into the root of the Pan-African Damara orogenic belt (DOB) in Namibia formed as a result of collision between the Congo and the Kalahari cratons from ca. 550 to 500 Ma. The Central Zone of the Damara orogenic belt is characterized by amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism accompanied by intense partial melting. Three tectonic units are defined in the Central Zone based on the proportion and distribution of the granitic fraction, namely (1) a lower unit dominated by diatexites and comprising plutons of homogeneous granites, (2) a middle unit composed by metatexites with mainly a metasedimentary protolith, and (3) an upper unit corresponding to metamorphic rocks with intrusive leucogranitic sills and laccoliths. The increase in the granitic fraction with structural depth is suggesting an increase in the degree of partial melting and implies a relative inefficiency of magma mobility from the source to higher structural levels. The transition from metatexites of the middle unit to diatexites and granites of the lower unit is interpreted as reflecting the former transition from partially molten rocks to a crustal-scale magmatic layer. Mushroom-shaped granitic plutons in the lower unit are consistent with their emplacement as diapirs and the development of gravitational instabilities within the magmatic layer. In the middle unit, granitic veins concordant and discordant to the synmigmatitic foliation localized in structurally-controlled sites (foliation, boudin’s necks, shear zones, fold hinges) indicate that, within the partially molten zone, deformation plays the dominant role in melt segregation and migration at the outcrop scale. Melt migration from the partially molten zone to the intrusive zone is related to the build-up of an interconnected network of dikes and sills with diffuse contacts with the migmatitic hosts in the middle unit. In contrast, the upper unit is characterized by homogeneous leucogranitic plutons in sharp intrusive contact with genetically unrelated host rocks suggest that part of the melt fraction has migrated upward from its source to an intrusive zone.     

Magmatic to solid state fabrics in syntectonic granitoids recording early Carboniferous orogenic collapse in the Bohemian Massif

The ∼354–336 Ma Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex is a Variscan magmatic arc that developed in the central Bohemian Massif in response to subduction of the Saxothuringian lithosphere beneath the Teplá–Barrandian microplate. Magmatic to solid state fabrics in the most voluminous portion of this arc (the ∼346 Ma Blatná pluton) record two superposed orogenic events: dextral transpression associated with arc-parallel stretching and arc-perpendicular shortening, and normal shearing associated with exhumation of the high-grade core of the orogen (Moldanubian unit). This kinematic switch is an important landmark in the evolution of this segment of the Variscan belt for it marks the cessation of subduction-related compressive forces in the upper crust giving way to gravity-driven normal movements of the Teplá–Barrandian hanging wall block relative to the high-grade Moldanubian footwall. We use thermal modeling to demonstrate that the emplacement of huge volumes of arc magmas and their slow cooling produced a thermally softened domain in the upper crust and that the magmatic arc granitoids may have played a major role in initiating the orogenic collapse in the Bohemian Massif through lubrication and reactivation of a pre-existing lithospheric boundary and decreasing the overall strength of the rigid orogenic lid.     

Exhumation, strain localization, and emplacement of granitoids along the western part of the Central Bohemian shear zone (Bohemian Massif)

Emplacement of granitoid magmas and simultaneous exhumation of deeply buried rocks has been investigated along the western part of the Central Bohemian shear zone (CBSZ, Bohemian Massif). Combined structural, petrological and geochronological data of the steeply dipping shear zone suggest complex uplift and exhumation of deeply buried, high-temperature Moldanubian rocks, resulting in the juxtaposition against the supracrustal Teplá-Barrandian unit. Uplift of Moldanubian rocks from depths of probably more than 30 km was initiated after crustal stacking in Upper Devonian times. Syntectonic Lower Carboniferous emplacement of the Klatovy pluton into the pre-existing shear zone led to melt-controlled strain softening and localization. However, the major part of the total displacement of the CBSZ was accommodated within a late- to post-intrusive high-temperature shear zone in the uprising Moldanubian unit and a post-intrusive unexposed fault zone in the Klatovy pluton, respectively. During uplift of the Moldanubian rocks, strain was strongly partitioned into melt-bearing zones (Klatovy pluton, migmatites of the Moldanubian unit) resulting in a repeated shift of deformation in space and time.     

Metamorphism and Anatexis in the Mafic Complex Contact Aureole, Ivrea Zone, Northern Italy

Emplacement of mantle-derived magma (magmatic accretion) isoften presumed or inferred to be an important cause of regionalgranulite facies metamorphism and crustal anatexis. The juxtapositionof mafic cumulates and regionally distributed granulite faciesrocks has led some to consider the Ivrea zone (northern Italy,Southern Alps) as an important exposure that demonstrates thiscausal relationship. However, regional PTt paths indicated bymetamorphic reaction textures and PT conditions inferred fromgeothermobarometry indicate that the emplacement of mafic plutonicrocks (Mafic Complex) at the Ivrea zone occurred during decompressionfrom ambient pressures at the regional thermal maximum. Fieldand petrographic observations, supported by PT estimates, indicatethat regional retrograde decompression and emplacement of theupper parts of the Mafic Complex probably accompanied extensionduring the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian. A spatiallyrestricted decompression-melting event accompanied final emplacement,depleting supracrustal rocks enclosed by an     

Intrusive rocks and tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Mako Paleoproterozoic belt (Eastern Senegal,West Africa)

The Kedougou Kenieba Inlier (KKI) (Paleoproterozoic of Eastern Senegal) is a portion of the West African Craton (WAC) containing a granite-greenstone terrain that experienced three distinct periods of magmatic activity, peaking at 2200, 2160–2130 and 2100–2070 Ma. In the Inlier, Paleoproterozoic granitoids and large-scale transcurrent shear zones are spatially associated, suggesting a genetic link between magma bodies and shear zones. Granitic intrusions are associated with all the volcanic episodes and phases of deformation, and have been used to constrain the age of many of these events. Our structural data and deformation sequence indicate that the Mako Greenstone Belt and the adjacent granitoid complexes have undergone a multi-phase evolutionary history that is spread over a prolonged period. The available geochronological data and field studies allowed classification of the granitoids of the KKI into four generations GI, GII, GIII and GIV.The current data suggest that the oldest rocks in the KKI, the Badon granites (2198 ± 2 Ma) and the tonalitic gneisses from Tonkouto (2200–2198 Ma) (GI), could be correlated with an early Birimian magmatic event. The gneisses, crystallized at depth, record the earliest deformation and in contrast to other tonalites, do not appear to have intruded volcanic rocks. The second manifestation of magmatism was intrusion of mafic diorite – the Gabbro Sandikounda Layered Igneous Complex type (GII) and development of the Laminia Kaourou Plutonic Complex (LKPC) (2160–2130 Ma). These bodies pre-date or are sometimes synchronous with a major deformational episode, and may, therefore, have formed very early in convergent Birimian orogenesis.The third major peak of magmatic activity occurred after the above major episode with the development of the oval shaped Diombalou and Bouroumbourou plutons (GIII). The orientation of these plutons parallel to the regional strike of the schistosity indicates structural control on granite emplacement. Eburnean magmatism was terminated in the Mako Belt following compressional Eburnean deformation, with the emplacement of the Tinkoto, Mamakono plutons (GIV) in the east of the complex and continued in the Dialé–Daléma supergroup with the syntectonic emplacement of the Saraya batholith. Garnitiferous granites of crustal derivation were emplaced in the final period of extensional activity around 2080 Ma.Field observations suggest the early plutons of the complex granitic (Kakadian) batholith intruded during convergent deformation whereas later igneous activity accompanied regional orogen-parallel extension, followed by exhumation. In the Mako Belt, thickening of the crust was proposed to have caused heating and the ‘apparent diapiric rise’ of the Diombalou and Bouroumbourou plutons.     

Synplutonic mafic dykes from late Archaean granitoids in the Eastern Dharwar Craton,southern India

We present a first overview of the synplutonic mafic dykes (mafic injections) from the 2.56–2.52 Ga calcalkaline to potassic plutons in the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC). The host plutons comprise voluminous intrusive facies (dark grey clinopyroxene-amphibole rich monzodiorite and quartz monzonite, pinkish grey porphyritic monzogranite and grey granodiorite) located in the central part of individual pluton, whilst subordinate anatectic facies (light grey and pink granite) confined to the periphery. The enclaves found in the plutons include highly angular screens of xenoliths of the basement, rounded to pillowed mafic magmatic enclaves (MME) and most spectacular synplutonic mafic dykes. The similar textures of MME and adjoining synplutonic mafic dykes together with their spatial association and occasional transition of MME to dismembered synplutonic mafic dykes imply a genetic link between them. The synplutonic dykes occur in varying dimension ranging from a few centimeter width upto 200 meters width and are generally dismembered or disrupted and rarely continuous. Necking of dyke along its length and back veining of more leucocratic variant of the host is common feature. They show lobate as well as sharp contacts with chilled margins suggesting their injection during different stages of crystallization of host plutons in magma chamber. Local interaction, mixing and mingling processes are documented in all the studied crustal corridors in the EDC. The observed mixing, mingling, partial hybridization, MME and emplacement of synplutonic mafic dykes can be explained by four stage processes: (1) Mafic magma injected during very early stage of crystallization of host felsic magma, mixing of mafic and felsic host magma results in hybridization with occasional MME; (2) Mafic magma introduced slightly later, the viscosities of two magmas may be different and permit only mingling where by each component retain their identity; (3) When mafic magma injected into crystallizing granitic host magma with significant crystal content, the mafic magma is channeled into early fractures and form dismembered synplutonic mafic dykes and (4) Mafic injections enter into largely crystallized (>80% crystals) granitic host results in continuous dykes with sharp contacts. The origin of mafic magmas may be related to development of fractures to mantle depth during crystallization of host magmas which results in the decompression melting of mantle source. The resultant hot mafic melts with low viscosity rise rapidly into the crystallizing host magma chamber where they interact depending upon the crystallinity and viscosity of the host. These hot mafic injections locally cause reversal of crystallization of the felsic host and induce melting and resultant melts in turn penetrate the crystallizing mafic body as back veining. Field chronology indicates injection of mafic magmas is synchronous with emplacement of anatectic melts and slightly predates the 2.5 Ga metamorphic event which affected the whole Archaean crust. The injection of mafic magmas into the crystallizing host plutons forms the terminal Archaean magmatic event and spatially associated with reworking and cratonization of Archaean crust in the EDC.     

40Ar/39Ar hornblende dating of a microgranodiorite dyke: implications for early Permian extension in the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif

Laser fusion ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of titanian pargasite from a microgranodiorite dyke swarm in the southern Bohemian Massif effectively date the early Permian (late Autunian) emplacement of dykes into a cool Moldanubian crust. This intrusion represents the youngest magmatic phase recorded in this part of the Moldanubian Zone. Strontium and neodymium isotopic ratios of microgranodiorites point to magma derivation from re-melting the lower crustal rocks with a possible component of upper mantle composition. Spatial and temporal association of the dykes with movements on a major N-S (NNE-SSW) tectonic discontinuity (Blanice-Kaplice-Rödl fault zone) suggests that their emplacement corresponds to the maximum age of fault movements associated with the E/W-oriented extension in this part of the Bohemian Massif.     

Fault-controlled pluton emplacement in the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt of southwest Montana,USA

Problems associated with syncompressional pluton emplacement center on the need to make room for magma in environments where crustal shortening, not extension, occurs on a regional scale. New structural data from the Pioneer and Boulder batholiths of southwest Montana, USA, suggest emplacement at the top of frontal thrust ramps as composite tabular bodies at crustal depths between 1 and 10 km. Frontal thrust facilitated pluton emplacement was accommodated by: (1) a magma feeder zone created along the ramp interface; (2) providing ‘releasing steps’ at ramp tops that serve as initial points of emplacement and subsequent pluton growth; and (3) localizing antithetic back-thrusts that assist in pluton ascent. A model of magma emplacement is proposed that involves these elements. This model for syntectonic ramp-top emplacement of plutons helps explain how space is made for plutons within fold-and-thrust belts.     

Extrusive Members of Postcollisional A-Type Magmatism in Central Anatolia: Karahidir Volcanics,Idis Dagi-Avanos Area,Turkey

The Idis Dagi Igneous Complex is one of a number of late-stage plutonic bodies within the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. It intrudes Paleozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic basement rocks and Late Cretaceous granitoids. The complex comprises mainly quartz syenites and alkali-feldspar quartz syenites known as the Idis Dagi Syenitoids.

Trachydacitic, trachyandesitic, and dacitic rocks (Karahidir Volcanics) have been recently found as dikes cutting the Idis Dagi Syenitoids or as huge blocks within an olistostromal unit of latest Cretaceous(?)-Early Paleocene age that immediately overlies the Idis Dagi Igneous Complex. Petrographic and geochemical data indicate that the Idis Dagi Syenitoids and the Karahidir Volcanics display similar humped patterns on chondrite- and MORB-normalized spider diagrams, with peaks at Rb, Th, and Ce, and also negative Nb anomalies. These features are similar to patterns considered typical of postcollisional, A-type igneous rocks. A postcollisional setting is also suggested by the distribution of data on tectonic discrimination diagrams involving Nb, Y, and Rb. As a whole, the geochemical data suggest that the Idis Dagi Syenitoids and Karahidir Volcanics are cogenetic. Thus, the Karahidir Volcanics represent the shallow intrusive and volcanic equivalents of the deeper-level Idis Dagi Syenitoids.

The syenitoid rocks are considered the final phase of the magmatism in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex and are classified as post-orogenic alkaline rocks. Their chemical features suggest a largely mantle-derived magma contribution, together with a noticeable crustal component in their genesis. They were formed during postcollisional uplift that followed crustal thickening related to the southward emplacement of ophiolitic nappes during closure of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Oceanic strand of Neotethys. The Karahidir Volcanics were exposed during regional extension that resulted in the formation of latest Cretaceous(?)-Early Paleocene extensional basins, and were emplaced as huge blocks into the continental clastic rocks by gravity sliding. This extension phase is characteristic of the development of all the other latest Cretaceous-Early Tertiary intracratonic basins in central Anatolia.     

Constraints on the depth of generation and emplacement of a magmatic epidote‐bearing quartz diorite pluton in the Coast Plutonic Complex,British Columbia

Petrology and P–T estimates indicate that a magmatic epidote‐bearing quartz diorite pluton from Mt. Gamsby, Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia, was sourced at pressures below ～1.4 GPa and cooled nearly isobarically at ～0.9 GPa. The P–T path indicates that the magma was within the stability field of magmatic epidote early and remained there upon final crystallization. The pluton formed and crystallized at depths greater than ～30 km. REE data indicate that garnet was absent in the melting region and did not fractionate during crystallization. This suggests that the crust was less than or equal to ～55 km thick at 188 Ma during the early phases of magmatism in the Coast Plutonic Complex. Late Cretaceous contractional deformation and early Tertiary extension exhumed the rocks to upper crustal levels. Textures of magmatic epidote and other magmatic phases, combined with REE data, can be important for constraining the P–T path followed by magmas.     

福建武平岩基岩石谱系单位划分

根据近几年来在１：５万区调中采用岩石谱系单位新理论、新方法填图的成果,以及岩石成分、结构构造特征、群居关系、侵入接触类型等,将过去１：２０万区调均划属燕山早期黑云母花岗岩及细粒花岗岩的武平岩体,解体为志留纪、晚三叠世、侏罗纪、白垩纪等不同时代深成岩体,划分出中（基）性、中酸性及酸性岩等岩石类型。圈定深成岩体４０个,独立侵入体１５个,共３３个单元,归并为６个超单元,５个独立单元。并认为志留纪侵入岩浆     

An alternative emplacement model for the classic Ardnamurchan cone sheet swarm,NW Scotland,involving lateral magma supply via regional dykes

Sub-volcanic intrusive networks, of which cone sheets are recognised as a major constituent, partially control volcano growth and eruption style. The accepted cone sheet model is that these confocally dipping intrusions originate from an unexposed central magma chamber through dip-parallel magma flow. However, the emplacement mechanism of cone sheets remains poorly understood. The ∼58 Ma cone sheet swarm of Ardnamurchan, NW Scotland, offers an excellent opportunity to further resolve the emplacement dynamics of cone sheets, through studying magma flow, and their importance in volcanic edifice construction. Structural measurements and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analyses have constrained a lateral magma flow pattern, consistently oriented NW–SE, in the majority of the Ardnamurchan cone sheets. Field observations also highlight the importance of host rock structure and interference between competing local and regional stress fields in controlling intrusion geometry. Our observations suggest cone sheet formation may be linked to laterally propagating NW–SE trending regional dykes, sourced from laterally adjacent magmatic systems (likely the Palaeogene Mull Central Complex), which are deflected around the central complex by stress field interference. Implicitly, edifice construction and potential eruption precursors observed at a volcano may instigate, or result from, magmatic activity in laterally adjacent volcanic systems.     

Interplay between geochemistry and magma dynamics during magma interaction: An example from the Sithonia Plutonic Complex (NE Greece)

Orogenic granitoids often display mineralogical and geochemical features suggesting that open-system magmatic processes played a key role in their evolution. This is testified by the presence of enclaves of more mafic magmas dispersed into the granitoid mass, the occurrence of strong disequilibrium textures in mineralogical phases, and/or extreme geochemical and isotopic variability.

In this contribution, intrusive rocks constituting the Sithonia Plutonic Complex (Northern Greece) are studied on the basis of mineral chemistry, whole-rock major, trace element geochemistry, and Sr and Nd isotopic composition. Sithonia rocks can be divided into a basic group bearing macroscopic (mafic enclaves), microscopic (disequilibrium textures), geochemical, and isotopic evidence of magma interaction, and an acid group in which most geochemical and isotopic features are consistent with a magma mixing process, but macroscopic and microscopic features are lacking.

A two-step Mixing plus Fractional Crystallization (MFC) process is considered responsible for the evolution of the basic group. The first step explains the chemical variation in the mafic enclave group: a basic magma, represented by the least evolved enclaves, interacted with an acid magma, represented by the most evolved granitoid rocks, to give the most evolved enclaves. The second step explains the geochemical variations of the remaining rocks of the basic group: most evolved enclaves interacted with the same acid magma to give the spectrum of rock compositions with intermediate geochemical signatures. A convection–diffusion process is envisaged to explain the geochemical and isotopic variability and the lack of macroscopic and petrographic evidence of magma interaction in the acid group.

The mafic magma is presumably the result of melting of a mantle, repeatedly metasomatized and enriched in LILE due to subduction events, whereas the acid magma is considered the product of partial melting of lower crustal rocks of intermediate to basaltic composition.

It is shown that Sithonia Plutonic Complex offers the opportunity to investigate in detail the complex interplay between geochemistry and magma dynamics during magma interaction processes between mantle and crustal derived magmas.     

Magmatic fabrics and emplacement of the cone-sheet-bearing Knížecí Stolec durbachitic pluton (Moldanubian Unit, Bohemian Massif): implications for mid-crustal reworking of granulitic lower crust in the Central European Variscides

The ∼340 Ma Knížecí Stolec durbachitic pluton was emplaced as a deep-seated cone-sheet-bearing ring complex into the Křišt’anov granulite body (Moldanubian Unit, Bohemian Massif). Prior to the emplacement of the durbachitic magma, the steep sub-concentric metamorphic foliation in the granulite formed due to intense ductile folding during high-grade retrograde metamorphism. Subsequently, the durbachitic pluton intruded discordantly into the granulite at around ∼340 Ma. The steep margin-parallel magmatic fabric in the durbachitic rocks may have recorded intrusive strain during emplacement. After the emplacement, but prior to the final solidification, the pluton was overprinted by the regional flat-lying fabric under lower pressure–temperature conditions (T = 765 ± 53°C; P = 0.76 ± 0.15 GPa). Based on this study and comparison with other ultrapotassic plutons, we suggest that the flat-lying fabrics, widespread throughout the exhumed lower to middle crust (Moldanubian Unit), exhibit major variations in character, intensity, kinematics, and shape of the fabric ellipsoid. These fabrics may have formed at different structural levels and in different parts of the root prior to ~337 Ma. Therefore, we suggest that this apparently “single” orogenic fabric recorded multiple deformation events and heterogenous finite deformation rather than reflecting a single displacement field within the orogenic root.     

Lead isotope evolution of the Central European upper mantle:Constraints from the Bohemian Massif

The Pb isotope composition of the upper mantle beneath Central Europe is heterogeneous due to the subduction of regionally contrasting material during the Variscan and Alpine orogenies.Late Variscan to Cenozoic mantlederived melts allow mapping this heterogeneity on a regional scale for the last ca.340 Myr.Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic anorogenic magmatic rocks of the Bohemian Massif(lamprophyres,volcanic rocks of basanite/tephrite and trachyte/phonolite series) concentrate mostly in the Eger Rift.Cretaceous ultramafic lamprophyres yielded the most radiogenic Pb isotope signatures reflecting a maximum contribution from metasomatised lithospheric mantle,whereas Tertiary alkaline lamprophyres originated from mantle with less radiogenic ~(206)Pb/~(204)b ratios suggesting a more substantial modification of lithospheric source by interaction with asthenosphericderived melts.Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the basanite/tephrite and trachyte/phonolite series define a linear mixing trend between these components,indicating dilution of the initial lithospheric mantle signature by upwelling asthenosphere during rifting.The Pb isotope composition of Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic magmatic rocks of the Bohemian Massif follows the same Pb growth curve as Variscan orogenic lamprophyres and lamproites that formed during the collision between Laurussia,Gondwana,and associated terranes.This implies that the crustal Pb signature in the post-Variscan mantle is repeatedly sampled by younger anorogenic melts.Most Cenozoic mantle-derived rocks of Central Europe show similar Pb isotope ranges as the Bohemian Massif.     

Coeval felsic and Mafic Magmas in neoarchean calc-alkaline magmatic arcs,Dharwar craton,Southern India: Field and petrographic evidence from mafic to Hybrid magmatic enclaves and synplutonic Mafic dykes

We present field and petrographic data on Mafic Magmatic Enclaves (MME), hybrid enclaves and synplutonic mafic dykes in the calc-alkaline granitoid plutons from the Dharwar craton to characterize coeval felsic and mafic magmas including interaction of mafic and felsic magmas. The composite host granitoids comprise of voluminous juvenile intrusive facies and minor anatectic facies. MME, hybrid enclaves and synplutonic mafic dykes are common but more abundant along the marginal zone of individual plutons. Circular to ellipsoidal MME are fine to medium grained with occasional chilled margins and frequently contain small alkali feldspar xenocrysts incorporated from host. Hybrid magmatic enclaves are intermediate in composition showing sharp to diffused contacts with adjoining host. Spectacular synplutonic mafic dykes commonly occur as fragmented dykes with necking and back veining. Similar magmatic textures of mafic rocks and their felsic host together with cuspate contacts, magmatic flow structures, mixing, mingling and hybridization suggest their coeval nature. Petrographic evidences such as disequilibrium assemblages, resorption, quartz ocelli, rapakivi-like texture and poikilitically enclosed alkali feldspar in amphibole and plagioclase suggest interaction, mixing/mingling of mafic and felsic magmas. Combined field and petrographic evidences reveal convection and divergent flow in the host magma chamber following the introduction of mafic magmas. Mixing occurs when mafic magma is introduced into host felsic magma before initiation of crystallization leading to formation of hybrid magma under the influence of convection. On the other hand when mafic magmas inject into host magma containing 30–40% crystals, the viscosities of the two magmas are sufficiently different to permit mixing but permit only mingling. Finally, if the mafic magmas are injected when felsic host was largely crystallized (~70% or more crystals), they fill early fractures and interact with the last residual liquids locally resulting in fragmented dykes. The latent heat associated with these mafic injections probably cause reversal of crystallization of adjoining host in magma chamber resulting in back veining in synplutonic mafic dykes. Our field data suggest that substantial volume of mafic magmas were injected into host magma chamber during different stages of crystallization. The origin of mafic magmas may be attributed to decompression melting of mantle associated with development of mantle scale fractures as a consequence of crystallization of voluminous felsic magmas in magma chambers at deep crustal levels.     

Discordant ultramafic pegmatoidal pipes in the Bushveld Complex

Discordant ultramafic pipes cut most of the layered sequence of the Bushveld Complex. We have studied one pipe in detail, the Tweefontein pipe, which cuts the Critical Zone, eastern Bushveld Complex, because it is well-exposed in a new road cutting. Field relations suggest that these pipes were emplaced while the layered rocks were extremely hot and incapable of brittle failure. The existence of displaced chromitite and anorthosite fragments in this discordant body is suggestive of an intrusive magmatic, rather than metasomatic, mode of emplacement. Initial Sr isotopic ratios of plagioclase from the pipe are in the range 0.7073 to 0.7079, which contrast with typical ratios of 0.7055 to 0.7065 for the Critical Zone, and >0.708 for Main Zone. These data preclude an origin for the pipe as residual magmas from the adjacent layered rocks. The compositions of, and extensive exsolution in, pyroxenes in the pipe indicate temperatures of formation comparable to those of the layered sequence itself, and that they underwent slow cooling comparable to the surrounding layered rocks, such that they both have similar closure temperatures. Preferential replacement of leuconoritic layers suggests a temperature of emplacement in excess of the plagioclase–pyroxene cotectic temperature. The per mil δ¹⁸O difference between plagioclase and pyroxene (Δ_plag–px) for samples from within the pipes ranges from 0.4 to 1.0, and averages 0.7 (for nine pairs), compared to Δ_plag–px of 0.4 to 0.6 for host rocks, again consistent with magmatic temperatures of formation. Oxygen isotope ratios for plagioclase and pyroxene in the pipes and layered host rocks are comparable, and preclude a significant fluid contribution from metamorphosed sediments in the floor of the Bushveld Complex in the formation of the primary mineralogy. The presence of hornblende, and occasional higher Δ_plag–px values than in the normal layered sequence rocks suggest lower temperature equilibration in the pipe, probably in the presence of a fluid. Higher absolute δ¹⁸O values for both minerals in a few of the pipe and host samples suggest reaction with a later fluid. These discordant ultramafic pipes are considered to form by emplacement of magma batches, which are Sr-isotopically distinct from those which produced the adjacent layered rocks of the Bushveld Complex, but were nevertheless extremely closely related in time to the main intrusive events. Dissolution of host rocks, rather than purely mechanical dilation, provided the space for pipe emplacement. However, the pipe may have acted ultimately as a channelway for low-temperature hydrothermal fluids related to later faulting in the immediate vicinity. Received: 10 October 1998 / Accepted: 22 May 2000     

The role of crustal fertility in the generation of large silicic magmatic systems triggered by intrusion of mantle magma in the deep crust

The Sesia magmatic system of northwest Italy allows direct study of the links between silicic plutonism and volcanism in the upper crust and the coeval interaction of mafic intrusions with the deep crust. In this paper, we focus on the chemical stratigraphy of the pre-intrusion crust, which can be inferred from the compositions of crustal-contaminated mafic plutonic rocks, restitic crustal material incorporated by the complex, and granitic rocks crystallized from anatectic melts. These data sources independently indicate that the crust was compositionally stratified prior to the intrusion of an 8-km-thick gabbroic to dioritic body known as the Mafic Complex, with mica and K-feldspar abundance decreasing with depth and increasing metamorphic grade. Reconsideration of published zircon age data suggest that the igneous evolution initiated with sporadic pulses at around 295 Ma, when mafic sills intruded deep granulites which provided a minor amount of depleted crustal contaminant, very poor in LIL elements. With accelerated rates of the intrusion, between 292 and 286 m.y, mafic magmas invaded significantly more fertile, amphibolite-facies paragneisses, resulting in increased contamination and generating hybrid rocks with distinct chemistry. At this point, increased anatexis produced a large amount of silicic hybrid melts that fed the incremental growth of upper-crustal plutons and volcanic activity, while the disaggregated restite was largely assimilated once ingested by the growing Mafic Complex. This “igneous climax” was coincident with an increasing rate of intrusion, when the upper Mafic Complex began growing according to the “gabbro glacier” model and, at about the same time, volcanic activity initiated. Cooling lasted millions of years. In the coupled magmatic evolution of the deep and upper crust, the Mafic Complex should be considered more as a large reservoir of heat rather than a source of upper-crustal magma, while the fertility of “under/intra-plated” crust plays a crucial role in governing the generation of large volumes of continental silicic magmas.