Comparative experimental study on several methods for measuring elastic wave velocities in rocks at high pressure

To measure elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure is an important way to acquire the mechanics and thermodynamics data of rocks in the earth's interior and also a substantial approach to studying the structure and composition of materials there. In recent years, a rapid progress has been made in methodology pertaining to the measurements of elastic wave velocities in rocks at high temperature and high pressure with solids as the pressure-transfer media. However, no strict comparisons have been made of the elastic wave velocity data of rocks measured at high temperature and high pressure by various laboratories. In order to compare the experimental results from various laboratories, we have conducted a comparative experimental study on three measuring methods and made a strict comparison with the results obtained by using the transmission method with fluid as the pressure-transfer medium. Our experimental results have shown that the measurements obtained by the three methods are comparable in the pressure ranges of their application. The cubic sample pulse transmission method used by Kern is applicable to measuring elastic wave velocities in crustal rocks at lower temperature and lower pressure. The prism sample pulse reflection-transmission method has some advantages in pressure range, heating temperature and measuring precision. Although the measurements obtained under relatively low pressure conditions by the prism sample pulse transmission method are relatively low in precision, the samples are large in length and their assemblage is simple. So this method is suitable to the experiments that require large quantities of samples and higher pressures. Therefore, in practical application the latter two methods are usually recommended because their measurements can be mutually corrected and supplemented.     

新疆东准噶尔花岗岩类岩石高温高压弹性波速度及其对地壳结构的约束

应用超声波反射-透射法,在最高压力为1.0 GPa（室温）,最高温度为700℃（1.0 GPa）的条件下对新疆东准噶尔地区的卡拉麦里花岗岩带和野马泉岩体的典型花岗岩类岩石（碱长花岗岩、碱性花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩）的纵波速度（VP）和横波速度（VS）进行了测量.结果显示,在常温、压力0.4~1.0 GPa条件下,东准噶尔地区花岗岩类岩石的VP和VS均随压力呈线性增加,说明在这个压力段岩石中的微裂隙已基本闭合.室温、1.0 GPa时花岗岩类岩石的VP是5.79~6.84 km·s-1,VS是3.26~3.85 km·s-1.依据压力与VP及压力与VS的线性关系,拟合得到常温常压下花岗岩类岩石的纵波和横波压力系数分别是0.1568~0.4078 km/（s·GPa）和0.0722~0.3271 km/（s·GPa）,VP0和VS0分别是5.62~6.47 km·s-1和3.15~3.75 km·s-1.恒压1.0 GPa、室温到700℃条件下,花岗岩类岩石的VP和VS均随温度的升高呈线性降低,温度系数分别为（-3.41~-4.96）×10-4 km/（s·℃）和（-0.88~-3.22）×10-4 km/（s·℃）.利用实验获得的花岗岩类岩石的VP0、VS0及温度系数和压力系数,结合东准噶尔地区的地热资料,建立了VP和VS随深度变化的剖面.将获得的VP和VS-深度剖面与该区地球物理探测结果对比,发现东准噶尔地区的碱长花岗岩、碱性花岗岩、二长花岗岩和部分花岗闪长岩的VP和VS与该区上地壳速度吻合很好,同时这几种岩石的平均泊松比也与上地壳泊松比一致,因此我们认为这几种类型的岩石是该区上地壳的重要组成部分.另外,石英闪长岩的VP和VS均符合中地壳的速度,可能为中地壳中的一种岩石.     

Experimental studies of electrical conductivities and P-wave velocities of gabbro at high pressures and high temperatures

The studies on the physical properties of minerals and rocks in combination with the work in petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry are not only a useful mean to look into the composition and structure of the earth抯 interior, but also can provide extreme…     

岩石的纵、横波速度与密度的规律研究

选择了济阳坳陷第三系地层四类不同岩性、237块典型岩心样品,在变温变压条件下进行超声波纵、横波速度及密度的测定,样品的孔隙度范围从2％到27％.根据变温变压测试数据,得出纵横波速度的压力、温度校正公式,将高温高压条件下测量的弹性参数校正到60 MPa条件,再进行密度、Vp和Vs数据分析.分析结果表明：Vp、Vs具有很好的线性相关性,得到新的密度与Vp关系式.同时将Vp、Vs关系融入到Gardner公式中,将Gardner函数推广为〖JP2〗ρ=CVApVBs的函数形式（称为广义Gardner公式）,拟合出砂岩的密度、Vp和Vs间的新关系式：ρ=1.575 8V0.287 9pV0.019 7s.〖JP〗文中讨论了该公式在横波速度预测、岩石物理模拟和AVO正反演等的作用,指出这些规律性认识可服务于油气勘探和开发.     

Determination of the elastic wave velocities in porous rocks with the change of overburden pressure and its universal significance

Typical rock samples with different lithologic characteristics were collected from exploring wells drilled in sandstone-conglomerate sedimental reservoirs with positive rhythm. In different pore fluid states (fully saturated with gas, water and oil), the velocities of compressional and shear waves (Vp, Vs) were measured under different overburden pressure in laboratory. The effects of pore fluid and different fluid types on the velocities were analyzed. The velocities (Vp, Vs) of the samples fully saturated with water were calculated by use of Gassmann's formula that is suitable for low frequency. The calculated values were compared with the experimental values obtained at high frequency. The result shows that Gassmann's theory can be used to calculate elastic wave velocities in porous rocks saturated with fluid. By this result, the change of elastic velocities with the change of fluid can be predicted. The error is allowable in petroleum engineering. This conclusion is useful for sonic logging interpretation and seismic datum processing.     

Experimental studies on elastic and rheological properties of amphibolites at high pressure and high temperature

The experimental studies done at high temperature and high pressure find that increased temperature can lead to dramatic velocity and strength reductions of most of rocks at high confining pressure[1,2]. What causes this phenomenon? Is it due to dehydrati…     

The experimental studies on electrical con-ductivities and P-wave velocities of anortho-site at high pressure and high temperature

Introduction The measurements of the compressional wave velocity and electrical conductivity of minerals and rocks are of fundamental importance to look into the earths interior, including composition, geotherm, generation and distribution of fluids and melts. Hydrous minerals formed by metamatu-siom are abundant within the earth. Previous studies have been carried out on the dehydration effect on the electrical conductivity and wave velocity of rocks such as serpentine, amphibole, most of whi…     

Properties of wave velocity for two types of granitoids at high pressure and temperature and their geological meaning

The wave velocity for two types of granitoids was measured using the analytic method of full-wave vibration at high pressure and high temperature. The laws of velocity changes for them differ with the pressure boost and temperature rise, and the velocity change of S-type is more violent than that of I-type. The “softening point” of compressional wave velocity (V μ) is also revealed during the measurement for two types of granitoids imitating the pressure and temperature at a certain depth. But the depth of “softening”, V_p after “softening” and the percentage of V_p’s drop around the “sofrening point” for two types of granitoids are obviously different. The depth of “softening” is 15 km approximately and V_p after “softening” is 5.62 km/s for S-type granitoid. But for I-type granitoid the depth of “softening” is 26 km approximately and V_p after “softening” is 6. 08 km/s. Through careful analysis of rock slices after the experiment, it was found that the “softening” of elastic-wave velocity is caused by the partial melting of granite. Combined with the results of geophysical prospecting, these results suggest that the low-velocity layers developing in the interior of Earth crust are related to thc partial melting of different types of granitoids. The formation of the low-velocity layer in the upper-middle Earth crust is closely related to the development of S-type granitoid, but that in the lower Earth crust is closely related to the development of I-type granitoid.     

场地剪切波波速测试及其应用

介绍了场地剪切波波速测试、实测波形的分析、解释、计算的方法以及波速测试在地震设防和工程地质中的应用。并对影响波速测试的一些因素做了探讨．对波速测试中存在的问题提出了一些看法。     

瑞利波法在工程抗震中的应用

工程抗震工作需要掌握各层土的剪切波速度资料,以便进行地震危险性分析和场地震害小区规划等项工作。采用瑞利波法进行岩土力学特性指标测定,通过实际性能应用表明该方法是简便易行的。     

俄罗斯贝加尔湖-日本仙台断面地震波速结构及其地质意义

本文以中俄、俄日学者合作所得到的地球物理资料为主,结合其它相关地质-地球物理数据,组构了俄罗斯贝加尔湖-日本仙台(BS)4000 km长断面,用于区域性大尺度地研究东北亚洲地壳结构和一系列地质构造问题.研究BS断面地震波速结果表明:(1)西伯利亚板块和黑龙江板块地壳结构变化较大,并可分为上、中、下部地壳,欧亚板块东部陆缘带地壳结构较简单,基本两分.贝加尔裂谷带下部地壳厚度比松辽盆地的薄约7 km,而上部地壳则相反,前者的比后者的厚约9 km.两个裂谷带在Moho界面之下的波速分布差异也较大.(2)结合前人认识,综合分析认为,贝加尔裂谷带属主动式裂谷,松辽盆地属于混合型裂谷.贝加尔裂谷形成动力主要来自地球构造圈B″层物质上涌所形成的地幔热柱的垂向作用,由BLV带佐证,松辽盆地形成动力主要来自太平洋板块斜向俯冲的中远程效应.(3)日本国所位于的西太平洋岛弧带是多地震带,除了太平洋板块俯冲产生的浅部效应、地壳中断裂与流体的直接作用等因素,本文指出仙台等速块的物性条件是岛弧带的主要不稳定因素.同时指出需要关注日本东海岸深约30~40 km的大级次地震的发生.     

青藏高原东南缘瑞利波群速度分布特征及其构造意义探讨

青藏高原东南缘是研究印度—欧亚板块碰撞过程、块体间相互作用和壳幔变形机制的重要地区.本文利用川滇地区流动地震台阵和固定地震台网共557个台站的连续波形数据,基于改进的背景噪声处理流程和分析方法得到了6023条瑞利波群速度频散曲线,反演获得了6~48 s的瑞利波群速度分布图像.结果显示在四川盆地内部短周期群速度分布较好地揭示了盆地内沉积层厚度的横向变化.在30~48 s周期,四川盆地西部群速度存在南低、北高的特征,推测是南部中下地壳和上地幔温度较高引起的.温度的增高降低了地壳的力学强度,在青藏高原东向挤压作用下盆地西南部地壳更易发生变形,并导致脆性上地壳在新生代产生地壳缩短和褶皱、断裂等地质活动.攀枝花及其周边地区从地壳浅部至上地幔深度的高速异常体,可能与基性和超基性岩的侵入有关.该高速体具有较大的介质强度,在一定程度上阻碍了青藏高原物质东南向的运移,这可能是造成丽江—小金河断裂两侧巨大高程差异的重要因素.自24 s开始,南盘江盆地表现为明显的高速异常,与华南块体西南部其他区域的深部结构存在明显差异.反演的S波速度结构揭示,自中上地壳至上地幔,南盘江盆地的速度一直高于北侧其他区域.结合此地区的地壳运动模式,推测介质S波速度较高、力学强度较大的南盘江盆地对青藏高原物质的东南向逃逸具有一定的阻挡作用.     

高温高压下辉石弹性及相变研究进展

辉石(pyroxene)是地壳中重要的造岩矿物,同时也是上地幔中除橄榄石以外含量最多的矿物,对其弹性及相变的研究有助于更好的理解壳幔的物质组成、地震波速异常及动力学过程等.高温高压实验和理论模拟计算是目前探测地球深部物质物性的两种最有效的间接方法,因此本文在介绍了辉石矿物学特征的基础上,从实验和计算两个方面论述了近十几年来国内外学者对辉石的弹性及相变的研究进展,然后探讨了辉石相变与上地幔X不连续面的关系,最后指出了目前的研究存在的问题以及未来的研究展望.     

有效应力变化对致密砂岩孔隙结构及弹性波响应的影响规律

致密砂岩气藏具有裂缝发育和有效应力高的特征,研究不同有效压力下孔、裂隙介质地震波传播特征,有利于地震解释与地下储层的识别.但是前人的研究较少考虑岩石内部微观孔隙结构特征与孔隙、裂隙间流体流动的关系.本文首先通过选取四川盆地典型致密砂岩岩样,在不同有效压力下对岩石样本进行超声波实验测量.然后基于实验测得的纵、横波速度进行裂隙参数反演,得到不同有效压力下致密砂岩样本的裂隙孔隙度.再将裂隙孔隙度和样本岩石物理参数代入双重孔隙介质模型,模拟得到不同有效压力下饱水致密砂岩样本纵横波速度频散和衰减的变化规律.结果表明模型预测的速度频散曲线与纵波速度实验测量结果能够较好的吻合.最后统计分析了致密砂岩裂隙参数,得到了致密砂岩储层裂隙参数随有效压力及孔隙度变化特征.依据实际岩石物理参数建立模型,其裂隙参数三维拟合结果能够较好描述致密砂岩裂隙结构与孔隙度、应力的关联,可为实际地震勘探中预测储层裂缝性质提供基础依据.     

Experimental study of spinel-garnet phase transition in upper mantle and its significance

Experimental study of spinel-garnet phase transition was carried out using natural mineral and rock specimens from xenolith of mantle rocks in Cenozoic basalt as starting materials. From the result it was found that the condition of spinel Iherzolite-garnet Ihenolite phase transition (T = 1 100°C andP = 1.8–2.0 GPa) is consistent with theP-T equilibrium condition of the five-phase assemblage spinel/garnet Iherzolite in eastern China, suggesting that there may exist a spinel-garnet Iherzolite phase transition zone with the thickness of a few km to several ten km at the depth of 55–70 km in the continental upper mantle of eastern China. The depth of phase transition from spinel pyroxenite to garnet pyroxenite is found to be less than 55 km. Experiment results also show that water promotes metasomatism on one hand but suppresses phase transition on the other. Zoning of mineral composition was also discussed. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

基于密集流动地震台阵的青藏高原东北缘及邻区Rayleigh波相速度层析成像

本文利用喜马拉雅二期台阵674个流动地震台一年的远震垂直向观测资料,获取了18491条独立路径上的Rayleigh波相速度频散曲线,并反演得到了周期10~80 s的Rayleigh波的相速度分布图.通过对比,本文与已有成像结果具有较一致的高低速分布特征,表明了本文结果的可靠性.结果显示,研究区的相速度分布存在明显的横向非均匀性.短周期（如10~15 s）的相速度分布与地表地形密切相关,中等周期（如20~40 s）的相速度分布受地壳厚度的影响较大.在长周期（如60~80 s）,鄂尔多斯块体的高速比阿拉善块体更显著、完整,表明同属于华北板块的阿拉善地块,其上地幔结构并没有鄂尔多斯稳定.从短周期至长周期,与周缘地块相比,青藏高原始终表现出较明显的低速异常,可能暗示其具有较活跃的地壳上地幔结构.松潘—甘孜和北祁连块体的中上地壳均存在低速层.全球参考模型Crust1.0和Lithos1.0均不能很好地解释我们的观测频散,基于本文获得的相速度结果可在很大程度上对Crust1.0和Lithos1.0模型进行补充和完善.

     

Surface wave tomography of the crust and upper mantle of Chinese mainland and its neighboring region

Introduction The three-dimensional S wave velocity of Chinese mainland and its neighboring region in-verted by surface wave dispersion data plays an important role in studying the lateral variation of lithosphere and geodynamic process, and understanding the forming and evolution of Chinese mainland and the relationship between shallow and deep structures. The three-dimensional veloc-ity structures of China and its major tectonic blocks were respectively studied by SONG, et al (1993), ZHOU…     

Distribution characteristics of Rayleigh wave group velocity in China mainland and its adjacent sea areas

Making use of 75 earthquake data of China mainland and adjacent areas recorded by long period seismometers of 27 stations of China and 3 stations of WWSSN and processed by match-filtering frequency-time analysis technique and grid dispersion inversion, the authors obtain pure-path dispersion curves of Rayleigh surface wave in 147 grids in this paper. The distribution characteristics of group velocity are as follows:the China mainland and its adjacent sea areas are divided into two parts of east and west by South-North belt and are separated in blocks of south and north with boundaries of 44°–44°N,28°N (in the west part) and 28°–32°N (in the east part), the first and third boundaries may extend eastward into sea regions, in the west side of island arc and continental shelves, appears belt-form distribution of group velocity striping NE direction. These distribution characteristics correspond to zonation of tectonic structure. In addition, the results also indicate that the differences of group velocity dispersion curves exist between tectonic elements of next order. It is revealable for the differences of group velocity among different tectonic elements until periodT = 113s (corresponding depth is about 170km). The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 32–38, 1993.     

利用地震面波频散重建川滇地区壳幔S波速度

利用适配滤波频时分析技术分析覆盖川滇地区的长周期面波记录,计算了周期10~100 s内的面波群速度频散,对研究区进行划分尺度大小1.5°×1.5°分格后,采用射线追踪方法求取各分段射线的长度和时间,得到各个格子的纯路径频散.继而采用阻尼最小二乘法求解,反演得到该研究区壳幔S波速度分布.研究结果表明,川滇地区表现出地壳增厚和缩短,在地壳和上地幔顶部,川滇菱形块体内部与其外部相比,虽然存在局部速度负异常,总体上呈相对高速,其周边的走滑断裂带呈现深至上地幔顶部的负速度异常,这有助于地壳块体沿断裂的侧向挤出;此外,云南西部和四川西部壳内和上地幔高导层的存在被认为是与部分熔融的物质或与滑脱构造相关联;从纬向剖面和经向剖面可以得到四川盆地莫霍面平均深度大约为45 km,云南地区莫霍面深度南北方向不一致,云南地区最北端深度达到49 km,南端莫霍面深度大约为36 km,这说明不同构造块体在构造运动过程中受到影响的程度不同.     

岩石波速温度和压力系数的测量方法及其应用

概述了高温高压实验技术在研究地球深部物质组成和结构等方面所起的作用，认为它是把地球物理模型同地球深部物质组成结合起来必不可少的一个中间环节，通过分析典型的试验结果，介绍了在实验室测定岩石波速温度系数（ρ↓V/ρ↓T）P、压力系数（ρ↓T／ρ↓P）T和岩石本征波速（VO）的方法，以及运用它们进行波速外推的原理，结合前人工作实例，阐明了将此技术与地质及地球物理研究结合，为地球物理测深资料的解释提供实验约束的研究思路，针对在前人工作中实验参数及实验结果存在差异的现象，着重探讨了实验条件和流程对实验结果的影响，认为，在用回归方法计算（ρ↓V／ρ↓P）T时，通常应在大于300MPa的压力段上采集实验数据，以消除岩石内部先存微裂隙的影响；在计算（ρ↓V／ρ↓P）T时，为抑制热裂隙的产生，还应满足不小于1MPa/℃的压力增量；另外，测定（ρ↓V／ρ↓T）P时，实验温度不宜太高，以避免引起岩石内部的矿物相变和物态变化。