面向虚拟地球的海陆地形多尺度TIN建模及可视化方法

提出了一种面向虚拟地球的海陆地形多尺度不规则三角网（triangulated irregular network,TIN）建模及球面快速可视化方法。利用贪心插入TIN表面简化算法构建海陆地形的离线TIN金字塔,并设计了一种高效的虚拟节点结构,对各级TIN构网实施无缝分割和分层分块存储。在利用离线TIN地形金字塔实现多尺度海陆TIN地形的快速检索和三维场景生成的基础上,通过一种接边关系编解码方案实时消除TIN地形渲染时的裂缝,最终实现多尺度海陆TIN地形场景的高效可视化。实验结果表明,该方法能显著减少海面渲染所需的面片数,并实现岛礁、海岸等破碎地形的高保真度表达,有效改善了传统虚拟地球系统采用规则格网（Gird）模式绘制海陆地形导致大量几何冗余和表达失真等缺陷。     

Three-dimensional trees for virtual globes

One of the problems in virtual globes technologies is the real-time representation of vegetal species. In forest or garden representations, the low detailed plants produce a lack of realism. Efficient techniques are required to achieve accurate interactive visualisation due to the great number of polygons the vegetal species have. This article presents a multi-resolution model based on a geometric representation of vegetal species that allows the application to perform the progressive transmission of the model, that is, the transmission of a simple representation followed by successive refinements of it. It has a hardware-oriented design in order to obtain interactive frame rates. The geometric data of the objects are stored in the graphics processing unit and, moreover, the change from one approximation to another is obtained by performing mathematical calculations in this graphics hardware. The multi-resolution model presented here enables instancing: as many vegetal species as desired can be rendered with different levels of detail, while all of them are accessing the same geometric data. This model has been used to build a real-time representation of a not imaginary scenario.     

Validating the use of object-based image analysis to map commonly recognized landform features in the United States

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Geospatial Program (NGP) seeks to i) create semantically accessible terrain features from the pixel-based 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) data, and ii) enhance the usability of the USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) by associating boundaries with GNIS features whose spatial representation is currently limited to 2D point locations. Geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) was determined to be a promising method to approach both goals. An existing GEOBIA workflow was modified and the resulting segmented objects and terrain categories tested for a strategically chosen physiographic province in the mid-western US, the Ozark Plateaus. The chi-squared test of independence confirmed that there is significant overall spatial association between terrain categories of the GEOBIA and GNIS feature classes. Contingency table analysis also suggests strong category-specific associations between select GNIS and GEOBIA classes. However, 3D visual analysis revealed that GEOBIA objects resembled segmented regions more than they did individual landform objects, with their boundaries often failing to correspond to match what people would likely perceive as landforms. Still, objects derived through GEOBIA can provide initial baseline landscape divisions that can improve the efficiency of more specialized feature extraction methods.     

大规模3维地形管理关键技术研究

阐述了构建大规模3维地形模型的关键技术,包括地形分块技术、地形层次细节构建、可见性剔除和基于视点的渲染技术。为了提高绘制的帧率,实现大规模3维地形漫游系统显示的平滑和连续,本文采用了基于四叉树结构的地形的连续多分辨率渲染;在考虑视点和地形粗糙度的基础上,设计了一种合理的节点评价系统;提出了限定四叉树的三角网剖分方法,有效消除了不同分辨率节点间的裂缝。实验结果表明,在保证地形真实感的前提下,这些技术实现3维地形显示可以获得较好的图形质量和显示速度。     

Delineation and geometric modeling of road networks

In this work we present a novel vision-based system for automatic detection and extraction of complex road networks from various sensor resources such as aerial photographs, satellite images, and LiDAR. Uniquely, the proposed system is an integrated solution that merges the power of perceptual grouping theory (Gabor filtering, tensor voting) and optimized segmentation techniques (global optimization using graph-cuts) into a unified framework to address the challenging problems of geospatial feature detection and classification.Firstly, the local precision of the Gabor filters is combined with the global context of the tensor voting to produce accurate classification of the geospatial features. In addition, the tensorial representation used for the encoding of the data eliminates the need for any thresholds, therefore removing any data dependencies.Secondly, a novel orientation-based segmentation is presented which incorporates the classification of the perceptual grouping, and results in segmentations with better defined boundaries and continuous linear segments.Finally, a set of gaussian-based filters are applied to automatically extract centerline information (magnitude, width and orientation). This information is then used for creating road segments and transforming them to their polygonal representations.     

一种新的全球海量地形实时绘制算法

本文为实现全球海量地形数据的实时可视化,提出了一种新算法。算法不使用几何数据而是利用球面特征进行地形多分辨率模型初建,然后基于视锥与节点关系对初建结果进行扩展来得到完整的地形网格。此外设计了能消除具有复杂邻接关系的节点间裂缝的拼接方式,构造了简洁的方法消除GPU32位浮点精度导致的"wob-bling"现象。实现的算法在普通微机上平均漫游速度达每秒95帧以上。     

Fast registration of multisource three-dimensional city models in GeoGlobe

We address the registration problem of multisource three-dimensional (3D) human-made buildings with remote sensing images and the earth's surface in the context of virtual globes. Challenges include fast transformation of 3D coordinates with different reference systems as well as the efficient use of original model information for rigorous and accurate model registration. This paper introduces a novel fast and scalable registration approach that can establish correspondences between heterogeneous external 3D city models and images/terrain surfaces of virtual globes in an efficient and accurate manner. The approach utilizes the projected 3D feature information of 3D city models to develop robust coordinate transformation and reliable model registration methods. The proposed approach builds a solid foundation for the fusion of multisource geospatial data in a united virtual globe reference framework. We report experimental results of online registration tasks for up to over 13K buildings in an integrated 3D virtual globe platform, namely, GeoGlobe.     

Relaxation‐Based Point Feature Matching for Vector Map Conflation

With the rapid advance of geospatial technologies, the availability of geospatial data from a wide variety of sources has increased dramatically. It is beneficial to integrate / conflate these multi‐source geospatial datasets, since the integration of multi‐source geospatial data can provide insights and capabilities not possible with individual datasets. However, multi‐source datasets over the same geographical area are often disparate. Accurately integrating geospatial data from different sources is a challenging task. Among the subtasks of integration/conflation, the most crucial one is feature matching, which identifies the features from different datasets as presentations of the same real‐world geographic entity. In this article we present a new relaxation‐based point feature matching approach to match the road intersections from two GIS vector road datasets. The relaxation labeling algorithm utilizes iterated local context updates to achieve a globally consistent result. The contextual constraints (relative distances between points) are incorporated into the compatibility function employed in each iteration's updates. The point‐to‐point matching confidence matrix is initialized using the road connectivity information at each point. Both the traditional proximity‐based approach and our relaxation‐based point matching approach are implemented and experiments are conducted over 18 test sites in rural and suburban areas of Columbia, MO. The test results show that our relaxation labeling approach has much better performance than the proximity matching approach in both simple and complex situations.     

A DEM generalization by minor valley branch detection and grid filling

As an important method of terrain representation, a DEM usually needs to be generalized at multiple resolutions in order to adapt to different applications. The preservation of main landscape features is an important constraint in DEM generalization. The traditional generalization method based on signal processing by resampling or low-pass filtering is just a data compression operation rather than the abstraction of real information. This study develops a structured analysis method to generalize DEM data through the identification of minor valleys and filling the corresponding depression positions. The generalization process has two steps: geographic decision and geometric operation. According to their hydrological significance, the unimportant valley branches are detected and their corresponding coverage is filled by raising the terrain to make the terrain surface smoother. In contrast to the conventional algorithms based on image processing, this method is able to retain the main geographical characteristics more effectively in terrain representation.     

增量法地形可视计算与分析

DEM在表达地形时具有水平等距网格和垂直高差的特点,根据DEM表达地形的特点,利用双增量地形可视计算方法,以水平方向矢量叉乘增量计算来判断点的可视性,采用垂直方向高程增量的谷地凹处盲区测试,根据地形高程的变化来消除不可视点,该算法思路清晰、计算复杂度低。同时重点分析该算法在地形的部分区域和不同特征地形上的特点,指出该算法在起伏山地和沟谷地形中的优势;横向上与ArcGIS功能模块进行比较,可视计算速度大大提高。     

顾及地理矢量场空间变化特征的多分辨率纹理可视化方法

网络环境下海量、高维、动态、多尺度地理空间矢量场数据的在线高效可视化,一直是大规模密集矢量场数据集成与综合应用分析亟须解决的关键问题。地理矢量场数据蕴含大量非规则、多尺度、时空异质的变化特征与结构,传统矢量场纹理可视化方法,受全局统一采样密度的限制,存在典型的稠密遮挡、特征模糊的问题。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种顾及地理矢量场空间变化特征的多分辨率纹理可视化方法,引入复合信息熵定量显式描述矢量场的空间变化,以此驱动图像空间内多频噪声纹理生成、矢量场多分辨率纹理的构建与增强表达,有效克服传统纹理可视化方法的技术瓶颈。最后采用风场数据进行试验,验证了本文方法的可靠性与有效性。     

等高线河流数据集成中的匹配及一致性改正

等高线作为地势起伏与地形凹凸特征的表达,与河流水系表达有着密切的约束关系。在空间数据库集成与匹配中,由于来源不同这两种数据往往出现不一致,导致河流“爬坡”现象。本研究针对该问题提出一种等高线河流匹配及一致性改正方法,利用Delaunay三角网模型在等高线基础上通过弯曲分析提取地形特征,基于河流分布与谷地走势的相关性,建立河流与等高线间的匹配关系,进而识别两者间的一致性与否。在此基础上利用仿射变换等几何方法完成一致化操作,包括河流移位匹配等高线和等高线移位匹配河流。     

DEM多尺度表达与地形结构线提取研究

提升方法是一种新型小波变换方法,比小波理论中的多分辨分析更加有效.介绍提升方法实现的原理和构造的三个步骤,将提升方法应用于DEM数据的多尺度表达;简述结构算法并重点说明对该算法的改进,最后给出利用改进的结构算法在多尺度DEM数据中提取地形特征线的方法和实验过程.     

排水管网多尺度几何语义建模

针对排水管网管理业务的不同需求,研究排水管网的多尺度几何语义表达方法,本文提出了包含“源—网—厂—汇”的排水管网多尺度几何语义模型。通过对排水管网组成要素及其相互间的关系进行系统地分析,并参考CityGML规范,提出了排水管网多细节层次模型;根据不同排水管网要素的特点,采用符号化及BIM等建模方式分别构建了不同细节层次的排水管网要素模型,支持排水管网多尺度可视化分析。并以某区域的排水管网数据为例,对本文提出的建模方法进行验证。     

Detection and correction of inconsistencies between river networks and contour data by spatial constraint knowledge

In the representation of topographic data, the distribution of hydrographic networks should be constrained by the contour model’s landform features. During the integration of topographic databases, however, spatial conflicts may destroy these constraints, generating inconsistencies. This study presents a method to detect and correct inconsistencies between river networks and contour data by spatial knowledge. First, structured terrain features are extracted from the contour-based geometric representation and matching relationships between rivers and contours are constructed based on spatial knowledge of the distribution of rivers and talwegs. We then propose a distance metric for measuring differences and identifying inconsistencies between the matched river and contour features. Three correction approaches are provided for different inconsistency situations, including river adjustment referenced to the contour, contour adjustment referenced to the river and adjustment of both river and contour to middle positions. We apply the proposed method to the integration and maintenance of national topographic infrastructure in order to demonstrate its effectiveness.     

基于多分辨率方向预测的LIDAR点云滤波方法

为了快速提取LIDAR点云中的地面点,生成高精度的DTM,提出了一种基于多分辨率方向预测的LIDAR点云滤波方法。该方法首先构建多种分辨率数据集,然后基于方向预测法以分辨率由低到高的顺序逐层进行数据集的平滑处理,最后以最高分辨率数据集的平滑结果为基准标记原始LIDAR点云。本方法通过分析反距离权重插值模型的不足,利用改进的模型进行裸露地面点的插值,得到高精度的DTM。实验表明,本文方法能有效地滤除地物,并保持原有的地形特征,算法效率高,具有一定的实用价值。     

大规模地形实时绘制的算法研究

讨论了地形模型的多分辨率表示机制、节点评价函数、动态简化算法、裂缝的解决方法、三角网快速构建等地形可视化中的关键问题。实验结果表明，本文提出的算法实时、高效，可以满足大规模地形可视化要求。     

数字环境下制图综合概念和方法的拓展

制图综合是地图学的一个核心和难点问题。随着GIS应用领域的拓展和地理空间信息栅格的提出，需要研究多尺度、多分辨率或不同详细程度的空间地理数据的自动生成问题，以满足GIS多层次应用与决策的需求，而这正是制图综合在数字环境下所要面对的新问题。因此，数字环境下制图综合不应该再仅仅局限于图形综合的概念，而且还应该包括基于地图数据库的数据集成、数据表达、数据分析和数据库派生的数据综合，更侧重于GIS环境下空间数据的多尺度表达以及数字信息处理的问题。     

大规模地形实时绘制中的地平线遮挡剔除算法

大规模地形场景包含大量的几何数据,无法一次性载入内存,并具有极高的复杂度,因而无法进行实时绘制。本文提出一种用于大规模地形场景的实时地平线遮挡剔除算法。该算法采用四叉树结构构造地形的多分辨率层次细节模型,按照大致由前向后的顺序遍历地形时构建遮挡地平线,应用地形包围盒技术,把地形区域与地平线相比较,以确定何时它们对于视点来说完全被遮挡并剔除这些被遮挡的区域。实验结果表明在贴地漫游的情况下,显著提高了场景绘制速度,证明了此算法的有效性。     

一种面向对象的全球多分辨率纹理数据的预处理方法的研究

建立具有多分辨率、海量数据的大规模虚拟地形场景越来越受到人们的关注,海量纹理数据的管理与生成算法是三维地景仿真的关键技术之一。本文在金字塔塔模型的基础上,运用面向对象思想,设计了多分辨率纹理数据的生成方案,对其流程进行了具体实现,对一些相关技术进行了讨论。通过试验表明,采用本文提出的方法,可以灵活地对全球影像数据进行管理和使用,对全球三维可视化具有一定作用。