切割斜坡断层的几何形态对斜坡地震响应影响研究

与一般重力环境的滑坡相比,地震诱发滑坡在形成机理、运动特征等方面差异显著。天然和降雨条件下,断层破碎带作为边坡的不连续结构面,往往对斜坡的稳定性产生不利影响。而在地震作用下,边坡内部的断层破碎带存在一定的滤波作用,有可能减弱边坡的地震动响应。为了探究逆断层几何形态对边坡地震动响应的影响,以汶川地震中牛眠沟滑坡、窝前滑坡、谢家店子滑坡及东河口滑坡为研究对象,概化出断层切割型斜坡的地质模型,利用3DEC离散元软件对不同断层破碎带宽度、倾角、位置情况下的斜坡地震动响应进行模拟。模拟结果表明：（1）随着断层倾角增大,斜坡总位移峰值和坡面加速度峰值表现出增大的趋势,斜坡更易失稳;（2）坡顶监测点的峰值加速度一般大于坡底与坡腰的值,随着断层破碎带宽度增大,对斜坡地震动响应的直接影响愈加明显;（3）断层的存在会增加斜坡失稳的可能性,断层位于坡顶时斜坡地震动响应随断层倾角和破碎带宽度变化的规律性更明显。本研究可为深入揭示地震作用下断层破碎带对斜坡稳定性的影响提供理论依据。本研究可为深入揭示地震作用下断层破碎带对斜坡稳定性的影响提供理论依据。     

Numerical simulation of the undrained stability of slopes in anisotropic fine-grained soils

The undrained stability of slopes in anisotropic fine-grained soils is studied in this paper using the finite element method (FEM). A constitutive model is presented, able to account for the observed variation of undrained strength with loading direction. The model is able to encompass the different strength distributions observed in normally, slightly overconsolidated and heavily overconsolidated soils. A series of stability analyses have been performed to explore the effect of the type of undrained strength anisotropy on the stability and failure mechanisms of slopes of different inclinations. In addition, a real case study of the failure of an underwater slope is analysed with the numerical approach presented. It suggests that, by considering undrained strength anisotropy, the failure can be satisfactorily explained.     

竖向地震动对斜坡场地非线性地震反应的影响

国内外规范中推荐或强制规定竖向地震动取为剪切反应谱的1/2～2/3,但该规定如何改进使其更合理已成为一重要课题。首先,对其研究现状简单总结,给出了可处理辐射阻尼、地震动相位特性、计算高效的二维波动显式有限元等效线性化程序ELPSV编制的必要性,然后进行了分析。初步研究表明,竖向地震动强度对周期在0.3 s以下的地表剪切反应谱有一定的影响,而高于0.3 s部分影响轻微。竖向地震动强度对斜坡场地的竖向地震反应及地表竖向反应谱影响显著,按规范的取值将偏于不安全。受地形条件影响,坡顶剪切地震反应会比坡脚反应要大,而竖向地震反应并不明显。土层边界面的地震反应要比周围反应要低,交界面效应明显。软斜坡场地地震反应特性除场地竖向地震反应自下而上先增加后减小的规律外,其他情形与硬斜坡场地的规律基本一致。该结果定量反映了竖向地震动的影响程度,为斜坡场地上考虑竖向地震动的建（构）筑结构的抗震设计提供了有益的基础。     

土坡稳定分析简化Bishop法的数值解

建立了适于边坡稳定分析简单的平面直角坐标系,得到了该坐标系下的边坡稳定分析瑞典圆弧法的积分表达式,与张天宝法进行了验证和对比;提出了基于边坡稳定分析简化Bishop法原理的积分法,推导了其安全系数Fs积分表达式,编制了数值积分计算和图形处理程序,并进行了工程应用,实践证明该方法的正确性。     

Effect of spatial variability of shear strength on reliability of infinite slopes using analytical approach

This paper develops an analytical approach for reliability analysis of infinite slope stability in presence of spatially variable shear strength parameters. The analytical approach considers spatial autocorrelation of each parameter and cross-correlations between different parameters. It is robust, computational efficient and provides insight to the importance of spatial correlation scale on slope reliability analysis. This paper also explores the difference in continuous and discrete random fields and emphasizes the importance of fine discretization in relation to correlation scale. Finally, it shows that conditioning the stability analysis with information about trends and spatial data leads to reliability assessments with less uncertainty.     

A procedure for the design and analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes

Summary A procedure for the stability analysis and design of geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes over a firm foundation is described. Firstly the unreinforced slope is analysed, and for this a circular failure method is used which allows a surcharge load to be taken into account. Any method of slip circle analysis could be used to identify the coordinates of the centre of the slip circle, its radius and the minimum factor of safety. In this study, both internal and external stability analysis of the reinforced slope is presented. Internal stability deals with the resistance to pullout failure within the reinforced soil zone resulting from the soil/reinforcement interaction. The external stability is considered by an extension of the bilinear wedge method which allows a slip plane to propagate horizontally along a reinforcing sheet. The results for total tensile force, internal and external stability are presented in the form of charts.For given properties of soil and slope geometry, the required strength of the geosynthetic and the length of reinforcement at the top and bottom of the slope can be determined using these charts. The results are compared with the published design charts by Schmertmannet al. (1987).     

不同含水状态堆积体边坡地震响应特性大型振动台模型试验

堆积体边坡动力响应特性复杂,影响因素众多。已有的大型动三轴试验结果表明,含水状态对堆积体的动剪切模量比与阻尼比有重要影响。针对含水状态这一因素,开展了2组不同含水率的1:12比尺的大型振动台堆积体边坡模型试验,对比分析了其在连续地震荷载序列作用下的加速度响应特性与坡顶位移发展趋势。试验结果表明：2组边坡模型均表现出第一阶自振频率随着加载序列递减、阻尼比随着加载序列增大的现象,但含水率为6.6%时,边坡第1阶自振频率与阻尼比均大于含水率为0.7%的堆积体边坡。堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%时的输入地震动峰值加速度（PGA）放大系数大于堆积体边坡含水率为0.7%时的工况。2组模型坡顶水平响应加速度的傅里叶频谱特征相似,均表现出输入地震波的特征频率越接近模型第1阶自振频率,坡顶水平加速度放大效应越明显,而且从低频侧接近第1阶自振频率的响应比从高频侧接近的要显著。含水率为6.6%的堆积体边坡在多级地震荷载作用下的坡顶永久位移均大于含水率为0.7%的边坡,堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%,坡顶永久位移对输入地震波的频谱特性更敏感。研究结论有助于增强不同含水状态对堆积体边坡动力响应规律影响的认识。     

地震作用下裂隙对岩质边坡稳定性影响分析

在地震作用下岩质边坡内部裂隙可能开裂扩展,对边坡稳定造成不利影响。利用扩展有限元法模拟岩质边坡内部裂隙在地震作用下的开裂扩展,根据扩展后的裂隙分析边坡潜在滑面,采用矢量和法计算边坡在震前、地震过程及震后的安全系数。结果表明：在汶川地震波作用下LLT1与LLT2裂隙均开裂扩展,开裂方向与水平方向夹角近45°,其中LLT1裂隙顶部开裂至边坡面。震前安全系数为1.75,地震过程中最小安全系数为1.01,震后安全系数为1.05。说明了即便是边坡在震前稳定性较好,但由于地震作用使得裂隙扩展贯通至边坡表面,导致滑体抗滑力降低,边坡震后稳定性显著降低。虽然地震过程中边坡并未失稳破坏,若在震后受到其他外部作用则可能失稳破坏,引发次生灾害。     

边坡稳定性分析的条块稳定系数法

鉴于传统条分法对边坡安全系数定义和使用的局限性,引入了条块稳定系数的概念。分析了条间力推力线高度的影响因素,假定条间力传递时都具有相同的条间力稳定系数 ,并考虑了条块重力偏心矩的影响。根据条块的力和力矩平衡关系以及条间力假定,建立了求解条块稳定系数的四元方程组。在此基础上,求得条块稳定系数随滑动面的分布状况。根据条块稳定系数随滑动面的分布规律划分了滑体的主滑段、抗滑段和牵引段,大致判断滑坡的滑动模式。根据滑面上抗滑力和下滑力之比的定义,求解边坡整体稳定系数。采用传统条分法和所建立的条块分析法分别以圆弧滑动和折线形滑动的两个实例进行了验算,说明了条块分析法的优越性和可靠性。     

The influence of a non‐associated flow rule on the calculation of the factor of safety of soil slopes

This paper presents a method that incorporates a non‐associated flow rule into the limit analysis to investigate the influence of the dilatancy angle on the factor of safety for the slope stability analysis. The proposed method retain's the advantage of the upper bound method, which is simple and has no stress involvement in the calculation of the energy dissipation and the factor of safety. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和土边坡稳定分析方法探讨

在对非饱和土边坡进行稳定分析时,应该全面地考虑基质吸力对边坡稳定的贡献。首先,分别探讨了基于Fredlund非饱和土强度表达式和Bishop非饱和土有效应力强度公式将强度折减有限元法推广到非饱和土边坡稳定分析中的具体方法;然后,开发了可以考虑基质吸力两种处理方法的强度折减有限元计算程序;最后,给出了一个非饱和土边坡稳定分析的对比算例,说明了二者的不同特点。     

水平向与竖向地震动的时间遇合模式对边坡动力安全系数的影响

通过沿滑面的应力积分法和动力时程分析法,研究了水平向、竖向地震动单独作用对边坡动安全系数的影响,发现竖向地震动与水平向地震动一样也对边坡抗震稳定性有显著的影响。在此基础之上,重点探讨了实际地震的双向地震动同时作用时,其时间遇合模式对动力安全系数的影响,结果表明,常用的加速度峰值遇合模式和随机遇合模式都不能充分体现出竖向地震动与水平向地震动的叠加效应,进而造成对安全系数的高估;文中提出的最大地震作用效应遇合模式才是最危险的遇合模式,其所得稳定性安全系数时程的极值更小。在考虑多向地震的边坡抗震分析中,由于多维地震动的强烈随机性,应考虑出现这种最大地震作用效应遇合的可能性,以得到工程设计中偏于安全的动力稳定性安全系数值。     

不同压实度铁路路堤边坡地震响应振动台试验研究

为研究和对比不同压实度铁路路堤边坡的地震响应,设计了路堤本体压实度分别为95%、91%、87%和83%的4组路堤边坡模型,开展了不同压实度路堤边坡的振动台试验研究。通过穿插进行白噪声激励得到不同压实度路堤边坡的动力特性参数;通过施加不同类型和不同强度的地震动激励,研究不同压实度路堤边坡加速度放大倍数分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,随着地震动激励次数的增多,路堤边坡自振频率下降,阻尼比增大,压实度对路堤边坡动力特性变化影响显著;加速度放大倍数沿路堤边坡高度呈非线性增大,加速度放大倍数随地震动激励强度增大而减小;台面输入的地震波经路堤边坡传播后,其频谱特性发生了明显的变化,不同压实度路堤边坡对地震波频谱特性的影响不同;不同地震动激励下不同压实度路堤边坡的加速度放大倍数分布情况有所差异,这与地震动频谱特性和路堤边坡动力特性参数有关     

地震作用下边坡安全系数时程计算及参数研究

提出了一种计算地震作用下边坡动力安全系数时程的方法,该方法以动力有限元时程分析得到应力场,再使用遗传算法搜索每个时刻下的临界滑裂面,进而确定其安全系数,从而得到边坡在动力作用下的安全系数时程,物理意义明确。通过在基岩输入不同周期的正弦波加速度,研究了动力作用周期对安全系数时程的影响,发现相同加速度幅值下周期越大安全系数越小,安全性越低。与边坡自振周期和振型比对后发现,地震波周期与边坡自振周期耦合引起的动力响应增大,不仅与周期耦合相关,还与相应的自振振型相关,只有与以坡体本身振动为主的振型耦合时,才会发生明显的动力响应增大,相应的安全系数明显降低。     

A variational approach for vertical deformation analysis of pile group

A variational approach for the analysis of vertical deformation of pile groups is presented. The method assumes that the deformation of piles can be represented by a finite series. The method applies the principle of minimum potential energy to determine the deformation of piles. Using this method, an analytical solution for pile groups in soil modelled by the theoretical load–transfer curves can be obtained rigorously. Analysis of field tests indicates that the method can predict the performance of pile groups reasonably well.     

Improved Bell's method for the stability analysis of slopes

A new procedure based on the approximation to the total normal pressure along the slip surface is developed to compute the factor of safety of slopes for slip surfaces of all shapes. By taking the whole sliding body, instead of an individual slice, as the loaded object, all the equilibrium equations are formulated according to the three‐moment equilibrium conditions rather than the two force equilibrium conditions and one‐moment equilibrium condition. The system of nonlinear equations deduced in this way is well‐scaled and enjoys excellent numerical properties such as the existence of solution with a positive factor of safety, a nearly unlimited scope of convergence and a rapid convergence rate associated with the Newton method. In the case of ?_u =0—the situation where no drainage and no consolidation are involved, furthermore, the system has a unique solution and the factor of safety has an explicit expression. Some typical examples are analyzed to demonstrate the numerical properties of the proposed procedure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模糊因素的岩质边坡地震稳定性多模型组合评价

岩质边坡地震稳定性评价是岩土边坡地震失稳防治的基础工作,针对评价过程中评价因素的多源模糊性,借鉴工程可变模糊集理论,将模糊可变评价模型应用于岩质边坡地震稳定性评价中。综合考虑岩质边坡内在结构和外部自然条件,选取岩土体特性、新构造运动特征、坡高、坡角、年均降雨量和场地地震烈度6个指标作为评价指标体系并建立等级标准;将改进熵权算法引入该模型中,利用指标实际数据离散性求权重;通过改变模糊可变评价模型参数对岩质边坡地震稳定性进行线性与非线性组合评价,并将均值作为最终评价结果。将该方法应用于天然边坡与路堑边坡实例中,结果表明,模糊可变评价模型评价结果合理、客观,具有更高的可靠性与稳定性,为岩质边坡地震稳定性评价工作提供了一种新的研究方法与思路     

A seismic source zone model for the seismic hazard assessment of the Italian territory

We designed a new seismic source model for Italy to be used as an input for country-wide probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) in the frame of the compilation of a new national reference map.

We started off by reviewing existing models available for Italy and for other European countries, then discussed the main open issues in the current practice of seismogenic zoning.

The new model, termed ZS9, is largely based on data collected in the past 10 years, including historical earthquakes and instrumental seismicity, active faults and their seismogenic potential, and seismotectonic evidence from recent earthquakes. This information allowed us to propose new interpretations for poorly understood areas where the new data are in conflict with assumptions made in designing the previous and widely used model ZS4.

ZS9 is made out of 36 zones where earthquakes with M_w > = 5 are expected. It also assumes that earthquakes with M_w up to 5 may occur anywhere outside the seismogenic zones, although the associated probability is rather low. Special care was taken to ensure that each zone sampled a large enough number of earthquakes so that we could compute reliable earthquake production rates.

Although it was drawn following criteria that are standard practice in PSHA, ZS9 is also innovative in that every zone is characterised also by its mean seismogenic depth (the depth of the crustal volume that will presumably release future earthquakes) and predominant focal mechanism (their most likely rupture mechanism). These properties were determined using instrumental data, and only in a limited number of cases we resorted to geologic constraints and expert judgment to cope with lack of data or conflicting indications. These attributes allow ZS9 to be used with more accurate regionalized depth-dependent attenuation relations, and are ultimately expected to increase significantly the reliability of seismic hazard estimates.     

基于人工神经网络对四川省黑水县公路边坡稳定性评价

边坡稳定性和许多影响因素有关,是一种高度非线性的问题,本文采用人工神经网络方法进行边坡稳定性评价,构建了具有6-19-12网络结构的三层BP网络。用该模型对四川省黑水县渔巴渡至客龙沟公路沿线边坡进行稳定性评价,其结果与传统经验公式计算法所得结果基本一致。     

永久船闸边坡稳定性声发射监测

岩体声发射检测技术是岩质工程结构受力破坏的实时动态检测方法，声发射信号参数与岩质工程结构受力产生破裂损伤或破坏紧密关联，具有 一个测点监控范围大，实时提供信息等突出优点。永久船闸边坡稳定性声发射监测实现了对边坡岩体全天候自动化连续监测与数据处理。根据声发射数据的变化及“突变”，对边坡岩体稳定性及其发展趋势进行评价，并为船闸边坡岩体受力损伤开裂部位的加固，及时地提供了有效依据。