3D GIS与3D GMS中的空间构模技术

3DGIS和3DGMS是近10年来地学领域并行发展的两大领域,该文从研究对象,数据来源,空间参照,空间构模,拓扑描述,空间量算,空间分析及应用领域等方面分析了3DGIS和3DGMS异同,并从数学模型,高程特征,属性特征和构建方式等方面讨论并重新界定了空间维数问题,重点分析了空间构模技术,将3D GIS和3D GMS中的空间构模分为基于面模型,基于体模型和混合构模3大类,并进行了分析比较和讨论,指出3D GIS和3D GMS将殊途同归,并最终建立全要素的真3D地球信息系统。     

Establishing a national standard for 3D topographic data compliant to CityGML

This article describes a research project that realised a national standard for 3D geo-information. The standard was developed as part of a pilot in which more than 65 private, public and scientific organisations collaborated to analyse and push 3D developments in the Netherlands (run between March 2010 and June 2011). The 3D standard was established through several steps. First, a comparison between the existing 3D computer-aided design and GIS standards was carried out that selected the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard CityGML as the optimal 3D standard to align to. Second, the equivalent concepts in CityGML and the existing national standard for large-scale topography (Information Model Geography [IMGeo]) were identified. Third, IMGeo was extended to 3D following the principles of CityGML Application Domain Extensions. The model was tested by applying it to real data. Based on the experiences of this pilot, this article proposes a framework of guidelines and principles for extending CityGML for national purposes, deduced from the modelling experiences. This is a unique contribution since experiences on extending CityGML are new and not well described in the OGC CityGML specifications. Finally, this article presents the change requests (CRs) which have been submitted to OGC to make the CityGML standard more suited for integration with existing 2D topographic information models. The CRs were formulated based on experiences from developing this nationwide 3D standard.     

城市三维地质信息系统初探

地质问题已成为影响城市可持续发展的一个基础性问题,利用现代信息技术构建一个集信息输入、数据库管理和三维地质数据可视化分析功能于一体的城市三维地质信息系统,可有效满足城市发展对地质信息不断增长的需求。该文阐述了城市三维地质信息系统的建设目标和研究内容,认为其是一个集城市地表、地上、地下多维、动态空间信息于一体的大型综合性空间信息系统。介绍了系统涉及的数据、系统功能特征和总体架构,指出了城市三维地质信息系统的发展方向和需要重点解决的关键性技术问题。     

基于ArcGIS Engine的钻孔三维精细地质模型自动构建方法研究

针对ArcGIS软件复杂钻孔三维精细地质模型自动构建研究存在的不足,该文在简要分析MultiPatch三维空间数据模型和深入研究复杂钻孔三维空间精确定位方法的基础上,探讨了基于ArcGIS Engine的复杂钻孔三维精细地质模型自动构建工作流程,并从空间精确定位、属性精细表达两个层面对钻孔三维精细地质模型构建算法进行了设计与实现.经软件功能研发及实际应用检验表明,该研究能够有效实现复杂钻孔精细地质属性特征的三维空间精确定位及多尺度精细表达,为应用ArcGIS Engine自动构建复杂钻孔三维精细地质模型提供了一种新的有效途径,也可为基于ArcGIS Engine的复杂地质体三维可视化建模及精细地质属性表达研究提供应用借鉴.     

Vario-scale data structures supporting smooth zoom and progressive transfer of 2D and 3D data

This paper introduces the concept of the smooth topological Generalized Area Partitioning (tGAP) structure represented by a space-scale partition, which we term the space-scale cube. We take the view of ‘map generalization as extrusion of data into an additional dimension’. For 2D objects the resulting vario-scale representation is a 3D structure, while for 3D objects the result is a 4D structure.

This paper provides insights in: (1) creating valid data for the cube and proof that this is always possible for the implemented 2D tGAP generalization operators (line simplification, merge and split/collapse), (2) obtaining a valid 2D polygonal map representation at arbitrary scale from the cube, (3) using the vario-scale structure to provide smooth zoom and progressive transfer between server and client, (4) exploring which other possibilities the cube brings for obtaining maps having non-homogenous scales over their domain (which we term mixed-scale maps), and (5) using the same principles also for higher dimensional data; illustrated with 3D input data represented in a 4D hypercube.

The proposed new structure has very significant advantages over existing multi-scale/multi-representation solutions (in addition to being truly vario-scale): (1) due to tight integration of space and scale, there is guaranteed consistency between scales, (2) it is relatively easy to implement smooth zoom, and (3) compact, object-oriented encoding is provided for a complete scale range.     

基于网格细分技术的三维地质模型光滑方法研究

针对粗糙的三维地质模型,利用网格细分技术,生成加密光滑的三维模型。分析网格细分技术在三维地质建模中的应用需求以及Loop细分和改进的蝶形细分技术,为保持地质体之间公共面数据的一致性,对"改进的蝶形细分法"做了进一步改进,增加了对边界约束的处理。探讨利用细分技术生成多分辨率模型,通过试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

Towards generating highly detailed 3D CityGML models from OpenStreetMap

About one decade has passed since US vice president Al Gore articulated his vision of Digital Earth (DE). Within this decade, a global multi-resolution and three-dimensional (3D) representation of the Earth, which sums up the DE vision, increasingly gained interest in both public and science. Due to the desired high resolution of the available data, highly detailed 3D city models comprise a huge part of DE and they are becoming an essential and useful tool for a range of different applications. In the past as well as at present, 3D models normally come from a range of different sources generated by professionals, such as laser scans or photogrammetry combined with 2D cadaster data. Some models are generated with semi-automated or fully automated approaches, but in most cases manual fine tuning or even manual construction from architectural plans is required. Further beyond outdoor city models, DE additionally envisages the provision of indoor information. That is, the interior structure of public or publically accessible buildings, such as airports or shopping malls, is represented and made available in 3D; however, at the moment, such models are mostly created by hand and essentially based on professional data sources. In contrast to such professional data, which is mainly captured by surveyors or companies, the last few years revealed the phenomenon of crowdsourced geodata, which receives an increasing attractiveness as an alternative data source for many Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Former research already demonstrated the power and richness of such geodata – especially OpenStreetMap (OSM) – and it has also been proved that this non-standardized, crowdsourced geodata can be combined with international standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). For example, CityGML Level-of-Detail 1 (LoD1) and LoD2 models have already been created automatically from OSM. The research presented in this article will further continue on the automated generation of CityGML models from OpenStreetMap. Essentially, a method for the creation of highly detailed CityGML LoD4 models with interior structures will be explained. By applying the invented approach on existing OSM data, limitations and restrictions of the IndoorOSM mapping proposal, the available data and the developed approach are revealed and discussed.     

摄影测量三维重建中多源信息融合方法探讨

分析摄影测量三维重建中不同数据源的特点,针对现有多源数据融合存在的有限数据源低层次融合问题,提出一种基于影像特征、GIS信息和3D TIN模型融合的层次结构与算法流程 .该算法主要包括多边形区域增长、几何推理和建筑物几何模型平差等处理,为基于摄影测 量的三维城市模型自动重建提供了一种新的思路与方法.     

Spatial subdivision of complex indoor environments for 3D indoor navigation

As we realize that we spend most of our time in increasingly complex indoor environments, applications to assist indoor activities (e.g. guidance) have gained a lot of attention in the recent years. The advances in ubiquitous computing made possible the development of several spatial models intending to support context-aware and fine-grained indoor navigation systems. However, the available models often rely on simplified representations (e.g. 2D plans) and ignore the indoor features (e.g. furniture), thereby missing to reflect the complexity of the indoor environment. In this paper, we introduce the Flexible Space Subdivision framework (FSS) that allows to automatically identify the spaces that can be used for indoor navigation purpose. We propose a classification of indoor objects based on their ability to autonomously change location and we define a spatial subdivision of the indoor environment based on the classified objects and their functions. The framework can consider any 3D indoor configuration, the static and dynamic activities it hosts and it enables the possibility to consider all types of locomotion (e.g. walking, flying, etc.). It relies on input 3D models with geometric, semantic and topological information and identifies a set of subspaces with dedicated properties. We assess the framework against criteria defined in previous researches and we provide an example.     

区域旅游可持续发展的三维分析

区域旅游发展是一个复杂的动态系统,在这个系统内旅游者、旅游资源、旅游环境、经济与社会等要素相互作用。运用系统分析法,从旅游活动的主体和核心、旅游发展的物质基础、区域旅游发展的依托以及旅游发展的目的等各方面对旅游系统的要素进行分析。旅游系统的发展要落实到一定的空间和时间,在对区域旅游系统研究的基础上,从要素维、空间维、时间维三个维度对区域旅游可持续发展的内涵进行了全面的综合分析。     

3D noise mapping in urban areas

Noise mapping is the process of determining and visualizing noise impact on the environment in order to support environmental policies. Currently most noise impact studies are based on a 2D approach. The 3D output of noise simulation software is processed and visualized in 2D and combined with 2D topographical and other data, such as population distribution, to quantify the effects. The research described in this paper aims at improving visualization and assessment of noise impact on the environment by generating a 3D noise map in cases where 3D effects are relevant. Based on the specific demand, an approach is presented to generate a 3D noise map as a basis for noise impact studies. The proposed concept is proofed by applying it to a sample noise impact study. From experiences with the sample, it can be concluded that the 3D noise map offers significant insight in situations where 3D noise effects are relevant, i.e. in urban areas. Here, current 2D noise maps have limitations. In addition, more accurate assessment of noise impact is possible in particular when different floors of a building close to the noise source and/or behind noise barriers are considered. This paper also elaborates on accuracy aspects in all phases of noise modelling, including a presentation of initial experiments of 3D noise interpolation.     

基于Hoops的钻孔三维可视化技术研究

在矿体三维可视化建模过程中,钻孔和品位的三维可视化是其关键步骤之一,该文引进三维图形引擎库Hoops,采用Windows编程语言VC实现了钻孔轨迹及其品位分布三维可视化组件,为开发矿体的三维实体模拟软件系统奠定基础。工程应用表明,该组件性能稳定,能够精准地模拟实际钻孔分布情况。     

多视角三维仿真城市地图的实现方法

针对目前三维仿真城市地图展示中单一视角因视线遮挡造成信息丢失的问题,提出了一种多视角三维仿真地图方法,即通过多个可以互相切换的视角对三维仿真城市地图数据进行发布与展示,多视角三维仿真地图具有信息量大、色彩鲜明、形象立体的优点。该文在分析多视角三维仿真地图数据的基础上,给出了数据组织模型,提出了三维仿真地图的多视角逻辑坐标与地理坐标的转换方法,实现了多视角三维仿真城市地图的可视化。     

基于Web Geocoding的三维GIS快速定位方法研究

三维GIS技术已经逐渐发展成熟,其对客观世界的表达能给人以更真实的感受,然而三维GIS软件所需数据是海量的。由于遥感技术的发展,纹理数据的获取和处理已经变得容易和快速,而对于矢量数据的采集、存储是一个非常艰巨的工作,如何在短期内获取海量、精确的矢量地理信息数据,减少数据采集的费用和时间成了一大难题。通过基于网络的地理编码来查询获取矢量点状地理信息,将地理信息存储到本地数据库,并且将数据应用到系统中进行快速定位显示,实现地理位置的实时定位和查询,为各种专题三维GIS软件开发提供服务和扩展功能。     

Embedding user-generated content into oblique airborne photogrammetry-based 3D city model

Oblique airborne photogrammetry-based three-dimensional (3D) city model (OAP3D) provides a spatially continuous representation of urban landscapes that encompasses buildings, road networks, trees, bushes, water bodies, and topographic features. OAP3D is usually present in the form of a group of unclassified triangular meshes under a multi-resolution data structure. Modifying such a non-separable landscape constitutes a daunting task because manual mesh editing is normally required. In this paper, we present a systematic approach for easily embedding user-generated content into OAP3D. We reduce the complexity of OAP3D modification from a 3D mesh operation to a two-dimensional (2D) raster operation through the following workflow: (1) A region of interest (ROI) is selected to cover the area that is intended to be modified for accommodating user-defined content. (2) Spatial interpolation using a set of manually controlled elevation samples is employed to generate a user-defined digital surface model (DSM), which is used to reform the ROI surface. (3) User-generated objects, for example, artistically painted road textures, procedurally generated water effects, and manually created 3D building models, are overlaid onto the reformed ROI.     

极地陆生植物3D形态数据库(3D MPP)

植物3D形态是植物的重要生理特征和存在形式。3D形态由于与植物的光合作用效率息息相关,因而对植物生长具有重要意义。将2014年在南极乔治王岛长城站附近采集的56份苔藓植物标本鉴定为4科6属6种及1变种。从每一种中选取一个代表性群落样品用REVscan 3D扫描仪进行高精度的激光扫描,共获取120 M 3D点云数据,987 429个点和1 700 380个面,重构出7个植物样本的表面3D模型。在此基础上,基于Java Web技术、开源数据库系统My SQL、第三方开源Web GL库Three.js、开源Web应用服务器Tomcat等构建了国内首个极地植物3D形态数据库(3dmpp.gznu.edu.cn),提供了3D渲染功能。通过本数据库用户可以方便地浏览和搜索已有的物种信息数据,并全方位地获取植物的3D表面信息。本数据库的建立为极地植物的3D形态信息提供了储存、展示与共享的平台,为不同植物间3D表面形态的比较研究提供了基础数据和工具,为保护极地植物,特别是濒危植物的全息信息资料提供了重要保障。     

旅游景区三维可视化场景构建

针对旅游景区的三维建模方法进行研究,着重探讨自然景观、人文景观的三维表现,包括地面三维信息与地下三维体、物质与非物质文化景观的三维显示;提出三维数据采集的质量控制方法及建模规范,并以浙江省温州市江心屿景区为例,实现了该旅游景区的三维场景构建。     

3D GIS空间索引技术研究

概括并分析3D GIS中使用的空间索引技术,介绍各类技术方法的基本思想;对典型的空间索引方法进行分类,综合比较其优缺点和适用对象;按照空间分割方式将三维空间索引分为规则分割和对象分割两大类,规则分割包括规则网格、BSP树、八叉树、KD树、KDB树和R树系列等,对象分割则通过层次包围体来实现。指出在3D GIS实际应用中,应根据实际情况和应用需要组合多种索引技术,进而生成灵活、高效的索引机制。     

三维社区建模与分析的共形几何代数方法

利用共形几何代数的多维统一表达与分析优势,研究了集成多源数据的三维社区统一建模与分析方法。构建了基于多重向量存储结构的社区场景整体建模流程,实现了CityGML、DXF等多源数据的导入与集成,并设计了基于共形几何代数的对象运动表达与插值方法。以德国Waldbruecke村为例的验证结果显示,基于共形几何代数的三维社区建模可以较好地表达复杂社区对象,并可以有效支撑几何度量、动态对象跟踪、运动轨迹重建等功能实现。     

基于钻孔数据的三维地层模型的构建

三维地质建模是三维GIS在地学中的一个重要应用,三维地层模型对实际的地质分析极为有用。在综合前人研究成果的基础上,提出了一种由工程钻孔数据构建三维地层模型的方法。该方法以钻孔资料作为地层建模的源数据,具有简单实用、快速稳健的特点,并且能够将用户手工编辑修改的钻孔剖面图融入实际建模流程,解决了以往单纯依靠钻孔数据进行建模而导致的建模结果不精确且难以修正的问题。该文介绍了该方法的基本思想与实现流程,探讨了断层数据的加入对模型的影响及解决方案,并通过一个建模实例展示了该方法的实际建模效果。