87型钻孔数字测温仪简介

中国科学院地球物理研究所最近研制出87型钻孔数字测温仪。该仪器主要由感温探头,测量电路、A/D转换、小数点驱动、显示、编码、打印接口和打印机等部分组成,其工作原理为:感温探头和测量电路将被测温度变为模拟电压信号,经A/D转换和小数驱动电路又转变为数字量字段码,一路送显示器直接显示出被测温度数值,另一路送编码器,将字段码转     

MFT-PT型组合多路遥测仪

MFT-PT型遥测仪的研制,是为了在较大范围内（100-200公里）同时传输观测短周期、长周期地震信号和其他地球物理量. 该仪器系统是由脉冲幅度调制和频率调制两种遥测系统复合组成的.其设计特点有如等待式多相多谐振荡器,单管单稳电路等.遥测仪与电子计算机,磁带机配用可以达到快速综合处理地震信号的目的. 该仪器如果采用话音频率,则可以利用电话线路把地震信号送到几千公里之外.遥测仪如果与射频收发讯机配合,则可以构成无线流动台网.     

海城震区深地震测深资料A/D转换方法及其效果的研究

介绍深地震测深模拟磁带资料在CROMEMCO型微机上实现A/D转换的方法及其效果。在实现A/D转换研究中,进行了时标信号采集方式、六响信号处理、模拟回放电路改进等方法的试验,从而提高了A/D转换精度与效果。经对海城震区实际资料分析可知:该系统A/D转换精度达到了规范要求。     

基于STM32和LabVIEW的双频激电信号采集系统设计

本文将LabVIEW与基于32位ARM单片机的数据采集电路结合,研究实现了一种高精度、多功能的双频激电信号采集系统.激电信号被采集系统接收后,经信号调理进入模数转换电路转换为数字信号,由USB接口送入基于LabVIEW软件平台的上位机中.上位机对该信号进行滤波选频、幅值测量、频谱分析、幅频率计算等处理,得到目标参数,同时还具有绘图、保存、查看等功能.本文就双频激电信号采集进行了阻容网络模拟实验,先用公式计算出理论视幅频率值,然后搭建电路进行实测.实验结果表明,该采集系统对双频激电信号采集的视幅频率测量误差小、精度高,具有良好的测量效果.     

IPSTAR卫星在高斯信道中传输数据应用与性能分析

IPSTAR系统由IPSTAR号卫星、地面业务关口站和小口径天线地面终端组成.本文通过建立调制方式模型和高斯信道模型,分析卫星信号信噪比及传输性能,对比信噪比不同的星座图,分析卫星通信系统使用QPSK调制方式调制、传输地震数据对信号的影响,为使用卫星通信系统传输地震数据提供理论依据.     

SeisProc：基于ObsPy库的地震数据处理软件

在已有地震数据处理软件的基础上,为了进一步丰富和完善地震数据处理工具库,基于ObsPy模块库,设计并实现了一款简单易用、可拓展的地震数据处理软件SeisProc。该软件利用ObsPy提供的信号接口,实现了对多种格式的地震数据文件的预处理功能,应用PyQt5库设计GUI,实现数据预览、格式转换、波形绘制和预处理等功能。     

人工爆炸地震野外数据处理装置

1988年底在华南地区连县-港口近400km的测线上,首次使用了中国科学院地球物理研究所研制的人工爆炸地震野外数据处理装置.该装置由AT型微机及必要的接口板和外围装置组成,能在野外条件下把模拟或数字记录仪记录结果以数字数据形式输入计算机,并进行显示、打印、存储等操作.由于成功地解决了诸如磁带信号直接屏幕扫描搜寻,时间信号自动识别、解码,钟差和零时信号屏幕光点比测,采样率随磁带速度自动调节,多通道长时间信号连续存储,数字滤波和再采样,用普通打印机快速打印高分辨率图形等技术问题,我们在野外记录后2-3天内即能绘出全测线120道记录的剖面图,达到了前所未有的高速度.     

海底可控源电磁接收机的姿态记录装置

用于观测海洋可控源电磁信号的海底可控源电磁接收机,由于投放过程的随机性,需要借助专门的姿态模块获取位于海底的接收机工作过程中所处的三轴姿态信息(方位角、俯仰角、横滚角).受底流冲击及底质不稳等因素影响,接收机可能在海底发生位移,因此有必要连续观测其三轴姿态信息.该姿态记录装置由水下单元和甲板单元组成,其中甲板单元为水下单元提供时间服务;甲板单元由密封盒、水密电缆、时间服务电路组成.水下单元硬件由压力舱、锂电池组、姿态记录电路、水密接插件组成;水下单元重点解决了高精度三轴姿态观测、长时间连续工作、大容量存储等技术难题.并为姿态记录装置开发了用户显控软件,用于实现数据传输、显示、回放、成图、格式转换等功能.该装置典型技术指标为观测角度误差:±1°,连续工作时间:40day(1min采样间隔),存储空间:64 MB,用户接口:USB2.0,工作水深:2000 m,水中重量:100g.2014年进行的海洋试验验证了该装置的有效性及可靠性.     

闪电与罗兰C信号接收处理系统

基于C/S模式架构,设计闪电与罗兰C信号接收处理系统,并阐述系统中数据采集模块、分析与计算模块、存储与回放模块、多台站数据匹配模块的作用和功能。该系统在安徽省地震局运行以来,工作状态良好,达到设计要求。     

ZZD-周期地震仪时间程序自动控制标定电路

1.引言在整个传输系统中,由输入到输出是在一定的动态精度下工作的。为了对有线遥测传输、无线遥测传输、有线短中长距离直接传输等进行系统的幅频特性监视和维修,采用低功耗CMOS集成电路设计了长周期、中长(强)周期、短周期拾震器三分向时间程序自动控制标定电路。在电路中设有768—编码遥控接收机的接口电路,可进行自动和手工立即遥控标     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.