三峡工程大江截流水文科技工作综述

长江三峡工程大江截流的水文泥沙实时信息与预报成果是大江截流优化设计、科学研究,安全度汛,施工组织和调度决策的重要依据。长江水利委员会水文局根据与中国长江三峡开发总公司鉴定的合同,在总结葛洲坝等工程截流经验的基础上,创造性地应用当今世界上可靠、先进的技术,创建了三峡大江截流水文泥沙监测系统和龙口水文预报模型,及时提供了各项水文信息预报成果,技术资料齐全,成果可靠,圆满地完成了合同所确定的各项任务,为     

三峡工程大江截流水文泥沙监测规划

鉴于三峡工程大江截流是一项复杂的系统工程,具有水深大,流量大,抛投量大和截流期不断航等显著特点。水文泥沙监测作为其重要的组成部分,监测导流与截流过程中水流泥沙和水下地形的变化,为截流设计优化,调整施工方案与措施等提供科学的决策依据,同时也为导流明渠分流与通航,围堰度汛,截流水力学试验研究及水文预报,水文分析计算等提供水文原型观测资料。本文介绍了水文泥沙监测的目的、任务和水文数据采集,传输,处理与信     

大功率回声仪在龙口测深中的应用

为了确保葛洲坝工程大江截流龙口测深工作的顺利进行,1980年6～10月,长办水文处技术科仪器组试制了一台大功率回声测声仪,经过龙口实测考验,证明仪器性能良好,适宜在高速、乱流中使用。现将仪器的研制过程和实际应用情况介绍如下。     

三峡工程大江截流水力要素变化分析

根据三峡工程大江截流期间收集到的截流河段,导流明渠、二期上下围堰口门区的水位,流速,流量,河床地形,水面流态等监测资料,分析研究了截流河段（尤其是动态的龙口）水力要素的变化规律及其相互关系。分析表明,龙口纵,横断面的流速分布受戗堤进占与平抛垫底施工和上游来水来沙的综合影响。围堰渗流量的监测对分析明渠分流比,石渣戗堤稳定研究起到了补充作用。     

三峡工程大江截流龙口,明渠水文要素的预报技术

总结了三峡工程大江截流水文预报的实践和技术经验。对主要的预报难点及对策,相关图方法,龙口断面交互式预测,堰流计算的交互处理、实时跟踪技术的应用进行了综合讨论,可供国内外今后开展类似工作参考。     

三峡工程大江截流龙口与导流明渠水文水力学计算和检验

三峡工程大江截流是世界上截流流量最大,水深最大和抛投强度最大的截流工程。鉴于大江截流及二期围堰的重要性及技术复杂性,对上游围堰龙口,导流明渠进行了水文水力学分析计算,得到了各级坝址流量下明渠分流比,龙口落差,流速等水力要素成果,并进行了实时校验,结果表明计算值与原型观测较为一致。     

潘家庄水文站泥沙测验方式探讨

水文站监测的河流泥沙资料在国民经济建设中有着重要意义。由于局限监测技术,我国大多数水文站泥沙监测仍实行人工监测,测验工作量很大,极不适应当前水利改革发展和水文现代化建设的形势要求。本文通过对潘家庄水文站单断沙关系稳定为直线等的研究分析,探讨泥沙间测方式的改革,可大大减少泥沙测验工作量,为该站水文现代化管理打下基础。     

三峡工程明渠截流水文工作

介绍了三峡工程明渠截流水文工作的主要内容、水文信息系统、水文监测关键仪器设备与技术措施等.     

葛洲坝大江截流中的水文测验工作胜利结束

万里长江第一坝——葛洲坝水利枢纽于1981年元月4日胜利完成大江截流,这在我国水利水电建设史上是一项空前未有的壮举。在这次大江截流的整个过程中,长办水文局组织了全江300人的水文测验队伍参加各项水文测验工作。全面准确地搜集了整个截流过程中的截流河段水位、龙口流速、落差、二江分流量、坝区流速流态和水下地形资料,其中实测得龙口最大流速为为7米/秒。确保截流的胜利,及时、准确、主动地提供了有关水文数据,起到了参谋和耳目的作用。目前他们正集中力量对资料进行整理分析和进行工作总结。     

中美水文测验技术比较研究

本文介绍了美国水文机构、测站分类、测验管理、测站运行模式，水位、流量、泥沙等水文要素测验的技术方法，水文数据的传输、分发管理、水文经费筹措与使用等情况。对比分析了中关两国水文测验管理体制和运行机制，讨论了中关各自的测验技术优势与特点。指出了美国水文测站无人驻守，实行自动测报和巡测相结合，设施简单、设备先进、自动化程度高，是现代水文测报发展的方向，中国水文测报实行以人工驻测为主，需要耗费大量的人力物力；对如何学习美国水文测验管理经验与先进技术，提高中国水文测验技术与管理水平提出了几点认识和建议。     

Evaluation of erosion in equipped basins: preliminary results of a comparison between the Gavrilovic model and direct measurements of sediment transport

The study of the hydrologic characters of a water course permits the correct management of the corresponding basin and a greater control over the water resources of the whole basin; therefore, a suitable planning and maintenance of the necessary interventions along the water course, especially in proximity of the outlet to sea, becomes necessary. An evaluation of the solid transport allows an estimation of the erosion to which the basin is subjected as a result of the river flow, and further helps to prevent hydrologic disasters in the possible risk zones. Among the various experimental techniques in use for measuring the suspended-solid transport, nuclear methods have been preferably used in this research, which are based on monitoring the concentration of the suspended sediments. The suspended-solid concentration is detected by the attenuation of radioactivity emitted by a source of ²⁴¹Am dipped in the water. This attenuation, due to the presence of the sediments transported in great amounts during events of flood is measured using a scintillation detector made up of a crystal of NaI(Tl). With appropriate calibration curves built both in the laboratory and in the field, it is possible to trace the amount of suspended-solid transport in a certain river section that is located in the proximity of the river outlet. This methodology, applied to different equipped basins in Italy and Africa, is particularly useful for small and medium water courses (similar to those of the Apennine ranges in Italy), allowing an assessment of the erosion in the whole watershed. In this note, the techniques used are introduced in detail, with particular attention to the instrument calibration, and the numerical results obtained for some basins in the Marche region (Italy) are compared with some empirical formulae used in previous reports for the calculation of erosion.     

黄河源区气候对径流的影响分析

根据对降水响应速度的快慢,径流又可分为直接径流和基流。基流一般定义为河川径流中来自于地下蓄水或者其他延迟水源的成分,代表地下水出流;直接径流表示对降水事件的直接响应。从这一思路出发,文中在分析降水到总径流、直接径流和基流的转化率的基础上分析了气候变化对径流的影响。研究发现,黄河源区的径流系数随降水量的增加而增大,随气温升高而降低;径流随着降水的增加而增加。20世纪90年代降水减少和气温的大幅度升高是黄河源区径流减少的重要原因。区间子流域分析表明,不同的子流域气温和降水对径流的影响不同,在吉迈以上区间,年气温比较低,气温是影响径流系数的主要因子,径流随着气温的升高而降低,降水对径流的影响比较小;在吉迈—玛曲区间,直接径流量/降水量主要受降水的影响,总径流量/降水量、基流量/降水量随降水增加而升高,随气温升高而降低。总径流和基流随降水的增加而增大,随气温的升高而减少;在玛曲—唐乃亥区间,径流系数随着降水量的增加而增加,直接径流量/降水量随气温的升高而降低,降水是径流的主要影响因素。     

Prediction of minesite-drainage chemistry through closure using operational monitoring data

Post-mining drainage chemistry depends strongly on geochemical and hydrologic processes that occur during the operational years. Where routine operational monitoring data are abundant, the dominant processes can often be evaluated with no additional, special studies. Thus, post-mining drainage chemistry can be predicted with confidence based on the operational data. This is referred to here as ‘empirical drainage-chemistry modelling’ (EDCM).This paper presents examples of EDCM using routine monitoring databases from several minesites, each containing thousands of analyses and spanning up to 30 years of mine operation and closure. Simple statistical interpretations in the EDCM can reveal annual cycles and trends that aqueous concentrations display during operation and into closure.A new compilation of 12 EDCM equations for copper versus pH is presented to illustrate similar trends with pH among the sites. However, this compilation also shows that average-annual copper concentrations at a particular pH can vary by three orders of magnitude, reflecting site-specific factors. Also, a new case study comparing actual closure concentrations to those predicted with EDCM in 1991 demonstrates that predictive accuracy is within a factor of two.     

The emerging role of satellite rainfall data in improving the hydro-political situation of flood monitoring in the under-developed regions of the world

The systematic decline of in situ networks for hydrologic measurements has been recognized as a crucial limitation to advancing hydrologic monitoring in medium to large basins, especially those that are already sparsely instrumented. As a collective response, sections of the hydrologic community have recently forged partnerships for the development of space-borne missions for cost-effective, yet global, hydrologic measurements by building upon the technological advancements since the last two decades. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art on flood monitoring in medium and large ungauged basins where satellite remote sensing can facilitate development of a cost-effective mechanism. We present our review in the context of the current hydro-political situation of flood monitoring in flood-prone developing nations situated in international river basins (IRBs). Given the large number of such basins and the difficulty in acquisition of multi-faceted geophysical data, we argue that the conventional data-intensive implementation of physically based hydrologic models that are complex and distributed is time-consuming for global assessment of the utility of proposed global satellite hydrologic missions. A more parsimonious approach is justified at the tolerable expense of accuracy before such missions begin operation. Such a parsimonious approach can subsequently motivate the identified international basins to invest greater effort in conventional and detailed hydrologic studies to design a prototype flood forecasting system in an effort to overcome the hydro-political hurdles to flood monitoring. Through a modeling exercise involving an open-book watershed concept, we demonstrate the value of a parsimonious approach in understanding the utility of NASA-derived satellite rainfall products. It is critical now that real-world operational flood forecasting agencies in the under-developed world come forward to collaborate with the research community in order to leverage satellite rainfall data for greater societal benefit for inhabitants in IRBs.     

三峡工程大江截流的水文技术

鉴于三峡工程大江截流水深大，流量大，工期紧，特别是截流过程中要考虑不断航因素，因此，在大江截流和二期围堰阶段的施工进程中，应充分考虑到各方面的因素，尽可能采取一切减少大江截流和二期围堰施工难度的手段和措施，其中水文测验，水文气象预报，河道观测，水文分析与计算和水力学计算等水文工作则是为顺利实施高质量大江截流的重要条件。     

基于GIS和RS的喀斯特流域枯水资源影响因素识别――以贵州省为例

喀斯特流域是由独特的地貌、水系结构及水文动态过程组成的地域综合体。因此,影响喀斯特流域枯水资源的因素复杂多样,除气候等条件外,流域的植被类型、土地利用类型、岩组类型、地貌类型等也是影响喀斯特流域枯水资源的重要因素。本文选取了19个典型喀斯特流域为研究对象,以1991至1995年水文数据和遥感数据为基础,通过实地调查,制定基于GIS和RS为基础的喀斯特流域枯水资源影响因素信息提取方法,提取各个喀斯特流域单元中枯水水资源影响因素,通过关联度分析,得出不同的自然因素对枯水资源的贡献率,即岩组类型因素> 土地利用类型因素> 地貌类型因素> 植被类型因素。在各自然因素中,白云岩、半喀斯特低中山、草地与枯水资源的关系最为密切。      

长江水文发展及展望

长江水文监测的水文、水质、河道信息,水文气象预报、水文水资源分析评价成果是维护河流健康的基础支撑信息。加强水文水资源监测站网的规划,加快水文测报现代化建设,提升水文水资源预报能力,大力开展长江水文水资源变化规律研究,促进水文事业发展,是长江水文的发展方向。