祁县井水温和水位的奇异潮汐关系探讨

Tidal phase of water temperature in Qixian well, Shanxi Province is ahead of water level, which is different from the normal tidal relationship between water temperature and water level. Observation curves of this phenomenon are introduced in this paper, and co-seismic response data of water temperature and water level are used to check the thermometer time system, confirming that this phenomenon is true. Using the harmonic analysis method, variations of time difference between water temperature and water level for the M2 wave are worked out, which indicates that this phenomenon exists during the whole observation. According to the variations of phase lags for water temperature and water level, and the survey of observation conditions, it is considered that the abnormal phenomenon may be related to inadequate passage of water caused by a well blockage at the depth where the water temperature probe was set.     

赵各庄井水位水温演化特征及其成因分析

平谷赵各庄井深200 m, 观测含水层为182 m以下的全井段, 是浅层冷水和深层热水的混合水。 受开采及降雨影响, 水位、 水温长趋势及年动态具有同步协调性变化, 地下水开采使井筒内冷水比例变小, 水位下降, 水温上升; 降雨渗入补给使流入观测井筒内冷水占比例变大, 水位上升, 水温下降, 但雨季结束, 井筒内冷水流入量变少, 井水温逐渐回升。 气压和固体潮使井筒与含水层间有水流运动, 水位出现周期性波动, 从而改变井筒内冷热水比例, 引起水温周期性变化的次生效应, 两者有短期同步协调变化。 不同种干扰因素造成了不同周期的变化影响, 在排除干扰, 提取地震异常信息时, 应选用不同方法及取样周期进行分析。     

青海门源MS6.9地震井水位与水温同震响应特征分析

基于全国地震地下流体台网数据库,分析了2022年1月8日青海海北藏族自治州门源县 M_S6.9地震引起的地下流体井水位、水温同震响应特征。结果表明:本次地震引起的水位同震响应观测井数量远大于水温;水位同震响应开始时间、结束时间均优先于水温,水温同震响应是水位同震响应的次生变化。对比门源2022年1月8日 M_S6.9和2016年1月21日 M_S6.4地震,发现地震能量不同是造成两次地震同震响应差异的主要原因。     

北京良乡、赵各庄井水位、水温同震响应对比研究

收集了2001年以来北京地区良乡、赵各庄井水位、水温的同震响应资料,从其同震响应特征中发现,虽然两观测井水位的响应灵敏度相差不大,但良乡井水温的灵敏度要好于赵各庄井。在对比两观测井水温日变化幅度以及气泡脱逸模型的基础上,结合两观测井含水层的水文地质特征,对于两观测井水温响应灵敏度的差异给出了较为合理的解释。     

不同深度鱼塘水温状况分析

“七五”期间，黄淮海平原农业开发禹城试区，成功地推广了鱼塘－台田生态系统。为挖掘开发潜力及寻求最佳系统模式，本文结合渔业生产环境条件进行鱼塘不同深度的温度分析，认为，在该区的气候条件下，水深一般保持在１．５￣２．０ｍ较为适宜。     

河北冀16井水温动态分析

对河北冀16井2018-2019年水温动态特征、同震效应及干扰因素等方面进行分析,结果表明,水温整体呈趋势性下降变化,年、月、日动态规律清晰,对人为干扰、自然环境等干扰因素反应灵敏;该井水温固体潮效应明显,与水位呈反向变化,滞后水位1～2h;水温对远场大震有同震响应,能记录到全球7级以上地震,响应特征为振荡后逐渐恢复正...     

Water balance approach under extreme arid conditions — A case study of Tabalah Basin,Saudi Arabia

Quantification of water balance components, under arid conditions, is essential to the development of water management policies. This study demonstrates the application of the mass water balance approach for the assessment of water resources in a typical watershed located in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. The water balance approach was used, on an event basis, to express the amount of precipitation for 13 storms over a three year period, as a percentage of other hydrological components such as runoff, evaporation, and recharge. The study indicated that 63 per cent of precipitation is lost through evaporation from the water surface during flooding, and from the upper layers of the soil surface immediately after storms. Another 32 per cent is stored in the form of soil moisture in the unsaturated layers below the effective evaporation depth. Only 3 per cent of the precipitation was transformed into surface runoff; however, 75 per cent of this contributes towards groundwater recharge. This study has illustrated that the mass water balance approach can be used, with reasonable accuracy, to quantify the components of the hydrological processes under arid conditions, where a reliable data base is available. This, in turn, will help in the development of appropriate water management policies for arid regions.     

小波变换在数字化水位观测资料分析中的应用

小波变换是近年兴起的信号处理方法,具有良好的时频局部化特征。它不但可以准确地描述瞬变信号的局部特征,还可以通过多尺度变换,从不同频带上观察信号的特征。利用小波变换的以上特征将其运用于数字化水位观测资料不同频率潮汐波的分离、同震水震波及震前水位长周期“前驱波”的识别、干扰与同震效应的识别等方面,都取得了较好的效果。     

Water and Wastewater Treatment in Africa – Current Practices and Challenges

Sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is an important part of the millennium development goals (MDGs). For most African countries, an extensive effort is needed for the last three remaining years for the achievement of the MDGs, especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Current practices for water and wastewater treatment in Africa are insufficient to ensure safe water and basic sanitation. To address this challenge, joint efforts are needed, including transforming to green economy, innovating technologies, improving operation and maintenance, harvesting energy, improving governance and management, promoting public participation, and establishing water quality standards.     

Water quality of a port in NW Mexico and its rehabilitation with swell energy

Ensenada Harbor is one of the most important ports of Mexico. Anthropogenic activities have affected the area over several decades, leading to the accumulation of contaminants in its sediments, which eventually are re-suspended into the water column. In spite of water treatment of the tributaries that discharge into the Ensenada Harbor, the water circulation patterns of the harbor, which consist of closed eddies in the northern and southeastern sector, favor the accumulation of those contaminants and hinder exchange with adjacent seawater. Samples collected in October of 2005 registered 63 μM total inorganic nitrogen and 280 mg/L of COD, confirming that this is a highly contaminated environment when compared with other water bodies of North America. Such concentrations can be lowered up to 80% by using a wave energy pumping system that demonstrates the possibility to gradually dilute these contaminants and rehabilitate the Ensenada Harbor.     

Analysis of Physical and Chemical Parameters for Discrimination of Water Origin in a Hydroelectric Reservoir

Seventeen physical and chemical parameters were obtained from a hydroelectric reservoir located in a tropical region in the south of Brazil. Multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Group Analysis (HGA) were used to identify the parameters discriminating the origin of water from the Tibagi and the Primeiro de Maio River, after it has passed the mixing region. The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in July 2002 and February 2003 at three depths and three sampling sites located 0, 5, and 10 km away from the mixing region. The statistical methods showed to be appropriate for identifying the contribution of each tributary in the water mixing site of a complex water system. The most important discriminating parameter was the absorbance relation A(253 nm)/A(203 nm), followed by the concentrations of Fe(III), Mn(III), and Ni(II). An anthropogenic interference was found in the reservoir due to high Ni(II) and orthophosphate concentrations caused by a nearby town sewage discharge. The interference was more important during the dry periods due to the lower dispersion of the pollutants. Urgent initiatives should be taken from the state government to build treatment stations for the wastewater of the small cities around the Capivara hydroelectric reservoir to prevent the drinking water quality from deteriorating.     

Water balance modelling in lateritic terrain

An analytical approximate model for unsaturated flow in a spatially variable field, coupled with infiltration and evapotranspiration at the upper boundary and a fluctuating water-table at the lower boundary, has been developed. The unsaturated flow equations depend on parameterizations of θ(Φ) and K(Φ). They are based on the notion of a moving, discontinuous front. The field heterogeneity refers to saturated hydraulic conductivity only. Horizontal variability is considered, and the flow medium is approximated as a set of uncorrelated, vertically homogeneous columns. Expectations and variances obtained with this approach have been compared with observations of the field hydrological processes. Three important aspects of the hydrology in this lateritic terrain are rapid water-table response, Hortonian surface runoff generation and soil suction variability. The stochastic conceptualization used explains to a high degree these characteristics, although some limitations are demonstrated.     

太湖湖体水环境容量计算

针对太湖风生流的特点,提出考虑风向风速频率修正及污染带控制的水环境容量计算方法,建立了太湖水量水质数学模型,并结合水文水质资料对流场和浓度场进行模拟和验证.在控制单个污染带面积为1～3 km2,污染带总长度为湖岸线长度10%的基础上采用该方法进行计算,计算结果更可靠.太湖CODcr的水环境容量为132727 t/a,TN的水环境容量为7700 t/a.     

太湖水污染控制的目标及设想

According to the social and natural conditions of Taihu Lake Basin, the planning objectives and some ideas for water pollution prevention in Taihu Lake and its surrounding river-lake system are proposed.     

Co-seismic Water Level and Temperature Responses of Some Wells to Far-Field Strong Earthquakes and Their Mechanisms

The observation of water temperature in deep wells has been carried out for more than 20 years in China.However,study on the mechanism of water temperature response to earthquakes is inadequate.During the study of the co-seismic response characteristics of water level and temperature in 121 wells within the China subsurface fluid monitoring network at the time of the December 26,2004,M-S8.7 Indonesia earthquake,we found regular response characteristics,that is,when the water level in a deep well oscillates,the water temperature in the same well will mostly experience a cycle from dropping to restoration at the same time.The process will continue for dozens of minutes to several hours.In order to confirm the observed phenomenon,we collected the digital water level and temperature observation data for 39 far-field strong earthquakes from the Tangshan well in Hebei Province(with the data set beginning in 2001).The same response characteristics were observed.Based on the analysis of the influencing factors that may cause the water temperature drop,the authors suggest the gas escape mechanism for co-seismic water temperature drop and posit two main factors that influence the water temperature drop during the process of gas escape.Finally,the authors provide a rational explanation of some observed phenomena based on the mechanism.     

Magnetically Separable Water Treatment Technologies and their Role in Future Advanced Water Treatment: A Patent Review

Magnetic separation has been recognized as an important property for the simple deployment of micro and sub‐microparticles into solution in the field of water treatment. Many materials with desirable properties for water decontamination are hindered due to the difficulty inherent in removing them from solution post‐treatment. By securing these materials to magnetic compounds, this important issue can be solved as removing active materials from wastewater requires only the application of a magnetic field. This review article presents and discusses many recent technologies, in the form of patents, which exploit the property of magnetic separation for advanced water treatment, including methods of adsorbing pollutants from wastewater and magnetically separating them, as well as methods of deploying active materials for the degradation of contaminants, then magnetically retrieving these catalysts. The requirement for advanced wastewater treatment methods becomes more essential as new, persistent contaminants arise as a result of pharmaceuticals, pesticides and industrial processes which cannot be addressed by traditional water treatment procedures. Magnetic separation promises to be a critical factor in these advanced methods, allowing the safe deployment of active materials which would otherwise be unusable, opening the gate to more efficient, economic and environmentally friendly water purification.     

Particle Shapes in the Drinking Water Filtration Process

Depth filtration is still one of the most important water treatment processes. It remains difficult to model mathematically because of the complexity of the process and the impact of numerous suspension parameters. The shape of the grains and suspension particles or flocs are among these parameters. The results of theoretical calculations suggest their visible impact on filtration. The shape of the media grain is relatively easy to measure. The shapes of the flocs or suspension particles, which are commonly not perfectly spherical, are much more difficult to predict. However, a few apparatuses developed lasting recent years make this possible. The FPIA 3000, manufactured by Malvern Instruments, uses flow particle image analysis method to measure 26 shape parameters of the suspension particles. Experimental measurement of suspension particle shape after flocculation and after depth filtration has allowed us to answer the question regarding the possible application of this measuring technique in water filtration technology. The experiments have also provided us with detailed information about the shape of flocs and suspension particles in filtered water. High number of particles characterized by circularity lower than 0.8 was detected in flocculated water inflowing to the filter. The particles remained in the outflow was characterized by visibly higher circularity than the particles inflowing to the filter. The results revealed much better removal of the particles characterized by lower circularity during filtration, whereas relation between convexity of the particles and their removal efficiency was not so evident.