Evidence for synsedimentary differential tectonic movements in a low-subsidence setting: Early Jurassic in northwestern Switzerland

During the Early Jurassic (lasting?~?27 Myr) only thin deposits (mostly ca. 30–50 m) of the Staffelegg Formation accumulated in wide parts of NW Switzerland while sea-level rise was in the range of?~?60 m. Isopach and facies patterns provide clear evidence of differential subsidence while faults that formed in the basement during the late Palaeozoic became reactivated. Orientation of many relative thickness minima and maxima follows faults constituting either the Rhenish Lineament or the North Swiss Permo-Carboniferous Trough. Such pattern is seen on the isopach maps of the Schambelen, Beggingen, Weissenstein, Frick, Fasiswald, Mt. Terri, Breitenmatt, Rickenbach, Rietheim and Gross Wolf members of the Staffelegg Formation, independently upon if the individual lithostratigraphic units are condensed or display somewhat enhanced thickness. Onto a general trend of decreasing thickness to the S, often isopach anomalies of small areal extension are superimposed. They suggest that localized strike-slip movements affected a mosaic of basement blocks. Reactivation of faults in the basement during the Early Jurassic is also evidenced by temporally enhanced hydrothermal activity as documented by chronometric ages of veins and mineral alterations.     

柴达木盆地北缘东部侏罗系发育特征

侏罗系是柴达木盆地主力生油层,主要分布于盆地北缘。通过对柴北缘侏罗系标志层、岩性特征和沉积体系的综合研究,明确了主要露头剖面侏罗纪不同时期的沉积相类型。本区侏罗系主要发育 5 种类型沉积相,包括冲积扇、辫状河、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲和湖泊,相带的展布和古地理演化均与区域构造运动密切相关。根据侏罗系内部及其与上下地层的接触关系和沉积旋回演化,柴达木盆地北缘东部经历了早--中侏罗世断陷湖盆沉积到晚侏罗世挤压坳陷沉积两大沉积演化阶段。     

羌北双壳类祁阳蚌组合的发现及其地层学意义

藏北羌塘盆地独雪山地区,在原先认为不整合于早侏罗世火山岩系之上的“中侏罗统雀莫错组”中, 新近发现了一套早侏罗世淡水双壳类祁阳蚌(Qiyangia)组合,表明羌北盆地存在早侏罗世沉积地层,其为一套海陆交互相沉积的粗碎屑岩→灰岩→细碎屑岩夹灰岩,下侏罗统与中侏罗统为连续沉积。据此资料,该区侏罗系目前采用的岩石地层单位系统及地层的对比认识存有问题,文章对此套早侏罗世沉积的岩石地层划分方案进行了讨论, 指出雁石坪地区的侏罗系岩石地层系统作为等时的地层单位运用于羌北盆地北西部并不适宜,羌北盆地已有的地层系统格架有必要重新认识。     

碧口群的层序及时代

碧口群是一套发生在台地与裂谷之间的裂谷边缘型沉积，各类岩石之间具有规律性的相变特征，按岩石类型及组合特征可划分为７个组级岩石地层单位。根据该群不整合在志留纪茂县群或水晶组之上，被中泥盆统—石炭系略阳组连续沉积覆盖，以及自身所产化石（Ａｍｐｈｉｓｉｔｅｓｐｕｌｃｈｅｒ，Ｂａｉｒｄｉａｓｐ．，Ｄｅｓｑｕａｍａｔｉａｓｐ．，Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｐｈｏｒｉａｓｐ．等），将其时代确定为早—中泥盆世。     

藏北南羌塘盆地曲瑞恰乃地区中侏罗世色哇组、 莎巧木组、布曲组的生物地层特征

对藏北南羌塘盆地曲瑞恰乃地区的晚三叠世-侏罗纪地层进行了研究,自下而上划分为晚三叠世日干配错群,晚三叠世～早侏罗世索布查组,早侏罗世曲色组,中侏罗世色哇组、莎巧木组、布曲组、夏里组和晚侏罗世索瓦组。其中,对中侏罗世色哇组、莎巧木组、布曲组生物地层的研究为本文的主要内容,研究成果为该区中侏罗世地层层序的建立和详细对比提供了重要的依据。     

西藏羌塘盆地北部拗陷侏罗系层序地层划分对比及地质意义

在对北羌塘拗陷侏罗系地层发育特征分析基础上,通过典型剖面沉积相、层序界面特征、准层序叠置序列、体系域构成等研究,将侏罗系地层划分为5个三级层序。其中第1层序(SQ1)对应于雀莫错组地层,第2层序(SQ2)对应于布曲组中下部地层,第3层序(SQ3)对应于布曲组上部和夏里组下部地层,第4层序(SQ4)对应于夏里组中上部和索瓦组下部地层,第5层序(SQ5)对应于索瓦组上部和雪山组地层。在此基础上,开展了北羌塘拗陷内侏罗系层序地层对比。研究区层序地层的划分与对比研究,对羌塘盆地地层划分与对比、分析盆地古地理微地貌、预测盆地埋藏区生储盖发育特征等都具有重要意义。     

藏北南羌塘盆地曲瑞恰乃地区中侏罗世色哇组、莎巧木组、布曲组的生物地层特征

对藏北南羌塘盆地曲瑞恰乃地区的晚三叠世-侏罗纪地层进行了研究,自下而上划分为晚三叠世日干配错群,晚三叠世～早侏罗世索布查组,早侏罗世曲色组,中侏罗世色哇组、莎巧木组、布曲组、夏里组和晚侏罗世索瓦组。其中,对中侏罗世色哇组、莎巧木组、布曲组生物地层的研究为本文的主要内容,研究成果为该区中侏罗世地层层序的建立和详细对比提供了重要的依据。     

First record of the leptonectid ichthyosaur <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eurhinosaurus longirostris</Emphasis> from the Early Jurassic of Switzerland and its stratigraphic framework

An incomplete skull of the leptonectid ichthyosaur Eurhinosaurus longirostris found in the Rietheim Member (previously “Posidonienschiefer”; Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of Staffelegg, Canton Aargau, is the first record from Switzerland of this taxon and supports the status of Eurhinosaurus longirostris as a palaeobiogeographic very widespread ichthyosaur species in the Early Toarcian of Western Europe. Being from either the Bifrons or Variabilis zone, it is one of the youngest records of Eurhinosaurus and one of the few diagnostic ichthyosaur finds from this time interval. The partial skull is well articulated and preserved three-dimensionally in a carbonate concretion. Both the mode of preservation of the ichthyosaur and an associated ammonoid (Catacoeloceras raquinianum) provided the age of the concretion, which had been collected from scree. Taphocoenosis and taphonomy show the C. raquinianum to be one of few non re-worked fossils recorded from the Early to Late Toarcian boundary (Bifrons/Variabilis zone) of northern Switzerland in general and of this ammonite species in particular. The Toarcian section at Staffelegg differs from other localities where strata of the same age are exposed with respect to facies variations of the Rietheim Member (previously “Posidonienschiefer”, Early Toarcian) and the extraordinarily high thickness of the Gross Wolf Member (previously “Jurensis-Mergel”, Late Toarcian).     

滦平盆地大北沟组—大店子组沉积和地层格架及陆相层型意义

依据大量实测剖面资料初步建立了滦平盆地侏罗－白垩系大北沟－大店子组地层格架,证明盆地在两组沉积期为西南高、东北低的簸箕形,两组地层从西南向东北在地层厚度、沉积旋回组成、相序与环境和标志层的分布等方面均发生规律性变化。地层格架不仅有助于研究盆地形成演化、构造应力条件和火山活动,而且可以确定盆地沉降中心,确定建立地层层型的候选剖面。位于盆地沉降中心的张家沟剖面大北沟组－大店子组以扇三角洲前缘半深湖－深湖相深水沉积为主,由5个完整的沉积旋回（SDC）组成。旋回沉积相序大北沟组由滨浅湖相－前扇三角洲半深湖、深湖相－扇三角洲前缘相构成;大店子组明显水体加深,沉积环境相对单一,地层厚度增大,旋回相序由半深湖、深湖相泥页岩、粉砂岩夹砂岩组成,部分层位为扇三角洲前缘的砂、砾岩层。两组沉积较厚,达665m。并且排除了其它剖面上“蜂窝梁砾岩”（辫状河道－分流河道砾岩）对下伏层侵蚀造成的大北沟组顶部沉积间断,以及“玄武安山岩”喷发活动造成的大店子组顶部地层缺失。张家沟剖面沉积连续、暴露完全、化石极为丰富,是建立侏罗－白垩系临界阶陆相层型的研究界线划分的理想剖面。     

内蒙古东南部西乌珠穆沁旗地区石炭纪-二叠纪岩石地层和层序地层

通过1:25万区域地质调查,对西乌珠穆沁旗-林西地区石炭纪-二叠纪地层进行了岩石地层学研究与重新归并划分,并进行了生物地层、层序地层及不整合面地层的多重地层划分与对比.研究了测区各地层的基本层序、沉积环境和沉积相,将石炭纪-二叠纪地层划分为3个沉积层序,建立了岩石地层和年代地层格架.石炭纪-早二叠世本巴图组(CPb)、格根敖包组(CPg)和阿木山组(CPa)三者为石炭纪-二叠纪西乌珠穆沁旗海槽同期异相地层的观点,能很好地解释这几套地层的相互关系.寿山沟组(P1ss)地层呈超覆不整合覆于以前地层或地质体之上;大石寨组(P2ds)为达到最大海泛面时海(水)下火山喷发的产物;哲斯组(P2z)是海盆地萎缩期的沉积产物.     

塔里木盆地西南部下白垩统克孜勒苏群沉积特征与成矿成藏作用*

通过对塔里木盆地西南部(塔西南)江格结尔地区下白垩统克孜勒苏群地层剖面测量,该地区的克孜勒苏群分为5个岩性段,岩性主要为泥质粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩、含砾砂岩、砾岩等,沉积相主要为辫状河三角洲相;其上覆的上白垩统库克拜组为介壳灰岩、膏质泥岩,沉积相为浅海相、滨海潟湖相; 下伏的上侏罗统库孜贡苏组岩性主要为杂砾岩、含砂杂砾岩和石英砂岩等,沉积相为冲积扇相;三者呈整合接触。从该区下白垩统克孜勒苏群的沉积特征来看,早白垩世为陆源碎屑沉积环境,在晚白垩世转入海相沉积环境。对比该区北侧陆内造山带中的拉分断陷盆地(萨热克巴依盆地)中下白垩统克孜勒苏群的地层层序,该区仅沉积了下白垩统克孜勒苏群下部3个岩性段而缺失上部岩性段,表明在早白垩世后期塔里木盆地北侧西南天山发生过一次抬升作用。下白垩统克孜勒苏群是铜铅锌铀矿等金属矿产的赋矿层位,同时也是塔里木盆地石油和天然气的重要储集层位,在铜铅锌等矿石中常可见大量的沥青等有机质,这些有机质主要源于下伏侏罗系的煤系烃源岩,并通过成矿流体参与了金属矿产的成矿作用,因而这种多矿种“同盆共存”的现象,在沉积盆地的研究中作为整体的成矿系统来研究将更有意义。     

塔里木盆地西南部下白垩统克孜勒苏群沉积特征与成矿成藏作用*

通过对塔里木盆地西南部(塔西南)江格结尔地区下白垩统克孜勒苏群地层剖面测量,该地区的克孜勒苏群分为5个岩性段,岩性主要为泥质粉砂岩、岩屑砂岩、含砾砂岩、砾岩等,沉积相主要为辫状河三角洲相;其上覆的上白垩统库克拜组为介壳灰岩、膏质泥岩,沉积相为浅海相、滨海潟湖相; 下伏的上侏罗统库孜贡苏组岩性主要为杂砾岩、含砂杂砾岩和石英砂岩等,沉积相为冲积扇相;三者呈整合接触。从该区下白垩统克孜勒苏群的沉积特征来看,早白垩世为陆源碎屑沉积环境,在晚白垩世转入海相沉积环境。对比该区北侧陆内造山带中的拉分断陷盆地(萨热克巴依盆地)中下白垩统克孜勒苏群的地层层序,该区仅沉积了下白垩统克孜勒苏群下部3个岩性段而缺失上部岩性段,表明在早白垩世后期塔里木盆地北侧西南天山发生过一次抬升作用。下白垩统克孜勒苏群是铜铅锌铀矿等金属矿产的赋矿层位,同时也是塔里木盆地石油和天然气的重要储集层位,在铜铅锌等矿石中常可见大量的沥青等有机质,这些有机质主要源于下伏侏罗系的煤系烃源岩,并通过成矿流体参与了金属矿产的成矿作用,因而这种多矿种“同盆共存”的现象,在沉积盆地的研究中作为整体的成矿系统来研究将更有意义。     

Mesozoic “Red Beds” and its Evolution in the Hefei Basin

The Hefei Basin is the largest basin in the North China landmass with complete and well-preserved Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata. In the basin there developed a suite of extremely thick “red beds” in the Mesozoic. Owing to complex evolution processes and a lack of paleontological traces, there have been controversies regarding the division and correlation of this suite of red beds. Based on results obtained in recent years in drilling, seismic and surface geological investigations and in consideration of relationships between seismic sequences and regional tectonic events, as well as evidence in paleontology, petrology and isotopic dating, this paper preliminarily puts forward the following ideas about the sequence stratigraphic framework of the continental “red beds” in the Hefei Basin. (1) The Zhougongshan Formation and the Yuantongshan Formation have similar lithologic, geophysical and paleontological characteristics, so we incorporate them into a single formation, called the Yuantongshan Formation, and the original Zhougongshan and Yuantongshan Formations are regarded as the upper and the lower parts of the newly defined Yuantongshan Formation. Its age is the Middle Jurassic; (2) the Zhuxiang Formation belongs to the Upper Jurassic Series and (3) the age of the Xiangdaopu Formation is the Lower Cretaceous. Furthermore, signatures of depositional evolution are analyzed in the paper based on features of seismic reflection, outcrops and drilling data. The Early and Middle Jurassic is characterized by a foreland basin, which is influenced mainly by uplift and longitudinal compression of the Dabieshan Mountains; the Lower Jurassic System has a relatively small depositional area; the Middle Jurassic strata are distributed extensively over the whole basin, marking the summit of basin development; a flexure basin is characteristic of the Late Jurassic, manifesting a joint effect of the Dabieshan and Zhangbaling Mountains with the former being more significant. In the Early Cretaceous, the Xiangdaopu Formation was distributed in the Daqiao depression, evidently affected by extension of the Tanlu fault; in the Late Cretaceous, the Hefei Basin was subjected to dismembering and the Zhangqiao Formation was distributed in the east-west direction along the downthrown side of the fault.     

A tectono-stratigraphic record of an extensional basin: the Lower Jurassic Ab-Haji Formation of east-central Iran

The Lower Jurassic Ab-Haji Formation consists of siliciclastic strata which are widespread and superbly exposed across the Tabas and Lut blocks of east-central Iran. The formation records the geodynamic history of central Iran during the Early Jurassic in the aftermath of the main Cimmerian event (near the Triassic–Jurassic boundary) through its sedimentary facies and stratigraphic architecture and allows palaeogeographic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. We measured and studied three well-exposed outcrop sections and identified lithofacies and facies associations (fluvial plain, delta plain, delta front, prodelta, and shallow-marine siliciclastic shelf). The integration of all geological, stratigraphic, and sedimentological data shows a west-to-east continental-to-marine gradient within the Ab-Haji Formation. Based on thickness variations, lateral facies changes, palaeocurrent patterns, and changes in the nature of the basal contact of the Ab-Haji Formation on the Tabas and Lut blocks, we locate the fault-bounded Yazd Block in the west and the Shotori Swell at the eastern edge of the Tabas Block as provenance regions. The pattern of thickness variations, rapid east–west facies changes, and provenance is best explained by a tectonic model invoking large tilted fault blocks in an extensional basin. The basal unit shows distinct increase in grain size at the base of the Ab-Haji Formation, similar to the Shemshak Group of the Alborz Mountains (the base of the Alasht Formation) and the non-marine time-equivalent succession of the Binalud Mountains of northeastern Iran. This grain size pattern may have been caused by rapid source area uplift due to slab break-off of the subducted Iran plate in the course of the Cimmerian collision in east-central Iran.     

关中盆地上新世地层形成时代、层序划分及沉积相特征研究

关中盆地位于华北板块西南缘,为一新生代断陷盆地,具典型地堑形态,沉积巨厚的新生代地层。针对盆地新近纪上新世地层形成时代有争议、地层层序划分不明确、沉积相界定较笼统等问题,利用钻测井资料及野外调研,结合前人研究成果,对盆地新生代地层进行了重新划分,明确了上新世各地层形成时代及其地层层序划分和沉积相类型。研究结果表明,上新统可划分为蓝田组(11Ma—7 Ma)、灞河组(7.3 Ma—2.6 Ma)、张家坡组(3.4 Ma—2.6 Ma);新生代层序地层可划分为古近系构造层序、中新统构造层序、上新统构造层序和第四系构造层序等4个一级层序,存在6个构造层序界面。蓝田组以"三趾马红黏土"的风成沉积为特征。灞河组沉积时期,关中盆地的西安凹陷为一套冲(洪)积相、河流、三角洲相沉积,固市凹陷为一套冲(洪)积、河流、三角洲及滨浅湖相沉积;盆地边部开始出现小范围的风成黏土沉积。张家坡组以河湖相沉积为主,沉积中心向南移;盆地南北两侧或边部为冲(洪)积扇相、河流相及三角洲相沉积,边部也有小范围的风成黏土沉积。     

羌塘盆地膏盐岩及其与油气勘探的关系

羌塘盆地有较广泛的膏盐岩层分布，主要赋存于中侏罗统雀莫错组、布曲组、夏里组和上侏罗统索瓦组中，具有亮晶鲕粒灰岩→白云岩(云灰岩)→膏盐岩层、粉砂岩(或泥岩)→膏盐岩→粉砂岩(或泥岩)→膏盐岩层和膏质白云岩(或泥岩)→膏盐岩层三种沉积层序，分属潟湖—海湾型、潮坪和萨布哈型三种成因类型与沉积模式。潟湖型膏盐层较厚且展布稳定；潮坪型膏盐层较薄、变化快、层数多；萨布哈膏盐层呈薄层、极薄层夹于泥岩、白云岩中，也呈结核状、眼球状等，多发生表生水化变形。膏盐岩层除层状产出外，也呈盐丘产出，已在赤布张错、雁石坪、温泉等地多处发现盐丘构造，直径一般为100—1000m，并见有油气显示。因此，根据盐丘的发育情况，结合沉积相展布，在有利的构造部位寻找刺穿油气藏是大有可为的，应作为羌唐盆地油气早期勘探的突破点。     

西藏措勤断块中—上三叠统嘎热扎地组的建立

在西藏措勤断块新建了中三叠统—上三叠统卡尼阶岩石地层单位——嘎热扎地组.在建组剖面上,嘎热扎地组厚约485 m,下部岩性以碎屑岩为主,上部岩性为碎屑岩夹灰岩.嘎热扎地组与下伏上二叠统—下三叠统木纠错组、上覆上三叠统诺利阶麦龙岗组均为整合接触关系.该组尚未发现指示地层时代的化石,但前人在其下伏的木纠错组中发现了早三叠世牙...     

陕北地区延长组标志层特征及形成机制

运用传统沉积学方法及层序地层学理论,在大量的钻井、野外露头资料基础上,系统分析陕北地区延长组地层划分标志层的岩性、电性特征,表明区域性油页岩标志层形成于延长组5个3级层序的最大湖泛期,具有"凝缩段"的特征,而凝灰岩标志层为火山喷发物质。这些标志层受沉积相横向变化的影响,主要分布在深湖亚相,部分分布在浅湖亚相。在不同沉积相形成的标志层的岩性特征、电性特征及平面分布均有一定的差异。地层划分对比过程中可用标志层控制、邻井对比并参考厚度原则的方法来确保划分的合理性。     

川西前陆盆地中—新生代沉积迁移与构造转换

川西前陆盆地中—新生代各构造层的残余厚度展布和沉积特征分析发现,四川克拉通周缘的前陆盆地在晚三叠世时期发育于龙门山山前,明显属于龙门山褶皱逆冲构造载荷所形成的前渊凹陷;侏罗纪早期的沉积地层呈面状分布,没有表现出显著的挠曲沉降,指示了一个构造相对平静的阶段;中侏罗世早期前渊凹陷迁移至龙门山北段和米仓山山前,前渊沉积从晚三叠世的北东向转换为近东西向,广泛的湖泊相沉积预示了前陆盆地的欠充填状态;中侏罗世中晚期,川西盆地沉降中心又迁移到大巴山山前,相应的挠曲变形又从近东西向转化为北西向,构成了大巴山的前渊凹陷;晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期,沉降中心再次回到米仓山山前,巨厚的前渊凹陷沉积指示了米仓山冲断带的主要活动时期;白垩纪末—古近纪的前渊凹陷则跃迁至雅安—名山地区。川西前陆盆地的同造山沉降中心以四川盆地中心为核心在西部和北部呈弧形迁移,沉积序列不断更替和叠加。中生界各构造层底界构造图显示现今的构造低部位位于川西北地区和川西南地区,在川西北地区均有东西走向的等值线分布,而川西南地区等值线走向则为北东-南西向。因此分析认为,晚侏罗世至早白垩世的构造变形可能控制了川西盆地现今的地层变形,形成了川西北地区的南北向构造挤压结构,而晚期的新生代构造变形则主要体现在川西盆地的西南部,形成北东-南西向的地层展布特征。     

西藏中南部雄马—措麦以南地区早、中二叠世地层及其意义

在西藏中南部雄马—措麦以南地区前人所定的属于中—晚侏罗世达雄群中采获了古生物化石，地层时代重新厘定为早—中二叠世。早二叠世早期拉嘎组中赋含重力滑塌块体和冰川漂砾，早二叠世晚期昂杰组碎屑岩中夹大量火山岩，中二叠世下拉组含大量火山岩碎屑等，与冈底斯—腾冲地层区广泛出露的早—中二叠世地层比较，岩性组合特征、沉积类型、沉积相、生物富集程度和属种组分及所处地质背景等诸方面均存在显著差异。该套地层的确定，对研究西藏早、中二叠世地层沉积相，重塑古地理环境，以及研究青藏高原和邻区特提斯构造发展阶段的地层演化、盆地构造背景等都有重要意义。