改进后TREC外推方法在台风临近降雨预报中的应用

本文提出了一种改进后的COTREC方法(CLTREC)。在传统COTREC方法基础上,增加了相邻时刻回波强度连续约束检验和矢量全变分修正,从而使得反演的雷达回波移动矢量场更为连续。选取了3个登陆台风个例,对方法进行检验。结果表明,CLTREC方法比传统COTREC方法的外推移动矢量场更平滑,台风环流特征也更合理。基于CLTREC外推预报的降水形状、强度和位置都与观测更为接近,1 h的台风定量降雨预报与观测相关系数达0.7以上。总体而言,相比传统的COTREC方法,CLTREC方法改善了台风短时临近降雨预报精度。     

基于风暴相对螺旋度的降雨预报模型检验

风暴相对螺旋度是一个衡量对流风暴发展强度的物理量,所以对强对流天气的预报具有实际意义。通过提取2008—2010年3a天津地区153个降雨过程的多普勒天气雷达风场数据来计算风暴相对螺旋度,然后将风暴相对螺旋度与从雷达反射率因子图中提取的风暴信息相融合,得到基于风暴相对螺旋度的降雨预报模型。经过2014年4—8月天津地区59个降雨过程对本文所提出的降雨预报模型进行验证,结果表明降雨预报模型的准确率达到61%,其中提前2 h预测降雨占41%,在2 h以内预测降雨占59%。上述结果说明,风暴相对螺旋度在结合其他降雨特征后对降雨具有良好的预报效果。     

利用多普勒雷达资料作站点雨量及面雨量临近预报

通过对近两年收集的降水过程的雷达回波资料进行统计分析,得到本地区主要降水过程类型及其回波演变特征;利用反射率因子的基数据和风廓线产品数据等资料,运用交叉相关法计算区域速度、读取风廓线得到环境风速度,自动判别降水回波类型、识别回波整体及单体移动速度;应用本地实时的dBz-I关系及线性外推法计算未来1～2 h站点降水量及面雨量,实现降水临近预报自动化;应用自动站雨量资料及雷达联合自动站资料所作的雨强实时分析场对1 h站点雨量预报及区域雨量预报进行初步检验,1～24.9 mm和≥25 mm以上站点预报的平均相对误差分别为58%、33%;区域雨量预报的雨区范围及中心分布与实况具有较好的一致性;2 h降水预报在回波较稳定时,仍有较好的预报效果.     

贵州省降雨型滑坡预警预报模型2020年应用检验分析

基于概率拟合曲线的贵州省降雨型滑坡预警预报模型,利用降水预报数据和实况数据对2020年强降水背景下的27次降雨型滑坡事件进行预警预报,从两个方面检验了该模型的业务实用性。结果表明：利用降水预报数据开展降雨型滑坡预警预报,提前3 d和提前1 d的效果优于提前2 d,其准确率均为63%,具有一定的业务实用性;利用降水实况数据开展降雨型滑坡预警预报,滑坡实际发生的位置与模型预警预报中可能性较大以上的区域吻合度较高,进一步验证该模型具有一定的准确性和实用性;能否准确把握降水强度和落区是影响降雨型滑坡预警预报准确率的关键因素。     

SWAN定量降水估测和预报产品在贵州乌江流域的应用

该文选取乌江流域范围内出现区域性降水达到中雨以上量级的1 h降雨资料,再运用同期SWAN系统中定量降水估测(简称QPE,下同)和定量降水预报(简称QPF,下同)产品,计算贵州乌江流域范围内面雨量,对其进行误差订正及检验分析。结果表明:定量降水估测和定量降水预报的效果不好,经过误差订正后的QPE和QPF更加接近于实况;订正后的QPE的相对偏差在30%左右,而QPF多在40%~60%之间浮动;QPE和QPF经过二次订正后,与实况基本一致,具有更高的估测与预报能力,可应用于实际业务中。     

基于深度学习和雷达观测的华南短临预报精度评估

利用最新的深度学习算法,即卷积长短期记忆(Convolution Long-Short Term Memory)神经网络,构建基于深度学习的人工智能短临预报系统,以广州地区2019年3-5月雷达观测的数据为输入进行训练,然后进行短期1h内的降水预报。利用常用的统计评分指标(探测率POD、误报率FAR、临界成功指数CSI,相关系数CC)检验模型。结果表明,预报结果与实际观测的相关系数在1h内预报均保持在0.6以上,在1h内预报探测率均保持在80%以上,临界成功指数在降水强度为10mm·h^-1时,基本保持在60%,误报率均小于40%。     

贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型及检验

本文利用贵州省2010—2017年630次降雨型滑坡资料以及国家气象台站和区域自动气象站逐小时降水资料，分析了贵州省降雨型滑坡的时空分布特征。基于5个不同时效降水指标与滑坡累积发生概率的拟合曲线公式，得到不同概率对应的5个降水指标的降水阈值，建立贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型,并利用2018年新增滑坡样本对预报模型进行检验。结果表明：贵州省降雨型滑坡高发期主要集中在5—7月，其中6月滑坡发生概率最高，约48.6 %；7月次之，约34.9 %。当R1h、R3h、R6h、R24h、R3d分别大于等于26.9 mm、48.9 mm、62.9 mm、79.5 mm、92.0 mm时，发布滑坡预报预警。在降雨型滑坡预报模型中，随着5个不同时效指标的降水量增大，降雨型滑坡累积发生概率变化呈现前后增加缓慢，中间快速增加的变化特征。模型检验结果表明贵州省降雨型滑坡预报模型有一定的准确性，且5个降水指标均具有一定的实用性，其中利用R3d开展降雨型滑坡预报准确率最好。     

变分回波跟踪算法及其在对流临近预报中的应用试验

目前业务上0—1 h对流天气临近预报仍旧以客观外推为主,采用不同外推算法,得到雷达回波以及降水的外推临近预报。以业务应用为目标,开展了变分回波跟踪算法在强对流天气临近预报中的应用研究。利用京津冀地区的8部新一代多普勒天气雷达逐6 min雷达组网拼图资料,选取2016—2018年夏季发生在京津冀地区的18个典型对流个例,开展变分回波跟踪算法和交叉相关法的0—1 h临近预报对比试验及检验评估。与传统的交叉相关法相比,变分回波跟踪算法采用变分技术求解雷达回波运动矢量场,在计算中使用两个严格的约束条件,运用迭代法进行求解,其得到的运动矢量场更为准确。结果表明,变分回波跟踪算法优于传统的交叉相关法,得到的30、60 min内雷达回波的形状、位置及强度的外推预报和实况更接近,定量检验评分更高:（1）京津冀地区4次典型对流天气过程临近预报对比试验表明,和交叉相关法相比,变分回波跟踪算法可以更好地预报出未来1 h内雷达回波的位置、形态和强度。（2）通过对18个典型对流个例定量检验,发现当雷达回波强度阈值为35和45 dBz时,无论是30或是60 min外推预报,变分回波跟踪算法的命中率（POD）和临界成功指数（CSI）都明显高于交叉相关法,且虚警率（FAR）更低;分天气类型定量检验发现,绝大多数天气类型,变分回波跟踪算法外推预报效果优于交叉相关法。      

基于强度尺度法的雷达和数值模式定量降水预报检验对比

为提高雷达外推和数值模式对短临预报能力的认识,采用强度尺度方法对比检验了2012年浙江省梅汛期内的雷达外推和WRF、T639、ECMWF 4类定量降水预报(QPF)产品。检验结果表明:短临预报的大部分误差来自较小的时空尺度,在强降水方面表现尤为明显。对于雷达和模式的预报能力交叉点(3 h前后)的QPF检验,雷达的误差比率随着空间尺度增大先减后增,而模式随尺度增大误差比率总体递减。在中小尺度(2 °及以下)雷达总体较准确,但0.25 °尺度是个特例,在较大尺度(4 °及以上)的弱降水上雷达不如模式。雷达在0.5 °、1 °尺度上相对误差贡献最少;在2 °、4 °尺度下,ECMWF表现最优。同时,雷达对于中-β和较小的中-α尺度系统的预报检验效果最好,对尺度达几百公里的弱系统不如数值模式,对于10~30 km的中-γ尺度系统雷达预报带来近74%的空报,今后需提高其对中-γ尺度系统生消的预报能力。      

一种改进短临降水预报的雷达产品应用方法

通过将组合反射率因子、垂直累积液体水两种雷达产品合并成一种新的雷达产品CR_VIL,使用6万多张CR_VIL产品与对应时次6min自动站雨量数据,通过统计分析得到CR_VIL的6min雨量均值表。在短时临近预报系统中根据雷达回波外推结果,使用CR_VIL的6min雨量均值表求得各时段定量降水估测值(QPE)作为该时段的定量降水预报值(QPF),得到预报时效2h,时间分辨率为6min的定量降水预报数据,业务运行中对1h的预报结果进行检验,晴雨预报准确率为87.0%,短时强降水TS=0.106,Bias=1.09,表明CR_VIL应用在业务系统中对短时强降水具有一定预报能力。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.