中华乌塘鳢(Bostrichthys sinensis) 和大弹涂鱼( Boleophthalmus pectinirostris) 成熟产卵过程中17a-羟基孕酮和前列腺素水平的研究

以酶联免疫吸附分析法测定了中华乌塘鳢和大弹涂鱼成熟产卵过程中卵巢液、精巢液、贮精囊液、雌鱼尿液和雄鱼尿液中的17α-羟基孕酮(17α-P)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)和前列腺素R2α(PGF2α)的含量。结果表明，中华乌塘鳢卵巢液中的17α-P和PGE，含量随着卵巢发育成熟而升高。性成熟前后卵巢液中的PGE，含量高于PGF2α。性成熟雄鱼尿液和贮精囊液中的PGE2含量显著高于精巢液或雌鱼尿液。性成熟前后雌鱼尿液中的17α-P、PGE2和PGF2α含量均显著高于卵巢液。性成熟和退化期雌鱼尿液中的PGE2含量明显高于PGF2α。性未成熟大弹涂鱼(第Ⅳ期)卵巢液中PGE2和PGF2α，含量极低；性成熟时(第V期)卵巢液中的PGE2、PGF2α和17α-P含量显著上升，PGF2α含量显著高于PGE2。     

Aroclor 1254对大弹涂鱼精巢线粒体氧化应激的影响

大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)是盛产于我国东南沿海滩涂的两栖经济鱼类。分别用1,2,4μg/g的Aroclor 1254对生殖期雄性大弹涂鱼腹腔注射28 d后,检测大弹涂鱼精巢与储精囊的绝对与相对重量,并检测其精巢线粒体氧化水平、抗氧化酶活性与非酶类抗氧化剂含量。结果显示,1μg/g Aroclor1254剂量组中大弹涂鱼精巢、储精囊绝对重量与对照组均无显著差异(p=0.90),而较高剂量组(2,4μg/g Aroclor1254)上述指标均显著低于对照组(p0.05);相对重量指标中仅4μg/g Aroclor1254剂量组的储精囊相对重量显著低于对照组(p0.05)。此外,Aroclor1254使精巢抗氧化防御能力降低,三个处理组的SOD活性与GSH含量均比对照显著下降(p0.05),较高剂量组CAT,GPx,GR活性及Vit C含量也均显著低于对照(p0.05);而H2O2产量与脂质过氧化反应显著增加,1,2和4μg/g剂量组中MDA含量分别为对照组的1.12,1.52和1.80倍,H2O2含量分别为对照组的1.20,1.40和1.75倍,与Aroclor1254剂量呈现明显相关性。表明Aroclor1254可以诱导精巢线粒体的氧化应激对精巢产生毒性,影响雄性大弹涂鱼生殖机能。     

性信息素诱发中华乌塘鳢(Bostrichthys sinensis)产卵的应用研究

以人工合成的17α-羟孕酮(17α-P)、17α,20β-双羟孕酮(17α,20β-P)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)和前列腺素F2α(PGF2α)作为性信息素,吊挂在陶瓷管道内诱发性成熟野生和养殖中华乌塘鳢产卵,以陶瓷管道产卵率、总产卵量和平均受精率为指标,比较了两者的产卵效应,测定了产卵水和生活水(未产卵水)中PGE2和PGF2α的含量以及性腺提取液中17α-P、PGE2和PGF2α的含量。结果表明,性信息素能明显提高诱发中华乌塘鳢的产卵效应。在同等实验条件下,诱发野生鱼的产卵效应优于养殖鱼。野生鱼和养殖鱼产卵水中的PGE2和PGF2α水平分别高于生活水中的,野生鱼和养殖鱼产卵水中的PGE2水平均极显著高于PGF2α(P<0.01)。PGE2在卵巢、精巢和贮精囊提取液中的含量,野生鱼均高于养殖鱼。     

大弹涂鱼卵巢发育的组织学研究

对大弹涂鱼Ｂｏｌｅｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｕｓｐｅｃｔｉｎｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ卵巢周年变化和卵母细胞发育规律进行研究，结果表明：深圳湾大弹涂鱼３月卵母细胞进入大生长期发育阶段，４—６月为繁殖盛期，７—８月为繁殖末期。１０月卵巢基本修整完毕，进人Ⅱ恢复期。精孔细胞单个，陀螺形，具微突假足，由滤泡膜细胞分化而成。卵母细胞膜单层，由具有辐射纹的放射带构成。滤泡膜细胞分泌而成的次级卯膜成为成熟卵子的附着丝。大弹涂鱼在一个生殖季节中只能产卵１次，属于一次性产卵类型。     

人工管道诱导大弹涂鱼产卵研究

报道了人工制作的陶瓷管道诱导大弹涂鱼Boleophthalmus pectinirostris产卵的研究结果，未经激素催熟的亲鱼放入产卵池内7-12d未见产卵，经一次激素注射催熟的亲鱼放入产卵池内第3天开始酱产卵和受精，入池后5d未能产卵雌鱼的卵母细胞开始退化吸收，雌鱼不仅在管道内产卵，而且也将卵产在管道外，池底和池壁，产卵时间集中在下半夜的02：00-04：00，不同产卵池中管道的产卵率差别很大，卵子粘附在管道不同部位的数量和受精率均不相同，强迫配对的亲鱼虽有产卵，但卵子不受精。     

大弹涂鱼卵巢发育的组织学研究

对大弹涂鱼Ｂｏｌｅｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｕｓｐｅｃｔｉｎｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ卵巢周年变化和卵母细胞发育规律进行研究，结果表明：深圳湾大弹涂鱼３月卵母细胞进入大生长期发育段，４－６月为繁殖盛期，７－８月为繁殖末期。１０月卵巢基本修整完毕，进入Ⅱ＇恢复期，精孔细胞单个，陀螺形，具微突假足，由滤泡膜细胞分化而成，卵母细胞膜单层，由具有辐射纹的放射带构成。滤泡膜细胞分泌而成的次级卵膜成为成熟卵子的附着丝，大弹涂鱼在     

黑斑口虾蛄(Oratosquilla Kempi Schmitt)配子发生的显微观察

观察黑斑口虾蛄Oratosquillakempi的精巢和卵巢 ,并对精、卵巢进行组织切片显微观察。结果表明 :黑斑口虾蛄的精巢由 1对很细的管状结构组成 ,精子发育可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子等期 ,精子圆球形 ,无鞭毛。卵巢分左、右两叶 ,对称且相互粘连。卵细胞为多黄卵 ,卵母细胞发育分为未发育期、卵黄形成前期、卵黄形成期和成熟期 4期 ;在卵黄形成前期形成大的生发泡。卵巢发育分为未发育期、发育早期、发育期、成熟前期、成熟期和产卵后期 6期。     

大弹涂鱼室内人工繁殖和育苗技术研究

本文进行了大弹涂鱼室内人工繁殖和育苗研究.性激素注射雌性亲鱼864尾,雄性亲鱼846尾,以陶瓷管道诱导产卵和人工授精的方法获得受精卵,采用塑料箱和塑料桶两种容器孵化受精卵,比较了不同的仔稚鱼培育密度和培育方法与成活率的关系.研究结果表明,雌鱼的催熟率为40.0%～65.0%;管道产卵率为10.0%～26.0%,管道内卵子的平均受精率为60.0%～75.0%,人工授精卵平均受精率为45.0%～65.0%;管道内卵子在塑料箱内的孵化率为17.8%～28.0%,人工授精卵在塑料桶内的孵化率为38.5%～57.0%;共投放初孵仔鱼264000尾,经42～46d培育后变态为幼鱼,共培育出幼鱼31098尾,幼鱼平均全长为1.89cm,平均成活率为11.78%.     

广西北部湾管角螺性腺发育与繁殖规律研究

本文对广西北部湾海域管角螺(Hemifusus tuba)的生殖系统进行了解剖和观察,采用组织切片技术对其生殖腺发育和生殖细胞的发生过程进行研究。结果表明:广西北部湾管角螺为雌雄异体,雌雄比例接近1∶1。雄性生殖系统主要由精巢、贮精囊、前列腺、输精管和阴茎(阴茎囊和交接器)构成,精巢发育分为增殖期、生长期、成熟与排放期、退化期4个时期。雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管、囊腺体(蛋白腺和缠卵腺)、生殖孔和腹足口组成,卵巢的发育分为增殖期、生长期、成熟与排放期、休止期4个时期。精细胞发生经过精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞期和成熟精子期5个阶段。卵细胞发生经过卵原细胞、初级卵母细胞、次级卵母细胞、成熟卵子4个阶段。管角螺生殖腺在1周年内具有2个繁殖周期,且卵巢与精巢的周年变化规律相吻合。此外,观测的全部雌性个体除了雌性生殖系统外,还具有雄性生殖器官输精管和阴茎。广西北部湾管角螺雌性个体均存在性畸变现象,性畸变率为100%。     

黑鲷性转换的人工诱导研究

硬骨鱼类中有些种类具有雌雄同体的现象,即性腺同时存在于卵巢和精巢组织,这种雌雄同体现象在一些鱼类中甚至可终生存在,并能自行受精,如鮨科鱼类 Serranaus cabrilla 等。另外有些鱼类虽然在其生活史中同时存在卵巢和精巢,但卵巢和精巢并不同时成熟,不同年龄段表现为不同的性别,有一个性转换的过程,这种过程可以分为两种类型:(1)同时存在卵巢和精巢,在发育过程中精巢先成熟,卵巢受到抑制,低龄鱼表现为雄性(如黑鲷),随着年龄増大,精巢逐渐萎缩而卵巢逐渐发育成熟,表现为雌性;(2)卵巢先成熟,到了高龄精巢才成熟(如石斑鱼类和淡水黄鳝等),第一次性成熟都是雌鱼,产卵过后才逐渐变为雄鱼。 从自然界捕鱼苗来养殖,常受到资源的限制,往往很难满足养殖的需要,人工繁殖是解决自然苗种不足的根本途径。在人工养殖条件下,从仔鱼培育到二龄的黑鲷,一般全部表现为雄性,三龄鱼才有部分转为雌性,为了使其能提前转为雌性,尽早参与生殖,达到人工生产苗种的目的,作者于1991-1992年进行了人工诱导鱼类性转变的研究,同时观察了性腺的发育过程。 过去有关人工诱导发生性转变的研究多数采用生活史上没有经历性转变的鱼类(即雌雄异体鱼类),用人工方法使生活史上有经历性转变的鱼类发生性转变的研究比较少见。本文主要采用雌性激素投喂和注射方法,结合环境因子如水温、光照,使生活史上有性转换过程的黑鯛,在低年龄时提前发生性转变。此研究对提高经济价值较高海鱼的产量具有重要意义。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.