热带太平洋深海微生物的若干生理生态特征

从2001年春、秋季于热带太平洋区采集到的深海样品中共分离到110株微生物,从中挑取31株进行形态特征和对环境理化因子适应特征的研究,同时利用Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定和碳源代谢分析.结果表明:31株微生物中2株为酵母,21株为革兰氏阳性细菌,8株为革兰氏阴性细菌,来自底质的细菌菌株阳性菌占优势,而海水、蓝藻中阴性菌居多;温度、盐度、pH适应性试验表明,严格意义上的狭适性微生物不到总数的1/3,而具有较宽生态幅的广适性微生物占有相当大的比例.另一方面,耐冷菌、中度嗜盐菌和抗碱菌在这些微生物中的比例很高,同时,来自蓝藻的菌株大多数在4℃下不生长,而来自上覆水和底质的菌株可在4℃生长,这些都体现了微生物对生存环境的响应.31株微生物经Biolog鉴定12株得出鉴定结果.15株革兰氏阳性细菌对95种碳源的利用能力分析表明,不同菌株可利用碳源的数目从3种到46种不等,差异很大,体现了深海微生物营养类型的极大多样性;同时,发现有8种碳源可被一半以上的受试菌株所利用,这些碳源均是微生物各类代谢途径中的重要中间代谢物.     

Chemical composition and energy content of deep-sea calanoid copepods in the Western North Pacific Ocean

Condition factor index [CFI=1000×DW/(PL)³; DW: dry weight, PL: prosome length], water content, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), ash and energy content were determined on a total of 69 copepod species caught from the mesopelagic (500–1000 m), upper-bathypelagic (1000–2000 m), lower-bathypelagic (2000–3000 m) and abyssopelagic (3000–5000 m) zones of the western subarctic Pacific. Resultant data were grouped into these four sampling zones, four developmental stage/sex categories (C4, C5 and C6 females and males), three feeding types (carnivore, detritivore and suspension feeder), or two reaction speed groups by the presence/absence of myelinated sheath enveloping axons (fast and slow reacting species). Zone-structured data showed the overall ranges were 3.8–4.6 mm for PL, 1.6–2.6 mg for DW, 21.4–25.0 for CFI, 75.0–78.6% of wet weight (WW) for water, 51.3–53.7% of DW for C, 7.7–8.8% of DW for N, 6.2–7.0 (by weight) for C/N, 6.9–9.6% of DW for ash and 25.3–27.4 J mg⁻¹ DW for energy. Among these components, N and ash exhibited significant between-zone differences characterized by gradual decrease downward for the former, and only the upper-bathypelagic zone>abyssopelagic zone for the latter. Stage/sex-structured data showed no significant differences among them, but energy content of C5 was higher than that of C6 females. From the analyses of feeding type-structured data, carnivores were shown to have lower water, N, ash, but higher C, C/N and energy contents than suspension feeders do. Reaction speed-structured data indicated that slow-reacting species have significantly higher water but lower CFI, C, N and energy contents than fast-reacting species. Designating these grouping criteria, PL and DW as independent variables, the attributes of these variables to the CFI, chemical composition or energy contents were evaluated by stepwise-multiple regression analysis, showing the most pronounced effect of suspension-feeder, followed by the presence of myelinated sheath, DW, C6 females and the abyssopelagic zone. Further analysis of zone-structured data, by adding epipelagic copepod data from identical thermal habitats (Arctic/Antarctic waters), revealed a more marked decline in N content from the epipelagic zone to the abyssopelagic zone, accompanied by an increase in C/N ratios downward. The decline in N (=protein or muscle) contents with depth cannot be explained by the “visual interactions” hypotheses being proposed for the metabolism of pelagic visual predators, but is consistent with the “predation-mediated selection” hypothesis for the metabolism of pelagic copepods.     

西南印度洋深海热液区铠甲虾初探

简述了深海热液区铠甲虾的分类研究现状,整理出铠甲虾总科下属科的形态分类检索表,并对2008年10月-2009年2月中国大洋科考第20航次在西南印度洋深海热液区获得的铠甲虾样品进行详细的形态描述和分类,初步鉴定为5种,隶属于2科5属,分别是:劣柱虾科(Chirostylidae)的折尾虾(Uroptychus sp.),...     

Silicon flux and distribution of biogenic silica in deep-sea sediments in the western North Pacific Ocean

We investigated biogenic silica, several biological components, and silicate in pore-water in the abyssal sediment to determine silicon flux of western North Pacific during several cruises. The surficial sediment biogenic silica content was high at high latitudes with the boundary running along the Kuroshio Extension, and maximum values (exceeding 20%) were found in the Oyashio region. In the subtropical region to the south, most stations showed less than 5% biogenic silica content. This distribution pattern reflected primary production and ocean currents in the surface layer very well. Pore-water samples were collected from 4 stations along the east coast of Japan. The highest asymptotic silicic acid concentration (670 μmol L^?1) in pore-water was observed at the junction of Kuroshio and Oyashio, followed by samples from the Oyashio region. It is at the southern station that the lowest value (450 μmol L^?1) was observed, and the primary production is low under the influence of Kuroshio there. The diffusive flux followed the same geographic trend as the asymptotic silicic acid concentrations did, ranging 77–389 mmol m^?2 yr ^?1. Multiple sampling of pore-water was conducted throughout the year at one station at high latitude. The average annual biogenic silica rain flux observed using sediment traps was 373 mmol m^?2 yr^?1; the diffusive flux and burial flux at the sediment–water interface were 305 and 9 mmol m^?2 yr^?1, respectively. We concluded that most of the settling silica particles dissolved and diffused at the sediment–water interface and approximately 3% only were preserved in this area. In addition, the obvious time lag observed between the peak rain flux and the maximum diffusive flux suggested that primary production in the surface layer has a great influence on the sedimentation environment of abyssal western North Pacific. These transitions of Si flux at the sediment–water interface were considerably greater in northwestern North Pacific than in southwestern North Pacific. In addition, a station in the Philippine Sea indicated high biogenic silica content because of Ethmodiscus ooze, which are scattered randomly on the sea floor in the subtropical region.     

Biodiversity of nematode assemblages from deep-sea sediments of the Atacama Slope and Trench (South Pacific Ocean)

Nematode assemblages were investigated (in terms of size spectra, sex ratio, Shannon diversity, trophic structure and diversity, rarefaction statistics, maturity index, taxonomic diversity and taxonomic distinctness) at bathyal and hadal depths (from 1050 to 7800 m) in the deepest trench of the South Pacific Ocean: the Trench of Atacama. This area, characterised by very high concentrations of nutritionally-rich organic matter also at 7800-m depth, displayed characteristics typical of eutrophic systems and revealed high nematode densities (>6000 ind. 10 cm⁻²). Nematode assemblages from the Atacama Trench displayed a different composition than at bathyal depths. At bathyal depths 95 genera and 119 species were found (Comesomatidae, Cyatholaimidae, Microlaimidae, Desmodoridae and Xyalidae being dominant), whereas in the Atacama Trench only 29 genera and 37 species were encountered (dominated by Monhysteridae, Chromadoridae, Microlaimidae, Oxystominidae and Xyalidae). The genus Monhystera (24.4%) strongly dominated at hadal depths and Neochromadora, and Trileptium were observed only in the Atacama Trench, but not at bathyal depths. A reduction of the mean nematode size (by ca. 67%) was observed between bathyal and hadal depths. Since food availability was not a limiting factor in the Atacama Trench sediments, other causes are likely to be responsible for the reduction of nematode species richness and body size. The presence of a restricted number of families and genera in the Atacama Trench might indicate that hadal sediments limited nematode colonisation. Most of the genera reaching very high densities in Trench sediments (e.g., Monhystera) are opportunistic and were responsible for the significant decrease of the maturity index. The dominance of opportunists, which are known to be characterised by small sizes, might have contributed to the reduced nematode size at hadal depths. Shannon diversity and species richness decreased in hadal water depth and this pattern was more evident at genus than at species level. Epistrate feeders dominated and increased their relevance, determining a reduction of the index of trophic diversity at hadal depths. According to trophic diversity, taxonomic diversity and distinctness also decreased with depth. All diversity indices from the Atacama Slope and Trench were lower than in other equally deep areas world wide (e.g. Puerto Rico Trench). We suggest that such reduction was related to the high nutrient loading observed in this system (up to two orders of magnitude higher than in typical oligotrophic deep-sea sediments).     

Ecology of deep-sea meiobenthos in the western Pacific

I am deeply honored to have been awarded the 1988 Okada Prize of the Oceanographical Society of Japan. The present paper reviews my previous works regarding the ecology of deep-sea meiobenthos in the western Pacific area. The outline cen be summarized as follows:

东太平洋深海沉积物中DNA的提取及细菌多样性初步分析

以东太平洋海隆附近深海柱状沉积物为材料,通过化学裂解和酶消化相结合的方法提取了沉积物微生物的总基因组DNA,并进行了纯化。结果表明所得到的DNA分子片段大小在21kb左右,纯化后的DNA可直接用于PCR等分子生物学操作。细菌16SrDNAV3可变区的PCR—DGGE图谱展示出15条以上条带,表明深海沉积物中细菌多样性较高,群落结构比较复杂。对其中9条主要条带进行回收、测序和系统发育分析,结果表明所获得的序列分属放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,γ-变形细菌亚门（Gamma—proteobacteria）,α-变形细菌亚门（Alpha—proteobacteria）和嗜酸菌门（Acidobacteria）5个大类群。     

Benthodytes palauta,a new species of deep-sea holothuroid (Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from the western Pacific Ocean

A new species of Psychropotidae holothuroid, Benthodytes palauta sp. nov., was collected from the Kyushu-Palau Ridge at a depth of 2 666 m. This new species is characterized by a leathery body wall, red-violet skin, five pairs of dorsal papillae, nineteen pairs of tube feet, and a narrow brim. The internal organs include one Polian vesicle, two tufts of gonads, and no respiratory trees. Ventral ossicles are large and spinous, with crosses of four arms with central bipartite apophyses. Papillae o...     

Spreading cycles in the Pacific Ocean

Changes in the spreading rates in the Pharallon-Pacific-Izanagi (Kula) triple junction during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic are revised using new data of the dynamics of the Pacific plate. The cyclic character of the spreading is recognized, and the stages of its acceleration and deceleration are distinguished. Approximately 130, 87, and 42 My B.P., at the culminations of the cycles, when maximal spreading rates were reached, the principal rearrangements in the tectonic evolution of the ocean occurred. The spreading rates were minimal about 140, 120, 65, and 15 My B.P. The latter periods are marked by pulses of basalt magmatism in the west, east, and northeast of the Pacific Ocean. The study recognized no signs of the intrusion of the Middle Cretaceous superplume, which was suggested by Larson. Both the cycling revealed and the pulsations of the intraplate volcanism are most probably related to the regularities of the deformations of the oceanic lithosphere and reflect the periodic alternations of regimes of compression and extension of the Pacific plate during the last 180 My.     

太平洋潮波特征比较

本文对TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料直接分析得到4个主要分潮(M2、K1、S2和O1)的调和常数,将其与全球大洋潮波模式TPXO6.2的模拟结果以及太平洋中48个验潮站观测资料的分析结果进行了系统比较,得出高度计资料直接分析结果与潮波模式模拟结果总体比较一致.模拟出的无潮点的位置和高度计资料直接分析结果有差异,且K1和O1分潮差异较大.与站点结果比较表明TPXO6.2模式模拟结果与验潮站观测结果的振幅绝对偏差小于2cm的站点的百分比达到85%,迟角绝对偏差小于40°的站点的百分比达到70%以上,比高度计资料直接分析结果精确;矢量均方根误差比较表明,太平洋中部结果比整个太平洋结果准确,太平洋矢量均方根误差的值和其他研究者、其他模式的结果近似.     

Clay minerals in the deep-sea cores from the North Pacific

Clay minerals in the <2 fraction of the four deep-sea cores collected from the northeast and central North Pacific are studied. In the surface layers of the cores, illite is more dominant in the pelagic samples than in the near-shore ones, and montmorillonite is vice versa. Chlorite in the near-shore sample is relatively abundant in the areas of higher latitude than in those of lower latitude. Kaolinite content is less than 10 percent in all samples. The presence of particles of amphibole in the clay-size was confirmed by X-ray analysis in the whole of the core-st. 18 taken from the northeastern portion of the area. This fact suggests that, for a long time probably since the Tertiary age, particles of amphibole have been supplied from source areas. In the three cores except the core-st. 18 it is shown that montmorillonite clearly increases downward. It is suggested that montmorillonite has been derived from volcanic glassy material by a diagenetic change. Montmorillonite in the bottom layer (400–405 cm) of the core-st. 9 is particularly rich in iron.     

Upwelling into the thermocline of the Pacific Ocean

The established “island rule” and the recently introduced “separation formula” are combined to yield an analytical expression for the total upwelling into the thermocline in the Pacific. The combination of the two is achieved with the use of a hybrid model containing a stratified upper layer, a thick (slowly moving) homogenous intermediate layer and an inert lower layer. Both the upper and the intermediate layers are subject to diabatic cooling and heating (which need not be specified) and there is an exchange of mass between the two active layers. An attempt is made to examine the above analytical (hybrid) model numerically. Ideally, this should be done with a complete two-and-a-half layer model (with upwelling and downwelling), but such a model is much too complex for process-oriented studies (due to the required parameterization of vertical mixing). Consequently, we focus our attention on verifying that the separation formula and the island rule are consistent with each other in a much simpler, layer-and-a-half model (without upwelling). We first verified that the new “separation formula” provides a reasonable estimate of the wind-induced transport in an island-free basin. We then compare the wind-induced transport predicted by the separation formula and the island rule in an idealized basin containing an island. We show that in these idealized situations the two methods give results that are consistent with each other and the numerics. We then turned to an application of the (hybrid) two-and-a-half layer model to the Pacific where, in contrast to the idealized layer-and-a-half models (where the two methods address the same water mass), the two methods address two different water masses. While the separation formula addresses only thermocline water (σ_θ<26.20), the island rule addresses all the water down to 27.5σ_θ (i.e., both the upper and intermediate layer). This is why the application of the two methods to the Pacific gives two different results — an application of the formula gives zero warm water transport whereas an application of the island rule gives 16 Sv. Namely, the difference between the amount predicted by the island rule (16 Sv) and the amount predicted by the separation formula (zero) enters the Pacific as intermediate water and is then somehow upwelled into the thermocline. The upwelling should take place north of the southern western boundary currents separation (40°S).     

西北太平洋深海海山的一种蛇尾新记录

Ophioleila elegans是一种非常少见的蛇尾。2014年大洋35航次中利用“蛟龙”号载人潜器在西北太平洋麦哲伦海山链的采薇平定海山水深1660m处采集到2株该种标本。该种首次发现于夏威夷海山相似的生境当中,本次采集到的样品是继首次发现之后的再次公开报道。本文中对该种的形态学特征,如腕部骨骼等,进行了更加详细的研究,同时基于COI序列进行系统发育分析。形态和系统发育分析的结果都表明,Ophioleila属与辐蛇尾科更加接近。     

Lagrangian eddies in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean

The Lagrangian eddies in the western Pacific Ocean are identified and analysed based on Maps of Sea Level Anomaly (MSLA) data from 1998 to 2018. By calculating ...     

西北太平洋异常变化

根据国家海洋局全部海洋站的水温和水位资料,以及“热带海洋和全球大气(TOGA)”的ADCP测流和CTD资料计算并分析了黑潮源流区输入西北太平洋的北向质量通量和西北太平洋及其邻近海域的水温、水位的异常变化,同时还应用美国宇航局Goddard地球观测系统(GEOS)/四维资料同化系统(DAS)计算并分析了西北太平洋的海面潜热通量的空间和时间变化.结果表明,北向质量通量具有明显的年际变化.这种年际变化与西北太平洋水温、水位和潜热通量的变化有着合理的因果关系.当前者减少时,后3者也明显减小.其物理解释是从热带西太平洋输入西北太平洋的海水质量和热量的减少将导致西北太平洋的减水和热量收入的减少,而热量收入的减少又将会引起水温和潜热通量的减小.     

西北太平洋密度跃层特征分析

密度跃层是反映海洋动力环境的重要物理特征指标,对海军军事活动尤其是潜艇航行具有重要的影响。本文使用模式同化的温、盐数据对西北太平洋密度跃层的时空分布特征进行分析,旨在为海军潜艇活动的海洋水文环境保障提供借鉴。     

热带北太平洋深海小型底栖生物大尺度空间分布

通过对2001年热带北太平洋深海小型底栖生物大尺度空间的数量分布的初步调查,共发现了15个类群的小型底栖生物,其平均丰度为34.1个/10 cm2,东太平洋区的东小区小型底栖生物类群数明显高于其它区域,小型底栖生物量比例随着沉积物厚度的增加而降低,生物量比例为68%~87%的小型底栖生物集中在沉积物0~2 cm层(表层)内。食物是深海小型底栖生物分布的限制因子,沉积物类型和底层流对小型底栖生物空间分布也有一定的影响。     

Composition of Pacific Ocean ferromanganese nodules

Bulk composition of ferromanganese nodules from the pelagic environment of the Pacific Ocean is apparently related to nodule-growth rate, sediment-accumulation rate, and biologic productivity in the overlying seawater. Nodules with a high $\text{Mn}\text{Fe}$ ratio and high Ni and Cu concentrations tend to occur in areas where primary productivity in the surface layer of the ocean is high and the sediment-accumulation rate low. Nodules with a low $\text{Mn}\text{Fe}$ ratio and low Ni and Cu concentrations occur in areas either where sediment-accumulation rate is high or biologic productivity is low. They may have a $\text{Mn}\text{Fe}$ ratio as low as one and accrete at rates as low as $\text{1}\text{mm}\text{10}{}^6\text{yrs}$. Nodules with a larger $\text{Mn}\text{Fe}$ ratio apparently have growth rates that are greater by as much as a factor of 10.