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1.
利用福建沿海某个厂址所建的100 m气象铁塔观测数据,采用2018年1月1日至2018年12月31日塔层所获取的风向、风速、温度的观测资料以及地面站太阳辐射表观测的总辐射值和净辐射值,用太阳辐射法、温度梯度法、温度梯度—风速法、理查逊数法计算大气的稳定度。从观测区域各类稳定度结果四季的分布、各类稳定度频率的日变化和不同来流情况下各类稳定度的分布三个方面,分析了这四种方法在该地区稳定度分类结果的不同。鉴于该区域日间辐射强、低层风速值较小的特点,四种分类方法中以温度梯度—风速法和理查逊数法对本区域大气稳定度的划分适用性比较好。 相似文献
2.
《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2010,(1)
采用温度梯度法、理查逊数法、总体理查逊数法分别分析塔中地区秋、冬季的大气稳定度的差异以及大气稳定度的分布频率特征。结果表明:不同的方法对大气稳定度的计算结果有很大影响,采用Ri法和BRi法能够较好的反映塔中秋冬季大气稳定度的变化;塔中秋、冬季大气层结以稳定层结为主,不稳定层结出现频率次之,中性层结出现的频率最小;秋季、冬季稳定度频率有一定差异,秋季中性层结、稳定层结频率小于冬季,不稳定层结大于冬季。 相似文献
3.
塔中秋冬季大气稳定度频率分布 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用温度梯度法、理查逊数法、总体理查逊数法分别分析塔中地区秋、冬季的大气稳定度的差异以及大气稳定度的分布频率特征.结果表明:不同的方法对大气稳定度的计算结果有很大影响,采用Ri法和BRi法能够较好的反映塔中秋冬季大气稳定度的变化;塔中秋、冬季大气层结以稳定层结为主,不稳定层结出现频率次之,中性层结出现的频率最小;秋季、冬季稳定度频率有一定差异,秋季中性层结、稳定层结频率小于冬季,不稳定层结大于冬季. 相似文献
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塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季大气稳定度垂直分布特征分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
利用2008年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季系留气艇的探空数据,利用温差法、温差一风速法、理查逊数法3种方法,对塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中地区的大气稳定度进行了初步研究,得出以下结论:(1)大气稳定度日变化明显:夜间随着高度的升高,大气状态由稳定转变为中性继而转变为不稳定。白天受太阳辐射的影响,近地面处于不稳定状态;(2)大气稳定度随着高度上升有明显的分层现象,稳定层与不稳定层交替出现;(3)3种方法计算的结果不一致,反映出温度、风和湍流对稳定度的影响。 相似文献
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8.
利用山西省神头1988年9-10月间采集的大气野外测试资料,计算了摩擦速度,特征温度,湍流动量通量。用两种不同的方法计算了湍流热通量。并按稳定度进行了分类统计和做了采样各天的热通量日变化分析。 相似文献
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大气稳定度可标明大气湍流的强弱,在研究大气扩散时,大气的稳定度是很重要的,因为污染物在大气中扩散、稀释的速率、距离和范围受到大气稳定度的直接影响。当大气处于稳定状态,污染物在大气中扩散速率小,范围窄,最大浓度落地距离较远。当大气处于不稳定状态时,则出现截然相反的情况。因此.有必要仔细分析研究大气稳定度的变化规律。 相似文献
11.
The impacts of background (or ambient) and local atmospheric thermal stabilities, and slope steepness, on nighttime thermally induced downslope flow in meso- domains (i.e., 20–200 km horizontal extent) have been investigated using analytical and numerical model approaches. Good agreement between the analytical and numerical evaluations was found. It was concluded that: (i) as anticipated, the intensity of the downslope flow increases with increased slope steepness, although the depth of the downslope flow was found to be insensitive to slope steepness in the studied situations; (ii) the intensity of the downslope flow is generally independent of background atmospheric thermal stability; (iii) for given integrated nighttime cooling across the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL), Q
s the local atmospheric thermal stability exerts a strong influence on downslope flow behavior: the downslope flow intensity increases when local atmospheric thermal stability increases; and (iv) the downslope flow intensity is proportional to Q
s
1/2. 相似文献
12.
An Improvement of the Louis Scheme for the Surface Layer in an Atmospheric Modelling System 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Yu Song 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,88(2):239-254
The Louis scheme for calculating the vertical eddy fluxes within the atmospheric surface layer is improved by broadening the original assumptions. In our approach, the momentum and heat transfer roughness lengths (z0 and zT respectively) can be different, and z0 need not be negligibly small compared with the lowest height (z) in modelling. For these conditions, we choose more consistent wind and potential temperature profile forms, then derive new algorithms for calculating fluxes. Improvement is demonstrated for a wide range of z/L (L is the Obukhov length), z/z0 and z0 zT, by comparing these fluxes with those derived from a theoretical surface-layer model. The improved algorithms can be used in atmospheric modelling systems for more varied surfaces and a wide range of atmospheric stability. 相似文献
13.
The Influences of Thermodynamic Characteristics on Aerodynamic Roughness Length over Land Surface 下载免费PDF全文
It has previously been shown that aerodynamic roughness length changes significantly along with nearsurface atmospheric thermodynamic state; however, at present, this phenomenon remains poorly understood, and very little research concerning this topic has been conducted. In this paper, by using the data of different underlying surfaces provided by the Experimental Co-observation and Integral Research in Semi-arid and Arid Regions over North China, aerodynamic roughness length (z0) values in stable, neutral, and unstable atmospheric stratifications are compared with one another, and the relationship between z0 and atmospheric thermodynamic stability (ζ) is analyzed. It is found that z0 shows great differences among the stable, neutral, and unstable atmospheric thermodynamic states, with the difference in z0 values between the fully thermodynamic stable condition and the neutral condition reaching 60% of the mean z0. Furthermore, for the wind speed range in which the wind data are less sensitive to z0, the surface z0 changes more significantly with ζ, and is highly correlated with both the Monin-Obukhov stability (ζ0) and the overall Richardson number (Rib), with both of their correlation coefficients greater than 0.71 and 0.47 in the stable and unstable atmospheric stratification, respectively. The empirical relation fitted with the experimental observations is quite consistent with the Zilitinkevich theoretical relation in the stable atmosphere, but the two are quite distinct and even show opposite variation tendencies in the unstable atmosphere. In application, however, verification of the empirical fitted relations by using the experimental data finds that the fitted relation is slightly more applicable than the Zilitinkevich theoretical relation in stable atmospheric stratification, but it is much more suitable than the Zilitinkevich relation in unstable atmospheric stratification. 相似文献
14.
An analogy has been established between a plane mixing layer and the atmospheric flow near the top of a vegetation canopy. It is based on a common feature, a strong inflection in the mean velocity profile, responsible for hydrodynamical instabilities that set the pattern for the coherent eddies and determine the turbulence length scales. In an earlier study, this analogy was tested using a small data set from thirteen experiments, all in near-neutral conditions. It provided a good prediction of the streamwise spacing w of the dominant canopy eddies (evaluated from time series of vertical velocity) that appears to depend on a shear length scale Ls = U(h)/U'(h), where h is canopy height, U is mean velocity and U' the vertical gradient dU/dz. The present analysis utilizes an extensive data set of approximately 700 thirty-minute runs, from six experiments on two forest sites and a maize crop, with a large range of stability conditions. w was estimated for each run using the wavelet transform as an objective, automated detection method. First, the variations of w and Ls with atmospheric stability are discussed. Neutral and unstable values exhibit a large scatter whereas in stable conditions both variables decrease with increasing stability. It is subsequently found that w is directly related to Ls, in a way close to the neutral prediction w /h = 8.1Ls/h.The Strouhal number Str = Ls /w is then shown to vary with atmospheric stability, weakly in unstable conditions, more significantly in stable conditions. Altogether these results suggest that, to some extent, the plane mixing-layer analogy can be extended to non-neutral conditions. It is argued that the primary effect of atmospheric stability, at least in stable conditions, is to modify the shear length scale Ls through changes in U(h) and U'(h), which in turn determines the streamwise spacing of the active, coherent motions. 相似文献
15.
Buoyancy and The Sensible Heat Flux Budget Within Dense Canopies 总被引:1,自引:8,他引:1
D. Cava G. G. Katul A. Scrimieri D. Poggi A. Cescatti U. Giostra 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,118(1):217-240
In contrast to atmospheric surface-layer (ASL) turbulence, a linear relationship between turbulent heat fluxes (FT) and vertical gradients of mean air temperature within canopies is frustrated by numerous factors, including local variation
in heat sources and sinks and large-scale eddy motion whose signature is often linked with the ejection-sweep cycle. Furthermore,
how atmospheric stability modifies such a relationship remains poorly understood, especially in stable canopy flows. To date,
no explicit model exists for relating FT to the mean air temperature gradient, buoyancy, and the statistical properties of the ejection-sweep cycle within the canopy
volume. Using third-order cumulant expansion methods (CEM) and the heat flux budget equation, a “diagnostic” analytical relationship
that links ejections and sweeps and the sensible heat flux for a wide range of atmospheric stability classes is derived. Closure
model assumptions that relate scalar dissipation rates with sensible heat flux, and the validity of CEM in linking ejections
and sweeps with the triple scalar-velocity correlations, were tested for a mixed hardwood forest in Lavarone, Italy. We showed
that when the heat sources (ST) and FT have the same sign (i.e. the canopy is heating and sensible heat flux is positive), sweeps dominate the sensible heat flux.
Conversely, if ST and FT are opposite in sign, standard gradient-diffusion closure model predict that ejections must dominate the sensible heat flux. 相似文献
16.
Joel Gunn 《Climatic change》1991,19(4):393-420
Consistent, accurate, and numerous measures of global scale atmospheric variables have been collected since about 1958. A time series of 30 years duration was assembled to investigate contributing factors to the global energy balance. The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), CO2 changes, and variation in solar energy output account for a quarter or more each of the variability in global energy balance. Upper atmospheric aerosols contribute, but less significantly and in a more complex way. The analysis suggests a hypothesis that has bearing on global climatic stability. Global climate fortuitously passed through a shift from a warmer NH to a warmer SH during the study period. The ENSO appears to act as a hemispheric energy balancing mechanism. There were significant changes in global atmospheric function when the hemispheric energy balance shifted in favor of the Southern Hemisphere about 1966. When applied to past climates, hemispheric dominance of global climate and related patterns of periodic stability could explain the rise and fall of some complex hierarchical social systems. 相似文献
17.
Directional dependence of horizontal wind direction fluctuations (Σθ) is studied at the coastal site of Madras Atomic Power Project, Kalpakkam with significant inhomogeneity in roughness element distribution around the location of measurement. Σθ is measured by a potentiometric wind vane mounted on a 30 m meteorological tower. Values of Σθ showed as high as threefold variation for the same atmospheric stability depending on the effective roughness length of the upwind sector. Average Σθ values separated for sea- and land-breeze conditions, when correlated with Pasquill stability categories showed a monotonic decrease with increasing stability for land breeze but was found to increase for change from D to F category during sea breezes presumably due to the influence of an internal boundary-layer development. 相似文献
18.
In this paper we study the effect of atmospheric stability on the growth of surface gravity waves. To that end we numerically solved the Taylor-Goldstein equation for wind profiles which deviate from a logarithmic form because stratification affects the turbulent momentum transport. Using Charnock's relation for the roughness height z
0 of the wind profile, it is argued that the growth rate of the wave depends on the dimensionless phase velocity c/u
* (where u
* is the friction velocity) and a measure of the effect of atmospheric stability, namely the dimensionless Obukhov length gL/u
*
2, whereas it only depends weakly on gz
t
/u
*
2 (where z
t
is the roughness height of the temperature profile). Remarkably for a given value of u
*
/c, the growth rate is larger for a stable stratification (L > 0) than for an unstable one (L < 0). We explain why this is the case. If, on the other hand, one considers the growth rate as a function of c/U
10 (where U
10 is the windspeed at 10 m), the situation reverses for c/U
10 < 1. For practical application in wave prediction models, we propose a new parameterization of the growth rate of the waves which is an improvement of the Snyder et al. (1981) proposal because the effect of stability is taken into account. 相似文献
19.
Ilana B. Pollack Brian M. Lerner Thomas B. Ryerson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2010,65(2-3):111-125
Commercially available ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) are evaluated in the laboratory as a light source for photolysis of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) followed by chemiluminescence detection (P-CL) of the resulting nitric oxide (NO). Sensitivity, selectivity, and engineering simplicity of three UV-LED sources are compared. The most powerful source uses two 9-W Nichia LED modules and provides an NO2 photolysis frequency (j) of 8.4 s?1 corresponding to a nine-fold improvement over a 100-W Hg arc lamp; this source provides the most sensitivity, but requires water cooling. A pair of Hamamatsu 0.25-W LED modules provides intermediate sensitivity with photolysis efficiency comparable to a 100-W Hg arc lamp. The Hamamatsu LEDs require no additional cooling and are a simple and inexpensive package, providing sensitivity and stability appropriate for long-term, unattended measurements at remote surface sites. A Droplet Measurement Technologies Blue-Light Converter (BLC) represents the most complete off-the-shelf system available for atmospheric measurements of NO2. The BLC provides the least sensitivity of the LED-based converters, but is less subject to interference from HONO. Implementing the Nichia LEDs into the NOAA WP-3D aircraft P-CL instrument, in conjunction with improved sample gas handling, improves instrument time response by a factor of eight and permits 1-Hz retrieval of ambient NO and NO2 using a single detector simply by modulating the LEDs on and off. The performance and stability of the Nichia LEDs are further assessed during the CalNex (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) field study in May and June of 2010. 相似文献