日本海、鄂霍次克海和白令海的古海洋学研究进展

边缘海的存在使大陆和大洋之间的物质和能量交换变得相当复杂。在构造运动和海平面升降的控制下,边缘海和大洋之间时而连通时而隔绝,各种古气候变化信号都在一定程度上被放大。基于近期有关西北太平洋边缘海的古海洋学研究成果,简要概述了日本海、鄂霍次克海、白令海以及北太平洋地区自中新世以来的古气候和古海洋环境演化特征,并认为它们与全球其它地区一样也受控于因地球轨道参数变化引起的太阳辐射率的变化,大尺度的气候变化具有与地球轨道偏心率周期相对应的100ka周期,而41ka的小尺度周期则受地球自转轴斜率变化的控制。一些突发性的气候变化则是由气候不稳定性、海峡的关闭与开启和其它一些地球气候系统的非线性活动所驱动。但同时作为中高纬度边缘海,它们的古海平面、古海水温度、古洋流等古海洋环境因子的变化特征还受到冰盖扩张和退缩、构造运动、冰川性地壳均衡补偿、东亚季风等因素的影响,具有一定的区域特点。     

Distribution of molluscan remains in the sediment of the Chukchi Sea and its vicinity, the Arctic

INTRODUCTIONInordertostudythemarinesedimentationoftheChukchiSeaandBeringSeaandgathertheinformationofpaleoceanographyandpaleoenvironment,theFirstChineseNationalArcticResearchExpeditionTeamcollectedbenthonicmolluscansamplesintheChukchiSea ,BeaufortSeaandBeringSeafromJuly 1sttoSeptember 9th ,1 999byicebreakerXuelong .ItwasnotonlythefirstsamplingthatChinesescientistscollectedmolluscaremainsinabove mentionedar eas,butalsooneofinvestigationsinasinglecruisewithhighersamplingrateandalotofb…     

Monthly Variations of Water Masses in the Yellow and East China Seas, November 6, 1998

The monthly water mass variations in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea are investigated using over 40 years of historical temperature and salinity observations via a cluster analysis that incorporates geographical distance and depth separation in addition to the temperature and salinity. Results delineate monthly variations in the major water masses and provide some insight into formation mechanisms and intermixing. The major water masses include the Kuroshio-East China Sea water (KE), the Yellow Sea surface water (YSS) and bottom cold water (YSB), mixed water (MW), and coastal water (CW). The distribution of the KE water mass reveals the intrusion pattern into the area west of Cheju. A separate mixed water type appears between the KE water mass and the Yellow Sea water masses during winter. The formation mechanism of the YSB appears to be the surface cooling and active mixing in winter. In the East China Sea, during summer, surface water is differentiated from the subsurface water while there is no differentiation during winter. In the Yellow Sea, a three layer system exists in the summer and fall (May–November) while a two layer system exists during the rest of the year. A fresh water mass generated by Yangtze River discharge (YD) is present over the northern East China Sea and the southern Yellow Sea during summer. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国黄渤海春秋季今生颗石藻

The living coccolithophores(LCs) are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups,and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon,playing an important role in the marine carbon cycle.In this study,we report the two-demensional abundance,composition of LCs and its correlation with the environmental parameters in spring and autumn,in order to understand the ecological role of LCs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea.In spring,totally 9 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000× magnification.The dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi,Gephyrocapsa oceanica,Helicosphaera carteri,and Calcidiscus leptoporus.The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0–7.72cells/m L,and 0–216.09 coccoliths/m L,with the average values of 0.21 cells/m L,and 11.36 coccoliths/m L,respectively.The Emiliania huxleyi distribution was similar to Gephyrocapsa oceanica.The highest abundance of coccoliths was observed in the east of Shandong Peninsula in northern Yellow Sea,whereas Helicosphaera carteri distributed more widely.Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica were the two predominant species in LCs with higher abundances.The distribution of LCs was similar to that of coccoliths.In autumn,14 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified with dominant species as Emiliania huxleyi,Gephyrocapsa oceanica,Helicosphaera carteri,Calcidiscus leptoporus and Oolithotus fragilis.The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0–24.69 cells/m L,and 0–507.15 coccoliths/m L,with the average values of 1.47 cells/m L,and55.89 coccoliths/m L,respectively.The highest abundance of coccoliths was located in Qingdao coastal waters and south of the survey area.The distribution of LCs was similar to the coccoliths; in addition,LCs presented large abundance in the east of the central Yellow Sea area.     

Temporal Dynamics and Biomass Partitioning in Three Adriatic Seagrass Species: Posidonia oceanica,Cymodocea nodosa,Zostera marina

Abstract. The temporal dynamics of three seagrasses, Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera marina, was studied in different areas of the Adriatic Sea by analysing phenological parameters and biomass trends in different compartments of seagrass systems. For this purpose, samplings were conducted in 1997 once per season at each station, Otranto (southern Adriatic Sea) and Grado (northern Adriatic Sea). Structural parameters and biomass of plant compartments differed among seagrasses both in absolute values and in seasonal variability. P. oceanica was the largest plant, showing the highest number of leaves per shoot, highest leaf surface, Leaf Area Index and shoot weight. Z. marina was intermediate in size and had the longest leaves, whereas C. nodosa was the smallest seagrass. P. oceanica accounted for the highest total biomass (mean ± SE: 1895.9 ± 180.2 g DW · m^–2; CV = coefficient of variation: 19.0 %), considerably more than C. nodosa (mean ± SE: 410.4 ± 88.4 g DW·m^–2; CV: 43.1 %) and Z. marina (mean ± SE: 312.1 ± 75.1 g DW · m^–2; CV: 48.1 %), although the two latter species displayed a higher seasonal variability. Similarly, other features, such as shoot density, leaf surface, LAI, shoot weight and relative contributions of above‐ and below‐ground compartments, were less variable across seasons in P. oceanica than in the two other seagrasses, while leaf length showed the highest seasonal fluctuation in P. oceanica. As for biomass partitioning, C. nodosa showed a higher proportion of the below‐ground relative to above‐ground biomass (up to 90 %), with a distinct seasonality, whereas in P. oceanica the proportion of below‐ground biomass (around 80 %) was fairly constant during the year. We infer that in P. oceanica the seasonal forcing is probably buffered by the availability of internal resources stored permanently during the year in the below‐ground. In C. nodosa and Z. marina, instead, growth processes seem to be amplified by a greater influence of environmental factors.     

渤黄东海40年温盐流模拟与初步分析

使用ROMS(regional oceanic modeling system)模式模拟了40年的渤黄东海温盐流,数据包括三维的温度、盐度、流速、流向和海表高度,同时包含了逐小时的潮汐信息。将模拟结果与观测资料和卫星反演数据进行对比,检验了模式准确性。整体上,模式模拟的水位与近岸观测值基本一致,能够准确再现风产生的增水;模式较为准确的再现了渤黄东海的温度分布,在深水区模拟的温盐剖面与观测值基本一致;模式模拟渤黄东海区域的海表高度和海表流与卫星反演结果相比偏小,但分布趋势相近。模式结果可以为研究气候变化对水位的影响和黄海暖舌的扩散过程等现象提供数据支持。     

渤、黄、东海悬浮物质量浓度冬、夏季变化的数值模拟

采用HAMSOM三维正压水动力模型结合粒子追踪的悬浮颗粒物输运模型模拟了渤、黄、东海悬浮物质量浓度冬、夏季变化。模拟结果显示,潮流和底质对悬浮物质量浓度的分布有决定性的作用,沉积物再悬浮对悬浮物质量浓度分布影响大,冬季尤为显著。莱州湾中西部和渤海湾南部悬浮物终年维持高质量浓度,古黄河口冬季再悬浮物的质量浓度高于其它季节的。长江口附近悬浮物终年维持高质量浓度,夏季长江口东北悬浮物的质量浓度高于冬季的,浙江沿岸冬季悬浮物的质量浓度高于夏季的。     

Benthic mucilaginous aggregates in the Mediterranean Sea: Origin, chemical composition and polysaccharide characterization

Benthic mucilaginous aggregates are frequently formed in various parts of the Mediterranean basin, as in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas. Notwithstanding their wide spatial distribution, the role played by these aggregates in the biogeochemical cycling of organic matter is still largely unknown.The characteristics of the benthic aggregates examined in the present study showed that they are different from other mucilaginous aggregates, such as the “pelagic” ones that can form in the same areas in the water column and subsequently sediment to the seafloor. The aggregates are usually formed of structures of the filamentous macroalgae Acinetospora crinita, Chrysonephos lewisii and Nematochrysopsis marina. The elemental composition of the aggregates showed a marine macrophyte origin on the basis of the bulk organic matter content of the aggregates. Carbohydrates and proteins account for 26.6 to 55.9% of the organic carbon in the mucilage, respectively. Monosaccharide composition of exopolysaccharides in the mucilage aggregates revealed a characteristic pattern, with galactose, xylose or mannose and fucose as the major components. The relatively high content of deoxysugars is another distinctive feature. The abundant sulphate and uronic groups present in the polysaccharides in addition to their macromolecular dimensions and elongation contribute to inter-chain aggregation. Electron microscopic observations suggest that the polysaccharide fraction is the main macromolecular component in the formation of the persistent gel network in the aggregates.     

Iron, manganese and aluminum in upper waters of the western South Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas

Total dissolvable iron, manganese and aluminum distributions in upper waters were determined in the western South Pacific, Solomon Sea, Coral Sea, and Tasman Sea. In these oceanic regions, the surface aluminum distributions well reflect the atmospheric deposition pattern of mineral dust in the western South Pacific reported previously. Surface manganese distributions derive mainly from lateral transportation from the coastal sediments of western tropical islands. Compared to Mn and Al, the Fe distributions reflect the nutrient cycle in upper waters. Iron limitation over the vast South Pacific, as revealed by physiological features of phytoplankton, seems to be caused by low atmospheric dust deposition and low Fe:N ratios in deep waters. In the western South Pacific, with its unique geographic and oceanographic settings, the local sources of trace metals might considerably affect their biogeochemical cycles.     

渤黄东海潮能通量与潮能耗散

利用同化高度计资料和沿岸验潮站资料对潮汐数值模式进行同化,根据同化后的数值模式结果,对渤黄东海中的潮能通量和潮能耗散进行了研究.M2分潮从太平洋进入渤黄东海的潮能为122.499GW,占4个主要分潮进入总量的79%.黄海是半日分潮潮能耗散的主要海区.全日分潮则主要耗散在东海.全日分潮在遇到陆坡的阻挡以后有一部分潮能沿着冲绳海槽向西南传播,并有一部分潮能反射回太平洋,其中O1分潮通过C3断面反射回太平洋的潮能,约占其传入东海潮能的44%.     

Methane in the southern North Sea: Sources, spatial distribution and budgets

Measurements of methane (CH₄) so far have always shown supersaturation in the entire North Sea relative to the atmospheric partial pressure and the distribution of surface CH₄ reveals a distinct increase towards the shore. Since North Sea sediments presumably are an insignificant source for CH₄ the coastal contribution via rivers and tidal flats gains in importance.In this work, CH₄ data from the River Weser, the back barrier tidal flats of Spiekeroog Island (NW Germany), and the German Bight are presented. Results from the River Weser are compared to other rivers draining into the German Bight. Measurements in the tidal flat area of Spiekeroog Island highlight this ecosystem as an additional contributor to the overall CH₄ budget of the southern North Sea. A tidally driven CH₄ pattern is observed for the water column with maximum values during low tide. Tidal flat sediments turn out to be the dominating source because pore waters discharged during low tide are highly enriched in CH₄. In contrast, the freshwater contribution to the tidal flats by small coastal tributaries has almost no impact on water column CH₄ concentrations. The CH₄ level seems to be disturbed irregularly by wind forcing due to elevated degassing and prevention of advective flow when tidal flats remain covered by water.Based on our data, two model calculations were used to estimate the impact of tidal flats on the CH₄ budget in the German Bight. Our results demonstrate that the back barrier tidal flats of the east Frisian Wadden Sea contribute CH₄ in an order of magnitude between the Wash estuary and River Elbe and thus have to be considered in budget calculations.     

Evaluation of anthropogenic carbon in the Nordic Seas using observed relationships of N, P and C versus CFCs

Several methods to compute the anthropogenic component of total dissolved inorganic carbon () in the ocean have been reported, all in some way deducing (a) the effect by the natural processes, and (b) the background concentration in the pre-industrial scenario. In this work we present a method of calculating using nutrient and CFC data, which takes advantage of the linear relationships found between nitrate (N), phosphate (P) and CFC-11 in the Nordic Seas sub-surface waters. The basis of the method is that older water has lower CFC-11 concentration and also has been exposed to more sinking organic matter that has decayed, resulting in the slopes of P versus CFC-11 and N versus CFC-11 being close to the classic Redfield ratio of 1:16. Combining this with the slope in total alkalinity (A_T) versus CFC-11 to correct for the dissolution of metal carbonates gives us the possibility to deduce the concentration of anthropogenic C_T in the Nordic Seas. This further allowed us to compute the inventory of anthropogenic C_T below 250 m in the Nordic Seas in spring 2002, to ∼1.2 Gt C.     

2013年夏季黄、渤海颗粒有机碳分布及来源分析

本文根据2013年夏季黄、渤海海域航次获得的颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon, POC)、叶绿素a(chlorophyll a, Chl a)和总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particles, TSP)数据,结合同步获得的水文环境参数,综合探讨该区夏季POC时空分布特征,以及在不同温盐深水团中POC的主要影响因素。结果表明:在整个研究区POC的浓度范围为102.3～1850.0 μg/L,平均值为(383.7±269.6) μg/L,分布呈现出近岸高、远海低、表层低、底层高的特征。苏北外浅滩海域和北黄海东北区域的10 m层和底层为POC高值区,苏北外海域受到陆源输入、沿岸流混合作用和浮游植物光合作用的影响,POC上下混合均匀且浓度高;南黄海中部因受黄海环流的影响,水体中浮游植物生产力水平低,POC浓度较低。在垂直分布上,近岸海域受陆源输入和再悬浮影响POC浓度高,上下混合均匀;在南黄海和北黄海中部受到黄海环流和黄海冷水团的控制,浮游植物生产力水平低,POC浓度低。对不同温盐水团中POC的影响因素分析发现,在高温低盐水团中,POC受浮游植物初级生产和陆源输入的共同影响;在温盐适中区真光层海水中,浮游植物的初级生产是POC的主要来源;底层的冷水团区,POC主要来源为上层海水中颗粒物的沉降和底层再悬浮作用。     

渤、黄、东海潮汐开边界的1种反演方法

潮汐潮流数值模拟中的 1个主要难点在于开边界条件的确定。本文采用伴随方法 ,利用渤、黄、东海的 64个验潮站资料 (潮汐调和常数 ) ,通过反演渤、黄、东海的开边界条件 ,来实现渤、黄、东海 M2 潮波的数值模拟。为了取得较好的数值模拟结果 ,同时对给定的底摩擦系数进行校正 ,计算出调和常数的模拟值与实测值之差的绝对平均值 :振幅差为 4 .0 cm,迟角差为 2 .5°。实验结果较好地体现了渤、黄、东海 M2 潮波的特征。     

北极楚科奇海及其附近海域海底底栖贝类遗壳分布

对采自北极的23个站的底栖贝类遗壳进行鉴定,结果表明这些贝类遗壳计有17个种,其中双壳纲13种,腹足纲4种.根据鉴定到种的13个种可将所鉴定的软体动物分为两个区系:北极和环北极寒温带种,它们是Astarte montagui,Liocyma fluctusa,Macoma calcarea,M.moesta alas-kana,Mya pseudoarenaria,Nuculana pernula,N.radiata,Nucula bellotii,Serripes groenlan-dicus和Turritella polaris,共计10种,它们是北极水域软体动物区系组成中的主要成分;北极北太平洋寒温带种,它们是Argobuccinum oregonense,Cyclocardia crebricostata和Trichotropis cor-onata有3种.根据食性又可将它们分成滤食性、肉食性和碎食性三种,其中摄食沉积物中有机碎屑的碎食性种类占优势,包括双壳类中的Macoma calcarea,M.moesta alaskana,Macoma sp.,Nuculana pernula,N.radiata,Nucula bellotii,和腹足类的Trichotropis coronata,共计7种,它们不仅种类多,丰度高,而且在调查区的分布同细颗粒的沉积物有密切关系.     

渤、黄、东海高营养层次重要生物资源种类的营养级研究

利用2000年和2001年2次大面调查所收集的11970个胃含物样品分析结果,计算了黄海和东海生态系统高营养层次35个重要生物资源种类的营养级,同时,结合对渤海和黄海39个种类营养级历史数据的修正,讨论研究了我国海洋高营养层次生物资源种类营养级的研究策略和计算方法。主要研究结果为：(1)渤海重要生物资源种类营养级的变化范围为3．12～4．9,黄海为3．2～4．9,东海为3．29～4．55。近年来各海域高营养层次的营养级呈下降趋势,如渤海从1959年的4．1下降到1998～1999年的3．4,黄海从1985～1986年的3．7下降到2000～2001年的3．4;(2)高营养层次营养级波动主要是由于群落种类组成变化及单种类营养级年间波动引起的,而单种类营养级年间波动又直接与群体个体变小以及摄食食物的低营养层次化有关。因此,高营养层次的营养级变化是认识海洋生态系统生物生产动态的重要指标,需要对其进行长期和系统的监测;(3)建议在今后的研究中,根据简化食物网的概念,对占生物量绝对多数的重要生物资源种类的营养级进行重点研究并采用国际通用的标准划分计算营养级。     

渤海1999年4月运动类铃虫的平面分布

研究了1999年4月末用浅海Ⅲ型网在渤海30个站住采集的浮游生物样品中的砂壳纤毛虫,发现砂壳纤毛虫种类单一,几乎全部为运动类铃虫(Codonellopsis mobilis Wang 1936),丰度为32～10731个／m^3,碳生物量为0～1．52mg／m^3。     

渤海、黄海、东海AVHRR海表温度场的季节变化特征

海表温度场表征了海洋热力、动力过程和海洋与大气相互作用的综合结果.它不仅是研究海面水汽和热量交换的一个重要物理参数,也为海洋环流、水团、海洋锋、上升流和海水混合等海洋学课题的研究提供一种直观的指示量.20世纪60年代以来,我国海洋工作者在历次海上观测和台站资料的基础上,对渤海、黄海、东海表层温度的空间分布和变化进行了较为详细的分析研究[1～4],并绘制了系列的水温气候图集.这些研究成果对认识黄海、东海海域的平均海表温度场的分布、变化以及相关物理海洋现象的研究起到了重要的作用.     

南海中尺度涡的形转、内转及平移运动研究

中尺度涡旋的运动整体可分为两部分：平移及转动。平移指涡旋在整个生命周期内的水平移动,而转动除了包括内转 （海表地转流引起的涡旋自身水体转动） 外,还包括形转 （涡旋实际边界最佳拟合椭圆的转动）。本文基于 1993—2018 年共计 26 年间的卫星高度计涡旋识别与追踪数据,首次对南海中尺度涡旋的完整运动形式,即形转、内转、平移展开了系统的研究。其中,对内转及平移的分析,可通过涡旋的识别追踪数据集直接进行;为研究涡旋形转,提出了一种基于涡旋识别追踪数据自动提取涡旋形转信息的算法,以此得到涡旋形转方向、每天形转的角度以及形转圈数等信息,获得涡旋形转数据集。通过对涡旋识别追踪数据以及形转数据集的统计分析发现：南海涡旋的平移方向多为西向,且其速率呈偏态分布,主要以南海南部偏高。同样,涡旋的内转速率也呈偏态分布,高速率内转的涡旋主要分布在吕宋海峡附近。涡旋的形转主要以南海南部速率偏高,且与涡旋的寿命及长轴有一定的关系,倾向于随着涡旋寿命的增长、涡旋长轴的增大而变慢。同时南海涡旋的这三种不同运动形式之间也存在一定的相关性。     

渤、黄、东海8个主要分潮的数值模拟研究

应用MIKE数值模拟软件,采用无结构三角形网格,建立一套计算区域包括整个渤海、黄海、东海以及东海大陆架和琉球群岛的高分辨率数值模型,考虑了实际水深和岸线,外海开边界采用西北太平洋大模型结果的潮位提供,模拟了东中国海潮波的波动过程,对潮波垂直运动过程进行调和分析,得到了渤海、黄海、东海的M2,S2,K1,O1以及N2,K2,P1,Q1八个主要分潮的传播和分布特征。利用中国沿海14个潮位站的调和常数对模型结果进行了验证,验证结果显示模型较为准确可靠。研究结果表明:4个主要半日潮(全日潮)在渤、黄、东海的传播情形基本相似,即潮波在渤海、黄海、东海沿岸的传播性质上类似沿岸开尔文波的传播形态,并且成功再现了计算海域的4个半日分潮无潮点和2个全日分潮无潮点。全日潮振幅各无潮点附近振幅最小,而海湾的波腹区振幅最大,东海潮差呈现近岸方向振幅大、离岸方向振幅小,浙闽沿海振幅也较大,黄海振幅相对较小,渤海振幅在辽东湾和渤海湾顶最大,两个无潮点周边振幅较小。