长龄期改良黄土抗剪强度与渗透性试验研究

为满足黄土地区建设工程对岩土材料的要求,针对长龄期条件下石灰和粉煤灰对黄土的改良作用,开展室内试验研究原土料类型、掺合材料、掺合量等因素对改良黄土抗剪强度和渗透性的影响及长龄期效应,并从微观结构和反应机理上进行了解释。研究结果表明,灰土、二灰土的强度发展和强度稳定龄期因石灰和粉煤灰发挥作用的时间不同而不同;水化反应速率变化使掺量对灰土改良土的影响表现出龄期效应;原土料的粒度成分对抗剪强度和渗透性的影响更为重要;同一改良土的强度与渗透性发展并不同步,标准龄期也宜不同,实践中应给与区分。综合各因素对改良土强度和渗透性质的影响规律,工程岩土材料设计应先区分原土料类型,后根据性质需求选择改良方式和掺量并保证龄期。     

磷石膏混合料的再生

磷石膏加入二灰混合料,可以有效提高二灰混合料的早强,并且改善基层的路用性能。但是磷石膏含量过大,则造成混合料膨胀过大,强度降低甚至丧失。基于磷石膏石灰粉煤灰混合料的反应机制,通过一系列的室内和室外试验说明：不当的磷石膏配合比,是造成某磷石膏石灰粉煤灰混合料底基层遇水膨胀量增大、强度丧失的主要原因。同时,验证了粉煤灰含量与磷石膏含量最佳配合比为1：1,在此基础上提出磷石膏混合料的再利用的处置方案。     

GT型土壤固化剂改良土的工程特性研究

GT型土壤固化剂是一种新型的土壤改性加固材料,以高钙灰和脱硫石膏两种工业废料为主要原料,辅以生石灰、水泥、熟石膏、硫酸铝及明矾石等次要成分,采用生石灰消解法除去脱硫石膏中的自由水,按全粉料配料的方法研制而成。按一定掺量向土中掺入石灰和GT型土壤固化剂制成石灰改良土样和固化剂改良土样并进行养护、浸水,对土样进行击实试验、直剪试验、压缩试验和渗透试验。试验结果表明固化剂改良土的击实效果、抗剪强度、压缩性、抗渗透性等工程特性明显优于石灰改良土。分析了GT型土壤固化剂加固土的机理,为进一步的研究和工程应用提供参考。     

黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土的配合比研究

试验研究了黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土的配合比问题。分析了黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土的强度标准龄期;研究了土质、二灰比、二灰含量对二灰土强度的影响规律;提出了黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土配合比设计的新思路。研究认为,对于黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土,应以21 d无侧限抗压强度作为配合比设计的依据;黄河冲（淤）积平原区土质适宜的二灰比为1：3,适宜的二灰含量在32 %～40 %之间;土中<0.005 mm颗粒含量、土的有机质含量,以及二灰土的粗细颗粒比Cf值对黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土的强度具有重要影响,且呈现规律性变化;当土中<0.005 mm颗粒含量在17 %～27 %之间时,黄河冲（淤）积粉质二灰土可获得较高的强度。     

水泥改良泥质板岩粗粒土的静动力特性试验

为综合评价水泥改良泥质板岩粗粒土的力学性质改良效果,利用大型静动三轴仪对改良土和未改良土开展不排水条件下的循环动力加载和单调加载试验。研究该改良土的循环动力特性和中低应变率单调加载下的静、动力学特性。研究表明,对于循环动力加载试验,围压和加载频率均是影响改良土动弹性模量和阻尼比的重要因素;循环动应力强度和破坏振次的对数近似呈线性递减关系;随着应变率增加,水泥改良泥质板岩土的静动应力强度之比显著增加。相对未改良土,改良土的刚度显著提高,而黏滞性减弱;改良土动应力强度的应变率效应显著增大;改良土的静力强度有了显著提高。改良土的内摩擦角和未改良土的相差不大,而它的黏聚力较未改良土有了很大的增加。水泥改良,泥质板岩粗粒土后的静、动力学性质得到提高,改良效果良好。     

石灰-偏高岭土改良遗址土强度劣化特性的冻融循环效应

中原地区处于季冻区,周期性冻结与融化对遗址土体结构有显著影响。为探究石灰偏高岭土(L-MK)在抗冻融循环方面替代天然水硬性石灰(NHL)用于土遗址修复工作的可行性,以石灰、偏高岭土和遗址土为主要原料,对经历不同冻融循环次数的L-MK改良土试样分别进行质量损失测试、无侧限抗压强度试验和劈裂抗拉强度试验,系统研究其强度特性的冻融循环效应;并取部分试样进行X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TG)、电镜扫描(SEM)等微观试验,揭示L-MK改良土强度劣化规律的内在机制。结果表明：试验配合比下,L-MK改良土的抗冻性能优于NHL改良土,偏高岭土掺量的增加有助于提高L-MK改良土强度;随着冻融循环次数的增加,L-MK改良土应力-应变曲线的应变软化特征呈减弱趋势,无侧限抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度单调衰减,但经历30次冻融循环后L-MK改良土无侧限抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度分别高于NHL改良土3.79倍和1.16倍以上。这与L-MK及NHL改良土生成的水化产物(CSH和C₄AH₁₃等)受冻融循环的影响规律基本一致。     

改良膨胀土筑堤技术研究

利用改良膨胀土作为高速公路路堤填筑材料是宁淮高速公路需要解决的主要问题。尽管室内试验论证可以用石灰改良膨胀土性质,但现场石灰改良土施工还要解决三大问题：石灰拌和均匀性和石灰含量的检测问题、现场压实方法和压实度控制问题、现场压实改良土的胀缩性和强度是否满足高等级公路路床和路基的要求问题。结合宁淮高速公路先导段施工,设计了试验段进行现场试验。试验结果表明,通过合理的施工工艺、有力的质量控制,改良膨胀土能够满足设计要求。改良土已经不具有膨胀土性质,胀缩性低,CBR强度高,是良好的路堤填筑材料。     

工业副产品木质素改良路基粉土的微观机制研究

为揭示工业副产品木质素与土体间的相互作用机制,将木质素应用于路基粉土改良,通过对木质素及其改良土进行无侧限抗压强度、pH值、微观结构、化学元素、矿物成分和官能团等试验分析,研究不同掺量下木质素改良土的力学性能和pH值变化,对比分析改良前后粉土的微观结构变化,并基于化学分析结果探讨木质素的分子结构及与土体间的相互作用,提出木质素改良土体的机制。试验结果表明,改良土强度随木质素掺量增加而增加,掺量超过一定范围时,土体强度降低,木质素改良粉土的最优掺量为12%,且龄期对土体强度有着重要影响;强度与pH值基本呈线性相关关系;改良土微观结构更为致密、稳定,胶结物质将土颗粒相互联结,且未生成新的矿物;木质素通过水解、离子交换、质子化和静电引力等作用,导致双电层厚度减小,带正电荷的木质素高分子聚合物联结土颗粒并填充孔隙,改良土工程性质得以改善。提出的木质素改良土体机制可为工业副产品木质素的工程应用提供理论参考。     

一种考虑黏聚强度的改良土弹塑性本构模型

改良土中土颗粒和水化物形成具有一定结构的聚合体而表现出较强的结构性。与重塑正常固结土相比,改良土的结构性更强且具有一定的超固结比。在变形发展过程中,由于聚合体结构逐渐破坏,黏聚强度逐渐损失,土体表现出应变软化的力学特性。基于适用于超固结重塑黏土的统一硬化模型,引入改良土黏聚强度及其随塑性变形的演化规律,对统一硬化参数进行了修正,并采用更适用于改良土的非关联的流动法则,建立了一个可以较好地描述改良土力学特性的弹塑性本构模型。通过与水泥改良土和石灰改良土的三轴剪切排水试验的结果进行对比,该模型能够较为合理地描述改良土加载过程中黏聚强度损失对其力学特性的影响。黏聚强度的存在导致土体表现出超固结土的特性,当黏聚强度损失时会加剧土体的软化速度。     

水泥改良土的拉伸强度特性及其计算方法

水泥改良土具有强度高、变形小、施工操作简单、质量控制容易和经济效益显著等优点,被广泛应用于路基填筑、基坑回填、边坡防护和地基换填。水泥土裂缝影响路基工程的正常运行,甚至可能危及铁路路基安全。因此,铁路路基设计需要对路基填土的抗拉强度有一定程度的了解,水泥改良土抗拉强度的确定具有重要意义。水泥改良土的抗裂性能是影响工程应用的重要因素,拉伸强度是衡量水泥土抗裂性能的关键指标。本文基于常规无侧限压缩仪自行设计了直接测量水泥改良土拉伸强度的单轴拉伸试验方法,系统地研究了水泥掺量（A）、龄期（t）、含水率（w）和干密度（ρd）对水泥改良土单轴拉伸强度（σt）的影响,水泥改良土的单轴拉伸强度随水泥掺量、龄期和干密度增加而增加,随含水率增加而减小,建立了水泥改良土的单轴拉伸强度与et/A(et是水泥改良土的孔隙比)之间的指数函数关系。结合水泥改良土的无侧限抗压强度和基质吸力的测试结果,建立了单轴拉伸强度与无侧限抗压强度和基质吸力之间的相关关系。     

生石灰与粉煤灰桩加固软土地基的微观分析

采用压汞试验和扫描的电镜的手段，分析了生石灰与粉煤灰桩加固软土地基前后土的微观结构和孔隙特征的变化，发现加固后特大孔隙和大孔隙减少，小孔隙和微孔隙增加，不同的土质存在着不同的孔隙阈界值，且孔隙阈界值在加固后明显降低，对加固前后不同土的微观结构进行分类，从微观上解释了生石灰与粉煤灰桩加固软土的机理。     

粉煤灰和二灰对桂林红黏土力学性质的影响

为了研究粉煤灰和二灰掺量及养护时间对桂林红黏土的改良效果,进行了直剪试验、固结试验以及电镜扫描试验。试验结果表明,粉煤灰的掺入提高了红黏土的抗剪强度,但超过一定量（18%粉煤灰掺量）反而会降低红黏土黏聚力,各掺量粉煤灰红黏土随养护龄期的延长,抗剪强度呈先增后缓趋势。二灰改良红黏土,在早期强度剧增,且强度随养护时间增长而大幅增加,一定龄期内,二灰红黏土黏聚力随二灰掺量呈先增后减趋势。粉煤灰和二灰的掺入均增大了红黏土的压缩模量,且随养护时间的延长而逐渐增大。红黏土中随粉煤灰、石灰的加入,发生一系列物理化学反应,从微观结构分析得知土中孔隙减少,结构性较素红黏土好。     

橡胶颗粒改良粉煤灰土的动力特性试验研究

对橡胶颗粒改良粉煤灰土的动强度、动模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角进行了动三轴试验研究,并将试验结果与粉煤灰土的动力特性加以对比,分析表明：粉煤灰土及橡胶颗粒改良粉煤灰土在同一围压下动强度均随破坏周数的增加而减小;在同一破坏周数下动强度随着围压的增加而增加;粉煤灰土的黏聚力为203.73 kPa,内摩擦角为11°;橡胶颗粒改良粉煤灰土的黏聚力为227.26 kPa,内摩擦角为17°,橡胶颗粒改良粉煤灰土的黏聚力增大了23.53 kPa,提高了11.55%;粉煤灰土的初始切线模量及平均动模量高于橡胶颗粒改良粉煤灰土的初始切线模量及平均动模量。研究表明,橡胶颗粒改良后的粉煤灰土具有动强度高、黏聚力和内摩擦角大的特点,从而说明橡胶颗粒改良后的粉煤灰土可以作为季冻区路基冷阻层材料     

Development of synthetic soil mixture for experimental shaking table tests on building frames resting on soft soils

In this study, a synthetic soil mixture has been developed and proposed for experimental soil-structure interaction shaking table tests on building frames with shallow foundations resting on soft soil deposits. The proposed mix provides adequate undrained shear strength to mobilise the required shallow foundation bearing capacity underneath the structural model while meeting both criteria of dynamic similarity between the model and the prototype to model soft soils in shaking table tests. To find the most appropriate mixture, different mixes with different proportions of mix components were examined in the soils laboratory. Performing bender element tests, the shear wave velocity of the soil specimens was acquired at different cure ages and the results were examined and compared. Based on the test results, a synthetic clay mixture consisting of kaolinite clay, bentonite, fly ash, lime and water has been proposed for experimental shaking table tests.     

粉煤灰土冻融循环后的动力特性试验研究

为研究粉煤灰土作为路基填料的可行性，把易液化的粉煤灰和易冻胀的粉质黏土按干重1：2混合，通过冻融循环后的动三轴试验，研究了粉煤灰土的动力特性，得出了动强度和循环荷载次数及冻融循环次数的数量关系，以及动模量与动应变及冻融循环次数的关系曲线。研究表明，粉煤灰土经过3次冻融后的动力性能指标优于粉质黏土，具有良好的抗冻性及稳定性，可以作为季冻区路基填料。     

Soil improvement with coal ash and sewage sludge: a field experiment

A field experimental study was carried out successfully to improve the quality of the sandy soil by adding coal ash and sewage sludge. One ha of barren sandy soil field was chosen for the experiment in Shanghe County, Shandong Province, China. For soil amelioration and tree planting, two formulas of the mixture:coal ash, sewage sludge and soil, in ratios of 20:10:70 and 20:20:60, respectively, were used. Poplar trees were planted in pits filled with soils with additives (mixture of ash and sludge) as well as in the original sandy soil. In the 19th months after the trees were planted, the soils with additives were sampled and analyzed. The results show that the barren sandy soil was greatly improved after mixing with coal ash and sludge. The improved soils have remarkably higher nutrient concentrations, better texture, smaller bulk density, higher porosity and mass moisture content, and higher content of fine-grained minerals. During the first 22 months after planting, the annual increase in height of the trees grown in the soil with additives (4.78 m per year) was 55% higher than that of the control group (3.07 m per year), and the annual increase in diameter at the breast height (1.3 m) was 33 % higher (43.03 vs. 32.36 mm). Trees planted in soils with additives appeared healthier and shed leaves later than those in the control group. As the volume of the additives (30–40% in both formulas) is less than that of the sandy soil in and around the tree pits, it appears that the use of coal ash and sludge for tree planting and soil amelioration is environmentally safe even though the additives have relatively high heavy metal concentrations.     

Swelling behaviour of expansive soil treated with fly ash–GGBS based binder

In this article, the potential of a binder developed by admixing fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to stabilise expansive soils is evaluated. Laboratory tests included determination of free swell index, swell potential and swelling pressure tests of the soil/binder mixtures at different mixing ratio. The test results showed decrease in the swelling behaviour of the soil with increase in binder content. The percent swell–time relationship was observed to fit the hyperbolic curves enabling us to predict the ultimate percent swell from few initial test results. Addition of 1% of lime to the binder showed further improvement in reducing swelling. A good linear relationship is established between percent oedometer swell and modified free swell index (MFSI) for soil/binder mixtures without lime but the same has not been observed in the presence of lime. The compressibility characteristics of the soil/binder mixtures reduced nominally with increase in binder content but in the presence of lime, the compressibility reduced significantly. Binder used in this study has been found to be effective and economic to stabilise expansive soils with lesser amount of chemical additives such as lime.     

Physical and Compaction Behaviour of Clay Soil–Fly Ash Mixtures

At present, nearly 100 million tonnes of fly ash is being generated annually in India posing serious health and environmental problems. To control these problems, the most commonly used method is addition of fly ash as a stabilizing agent usually used in combination with soils. In the present study, high-calcium (ASTM Class C—Neyveli fly) and low-calcium (ASTM Class F—Badarpur fly ash) fly ashes in different proportions by weight (10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 %) were added to a highly expansive soil [known as black cotton (BC) soil] from India. Laboratory tests involved determination of physical properties, compaction characteristics and swell potential. The test results show that the consistency limits, compaction characteristics and swelling potential of expansive soil–fly ash mixtures are significantly modified and improved. It is seen that 40 % fly ash content is the optimum quantity to improve the plasticity characteristics of BC soil. The fly ashes exhibit low dry unit weight compared to BC soil. With the addition of fly ash to BC soil the maximum dry unit weight (γ_dmax) of the soil–fly ash mixtures decreases with increase in optimum moisture content (OMC), which can be mainly attributed to the improvement in gradation of the fly ash. It is also observed that 10 % of Neyveli fly ash is the optimum amount required to minimize the swell potential compared to 40 % of Badarpur fly ash. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to study the effect of fly ashes on the physical, compaction, and swelling potential of BC soils, and bulk utilization of industrial waste by-product without adversely affecting the environment.     

循环荷载下粉质中液限黏土和粉煤灰土的动剪强度研究

通过对路基填料粉质中液限黏土和粉煤灰土的动力循环荷载试验,分析了粉质中液限黏土和粉煤灰土1: 2的动力特性,得出了动剪强度与循环荷载次数间的变化规律以及动模量与动应变的关系表达式。研究结果表明：粉煤灰土1: 2动剪强度优于粉质中液限黏土,可以作为路基填料。