长江河口北槽弯道环流的涡度研究

基于ADCP走航观测得到长江河口北槽弯道附近3个横向断面(AD3、AD5和AD6)的流速资料,采用涡度方法,本文计算、分析了弯道环流与混合在垂直横向上的时空分布、影响因素及其重要性。3个横向断面上均存在由不规则界面分开的二层结构的横向环流。半拉格朗日余流的计算结果显示:(1)小潮期间,AD3、AD5和AD6断面呈现表层向海、底层向陆的纵向环状半拉格朗日余流;大潮期间,呈现表、底层均向海的纵向半拉格朗日余流;(2)小潮期间,AD3断面呈现表层向北导堤、底层向南导堤的横向环状半拉格朗日余流;大潮期间,AD3断面中间区域呈现表层向北导堤、底层向南导堤的、而断面两端区域则呈现表层向南导堤、底层向北导堤的横向环状半拉格朗日余流;(3)小、大潮期间,横向断面AD5和AD6均呈现表层向北导堤、底层向南导堤的横向环状半拉格朗日余流;(4)"纵向半拉格朗日余流"在–0.2—0.7m/s;横向半拉格朗日余流"在–0.15—0.2m/s;(5)纵向半拉格朗日余流在横向上有明显变化。对弯道环流的进一步分析表明:(1)斜压梯度、内部摩擦致混合和底部摩擦致混合这三项各自的纵向分量是驱动纵向环流形成的主要因素,"纵向动量的横向重新分布项"次之,离心力和地转的影响可忽略;(2)横向斜压梯度和内部摩擦致混合项是驱动横向环流形成的主要因素,离心力、地转和底部摩擦致混合次之;(3)横向环流可能通过"纵向动量的横向重新分布项"减弱纵向动量,从而可能减弱纵向环流。     

潮汐应变对长江口北槽枯季湍流混合与层化的影响

利用TELEMAC-3D开展了长江口北槽2010年枯季条件下湍流混合与层化的有限元数学模拟研究。该模型在外海开边界设置了8个主要分潮,并在自由表面考虑了定常风的影响,利用北槽水域3个潮位站(横沙、北槽中、牛皮礁)和2个水文观测站(北槽中段CSW、北槽下段CS8)2010年枯季的潮位、流速及盐度观测资料对模型进行验证并获得了良好的精度,从而得到北槽水域纵向、平面流场和盐度场。模拟得到的流速、盐度被用来计算势能差异(φ)、势能差异变化率(φ/t)、Simpson数(Si)和梯度Richardson数(Ri)。结果显示:1)北槽水域大潮平均和小潮平均的势能差异的变化范围分别约为0~30 J/m3和0~90 J/m3,且较大的势能差异基本位于主航槽,这些表明北槽水体小潮的层化大约是大潮的3倍,主航槽的层化强于坝田区,而北槽中段往往具有更强的层化。2)落急时刻,就北槽下段而言,潮汐应变、潮汐与风共同搅动引起的势能差异变化率的范围分别约为-20×10-4~100×10-4W/m3、0~100×10-4W/m3,这些表明,从大潮至小潮,潮汐应变总体增强而潮汐与风共同搅动总体减弱。空间上,主航槽丁坝附近的潮汐应变明显强于坝田区,潮汐与风共同搅动的强度在坝田区内、外也存在差异,导堤和丁坝的影响明显。3)对于北槽下段CS8站,大潮至中潮的Si数在0.15~0.4之间(介于下临界值0.088和上临界值0.84之间),表明潮汐与风共同搅动占优,属于应变致周期性层化(SIPS)。小潮的Si数在0.9~1.5之间(高于上临界值0.84),表明潮汐应变显著增强并占优,属于持续性层化。4)北槽下段CS8站梯度Ri数的量级范围在混合较好的表层和底层约10-3~10-2,在层化较好的中间水层约100~101。该站湍动能耗散率的量级范围大潮为10-3~10-9W/kg,小潮为10-5~10-10W/kg,具有明显的M4周期性特征和涨、落潮不对称分布,且表层和底层分别由于风应力和底摩擦作用而具有较强的耗散,中间水层稳定层化区的耗散则显著减小,潮汐应变是造成湍动能耗散率在涨、落潮周期内不对称分布的重要因素。     

潮汐河口环流、湍流、混合与层化的物理学

简要回顾了潮汐河口环流、湍流、混合与层化的基本物理概念、内涵、研究方法、研究成果,指出了主要的研究进展,最后,展望了今后的研究方向。本文不考虑悬沙和风浪的影响。经典的河口环流也因潮汐应变的出现而受到挑战,河口环流由重力环流和潮汐应变环流构成。"涡黏度-剪切协方差(ESCO)"概念的提出,又区分出重力ESCO环流与潮汐ESCO环流。横向环流,尤其具有曲率的弯道中的横向环流,也得到进一步的理解。涡度方法的应用,揭示横向环流不仅由各种不同物理机制造成,而且对纵向河口重力环流有重要的影响。分层流中剪切湍流的理论加深了人们对潮汐河口湍流、混合的物理学的认识,势能差异方程更是使得定量理解潮汐河口混合与层化的三维时间、空间变化成为可能。     

长江河口北槽河道悬沙絮团特性及其影响因素研究

利用多种先进室内外测量仪器进行河口现场观测和室内电镜扫描获得相关资料,对长江河口北槽河道细颗粒泥沙絮凝的水沙环境、絮团的微观形态结构、絮团的粒径组成及其主要影响因素进行了综合分析和讨论。结果表明,北槽河道具有非常适宜细颗粒泥沙絮凝的潮流、盐度、含沙量和悬沙颗粒粒径等基本环境条件。北槽河道悬沙絮团形态多样,主要包括松散状絮团、蜂窝状絮团和密实状絮团。絮团主要由细粉砂和黏土类细颗粒泥沙组成,表面多粗糙不平,结构或密或疏。絮团粒径变化与潮周期动力过程密切相关,具有周期性变化特征。涨、落憩时絮团粒径较大,涨、落急时絮团粒径较小。絮团粒径涨憩大于落憩,小潮大于大潮。垂向上,絮团粒径由表层至底层逐渐增大。周期性潮流流速对北槽河道悬沙絮团粒径变化起到了控制作用。北槽细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用,是导致疏浚航道发生回淤的主要原因之一。     

长江河口北槽水沙过程对航道整治工程的响应

北槽大型航道整治工程确定了南北槽分汊口分流界线, 阻碍了北槽和邻近滩槽的水沙自由交换过程, 使北槽水沙动力过程发生调整。基于工程前后北槽主槽纵向同步水沙观测数据的统计分析表明:入口段落潮优势显著减弱;上段枯季时落潮优势显著减弱, 而洪季时落潮优势有所增强;中段(弯曲段拐点附近)落潮优势略有减弱;下段落潮优势明显加强。北槽主槽水沙纵向输移机制分析表明:欧拉余流、潮泵作用、斯托克斯效应和垂向环流为悬沙输移的主要驱动力, 其中欧拉余流输沙指向海, 斯托克斯输沙和垂向环流输沙指向陆, 而潮泵输沙随着季节而变化。洪季, 欧拉余流输沙和潮泵输沙在工程前后的变化使大潮期河床冲淤由中段和下段普遍落淤转化为中上段集中落淤。枯季, 工程前后稳定的潮流辐散输沙作用使大潮期河床以冲刷为主, 但工程后在入口段和上段潮泵的向上游输沙占优势, 使悬沙在入口段落淤。     

夏季长江河口层化与湍流混合特征分析

利用2016年夏季长江河口现场水文特性与湍流微结构观测资料, 分析了长江河口水体温盐结构、层化发育、湍流与混合特征。结果表明: 1)夏季长江河口水体密度层化结构明显, 根据各层水体密度梯度差异, 可将水体分为底部混合层和上层密度跃层, 两部分的密度层化界限与浮力频率等值线lg N ² = - 4.0接近。2)底部混合层湍动能耗散率大, 层化结构弱, 水体分层稳定性弱; 上层密度跃层湍动能耗散小, 层化结构强, 水体分层稳定性强, 这有利于河口内波的发育与传播。3)在密度层化的作用下, 水体的湍动能耗散率、湍动能剪切生成及浮力通量的能量关系在一定范围内符合湍动能局部能量平衡方程。不同层之间的湍流弗劳德数Fr_t和湍流雷诺数Re_t在Fr_t-Re_t平面上呈现明显的分区, 与经典的分层剪切流理论基本吻合。     

椒江河口层化动力特性研究

基于椒江河口大、小潮期间水位、流速、盐度和悬沙浓度观测数据,研究了椒江河口主潮汐通道的水动力、盐度和悬沙浓度的时空变化特征,解释了高浊度强潮作用下的层化物理机制。椒江河口大潮期悬沙浓度和盐度均大于小潮期,主潮汐通道区域落潮期悬沙浓度大于涨潮期;盐度随潮变化,盐水锋面出现在S2测站,锋面附近出现最大浑浊带;自陆向海,悬沙浓度递减,盐度递增;随水深增加,悬沙浓度与盐度递增。Richardson数与混合参数显示,盐度和悬沙引起的层化现象,是随着潮汐的变化而变化,涨潮时的层化均强于落潮,小潮时的层化持续时间最长,区域更广。混合参数随潮周期变化,大潮期高于临界值1.0,小潮期低于临界值1.0。小潮期水体层化强于大潮期;潮汐应变项是影响势能差异变化率的重要因素;落潮期间层化向混合状态转化,涨潮相反。     

瓯江河口盐度层化数值研究

瓯江口是一个径流量变化剧烈的强潮河口。本文基于非结构网格FVCOM模型,建立瓯江口海域大范围三维数学模型,研究不同时间尺度（潮周期、大-小潮）的盐度变化,并利用势能异常动力方程对数值模拟结果分析了瓯江口层化过程的动力机制。同时,利用河口R_i数和层化参数△s/<s>研究了不同时间尺度的层化稳定性及其空间变化,得出决定层化状态的潮差和径流量的阈值。结果显示：瓯江北口上段、中段和口门在潮差分别超过3.8m、4.0m和4.6m时呈完全混合状态。当径流量小于280 m³/s或大于510 m³/s,北口上段持续完全混合;而在口门附近,完全混合和层化的临界径流量约为280 m³/s。研究认为瓯江河口北口存在周期性的层化,北口下段在落潮和涨潮初期呈部分混合状态,而其它时段为完全混合。上段只在落潮初期存在层化。层化增强主要是纵向对流与横向速度剪切导致,而湍混合和纵向潮应力是层化减弱的主要因素。     

长江口北槽黏性细颗粒泥沙特性的试验研究

选用长江口北槽黏性细颗粒泥沙,在不同盐度的人工海水中通过静水沉降、动水沉降等各种试验手段了解其基本特性。在静水沉降管中观测了胶粒的电化学絮凝过程和重力碰并过程,于不同盐度条件下找出最佳絮凝盐度;并通过黏性细颗粒泥沙在流动海水中絮凝的试验研究,揭示其在动水中絮凝的机理和规律,及不同条件下的起动流速、不淤流速、沉降速度等特征值,从而分析其落淤情况。研究结果表明,长江口北槽细颗粒黏性泥沙的最佳絮凝盐度约为15,起动流速为15~20 cm/s,这与泥沙的淤积固结时间有关,而不淤流速约为60 cm/s。并由试验得到了挟沙力与流速之间的经验关系,以及用于估算不同流速条件下泥沙沉降速度及淤积量的经验公式。这些结果可用于长江口航道的疏浚、整治工作中,具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Alteration of estuarine circulation pattern due to channel modification in the North Passage of the Changjiang River Estuary

The exchange flow structure was examined in the North Passage of Changjiang River Estuary, where a deep waterway project(DWP) was carried out to improve the navigability. Before the construction of the DWP, the friction effect played a significant role in shaping the transverse structure of the exchange flow. The turbulent eddy viscosity generated near the seabed can be transferred to the upper water column, which facilitated vertical momentum exchange. As a result, the landward inflow extended ...     

Sedimentation and morphological changes at Yuantuojiao Point,estuary of the North Branch,Changjiang River

The North Branch, separated by the Chongming Island, was once the main channel in the estuary of the Changjiang River. Reclamation and a decrease in runoff to the North Branch had led to the narrowing and shallowing of the channel. The Yuantuojiao Point is located at the intersecting point connecting the North Branch of the Changjiang River and the Jiangsu coastline. Erosion cliffs are developed between the typical silty-muddy tidal flat and the salt marsh occupied by Spartina alterniflorea, and this has changed rapidly over the past few years. The sediment grain size analysis results of the surficial and two core samples indicate that the Yuantuojiao Point tidal flat experienced continuous accretional processes. Based upon 137 Cs analysis results of the YT and YY Cores sampled from the tidal flat at the Yuantuojiao Point, the average sedimentation rate of the YT Core was 2.30 cm/a from 1963 to 2007, and 2.38 cm/a from 1954 to 2007 for the YY Core. The sedimentation rates of both core locations have declined since the 1960s corresponding to the seaward reclamation at the Yuantuojiao Point. The average sedimentation rates at the Yuantuojiao Point were similar to that of the silty-muddy tidal flat at the northern Jiangsu coast, but lower than that of the south of the Changjiang River Estuary. According to field morphological investigations from 2006 to 2008 on the salt marsh at the Yuantuojiao Point, cliffs retreated markedly by storm surges and disappeared gradually because of the rapid sedimentation on the silty-muddy tidal flat. The maximum annual retreat reached 10 m. The recent sedimentation and morphological changes of the Yuantuojiao Point tidal flat not only displayed the retreat of the salt marsh and the disappearance of cliffs, but also was accompanied by rapid sedimentation of the silty-muddy tidal flat and the salt marsh, indicating the responses to the tidal currents, storm surges, Spartina alterniflorea trapping sediments and large-scale reclamation. The sediment grain size and their trends, southward coastal flow, and sandspits of the longshore bars suggest that the main sediment source at the Yuantuoijao Point, estuary of the North Branch was possibly from the Changjiang River before 1958, since then, it has been from the south of the submarine radial sand ridges of the southern Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea).     

南沙头通道及横沙通道对长江口深水航道的影响分析

根据长江口南沙头通道、横沙通道和南北槽分汊口的断面水深变化及长江口南北港和南北槽的分流比变化实测资料,分析了长江口北槽深水航道淤积的原因。结果表明,北槽深水航道上段淤积受多种因素影响,其中,南沙头通道和横沙通道的发展对深水航道影响最大。南沙头通道的发展在加大落潮流量的同时,对南港南岸会产生一定的冲刷,后经沙洲的阻挡,把泥沙带向南港北岸,在北槽进口段处落淤,直接影响了进入深水航道的落潮量;横沙通道由于直接贯通了北港北槽的水沙交换,因而削弱了南港和北槽之间的水沙交换,促使北槽深水航道上段产生淤积,这也是南槽河道上段刷深的一个主要原因,而南槽河道的发展必然减少了进入北槽的落潮量,进一步加剧了北槽深水航道上段的淤积。同时,科氏力与北槽南导堤分流口鱼咀工程对深水航道也造成了一定的不可忽视的影响。研究成果对治理北槽深水航道淤积问题保障深水航道正常运行具有十分重要的科学实践意义。     

Modeling residual circulation and stratification in Oujiang River estuary

A 3D,time-dependent,baroclinic,hydrodynamic and salinity model was implemented and applied to the Oujiang River estuarine system in the East China Sea.The model was driven by the forcing of tidal elevations along the open boundaries and freshwater inflows from the Oujiang River.The bottom friction coefficient and vertical eddy viscosity were adjusted to complete model calibration and verification in simulations.It is demonstrated that the model is capable of reproducing observed temporal variability in the water surface elevation and longitudinal velocity,presenting skill coefficient higher than 0.82.This model was then used to investigate the influence of freshwater discharge on residual current and salinity intrusion under different freshwater inflow conditions in the Oujiang River estuary.The model results reveal that the river channel presents a two-layer structure with flood currents near the bottom and ebb currents at the top layer in the region of seawater influenced on north shore under high river flow condition.The river discharge is a major factor affecting the salinity stratification in the estuarine system.The water exchange is mainly driven by the tidal forcing at the estuary mouth,except under high river flow conditions when the freshwater extends its influence from the river’s head to its mouth.     

长江口浑浊带核心区北槽水动力特征研究

本文根据2015年长江口洪季浑浊带水域座底三脚架全水深范围观测数据,对北槽中下段纵横向流、余流结构、边界层特征等进行了深入研究,结果显示:（1）大潮潮流矢量特征在垂向上的变化差异最为显著;北槽中下段水流出现明显的横向输移,指向航槽北面;（2）横向流速在大潮期间的变化（垂线平均）为-0.10~0.39 m/s,小潮期间的变化为-0.13~0.25 m/s;横向平流对于北槽纵向物质输运有显著调整作用;（3）余流垂向差异大,底部几乎为0,小潮期间余流更强;周期性再悬浮的细颗粒泥沙可作为北槽最大浑浊带的重要物质来源;（4）传统六点对数流速拟合法获得摩阻流速误差较大,近底1 m区域高分辨流速剖面是准确获取底边界层参数的有效途径。     

长江口北支的沉积物输运趋势

2007年9月在长江口北支采集表层沉积物样品,进行粒度和重矿分析,并利用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析模型计算沉积物净输运趋势。结果显示,北支上口的沉积物有向下游输运的趋势;大新港至河口处,沉积物大致呈由北支下段向中、上段输运的趋势;北支河口外的沉积物,存在着向河口内输运的趋势。重矿物中稳定矿物与不稳定矿物比值的变化也显示,北支上口、下口处沉积物均向北支内输运,与粒径趋势分析的结果基本吻合。上述结果均显示,沉积物向北支内净输运,导致北支河段逐渐淤积。     

垂向二维潮流数值模型及其在长江口北槽的应用

应用变网格有限元方法，采用任意四边形等参单元，离散横向积分的Navier—Stokes方程，建立河口潮流垂向二维数学模型。应用此模型，对长江口北槽水域两个观测站的潮流水位、流速垂线分布和整个北槽潮流流速纵向分布进行了模拟。潮流水位、流速垂线分布的模拟值分别与观测站的实测值可以较为吻合，证明了本文模型的实用有效。模拟得到的涨急、落急时刻整个北槽潮流流速纵向分布给出了定性的结果。     

Lateral stratification and dynamic balance at the Matane transect in the lower Saint Lawrence estuary

The lateral stratification and momentum balance in the lower Saint Lawrence estuary (LSLE) were investigated over a period of six days from current, temperature, and salinity measurements taken in 1979 at the Matane transect. Asymptotic singular decomposition analysis was used to show that the spatial variability of hydrodynamic parameters at that cross-section was more pronounced than their temporal or tidal variability. Classification of the section in the lateral circulation/stratification diagram revealed that the LSLE is one of the most laterally-stratified estuaries examined in the world. Estimates of various acceleration terms in the lateral dynamic balance equation showed that, when averaged over many tidal cycles, the motion can be considered as being quasigeostrophic to a first approximation, with contributions of the same order of magnitude from the baroclinic and the barotropic pressure gradients. Convection accelerations were found to be important only near the north shore, where strong cross-channel currents were recorded, whilst local and centrifugal accelerations were found to be of secondary importance.