渤海湾曹妃甸深槽海区地形地貌特征及控制因素

通过研究浅层地震剖面、侧扫声纳和水深地形等数据资料,得出,曹妃甸沙岛的岬角地貌引起深槽海域局部潮流流速增大,甸头前沿深槽区以冲刷为主,最大水深达42 m,刷新了渤海湾最大水深记录,深槽部位的侵蚀量最大,深槽南坡冲刷幅度大于北坡,工程建设后期深槽区侵蚀冲刷程度有变小变缓趋势。早期深槽的形成是由于浅部断层受深部构造影响发生阶梯状错断沉陷,海底地层形成古凹槽,但深槽海底地层沉陷速率略大于沉积速率,使得深槽海域长期保持了渤海湾最大的水深环境。初步得出在历史时期曹妃甸深槽经过2万a以上长期存在,深槽的走向经历了南北向-北东向-北西向的转化过程。认为地质构造、古滦河三角洲演变、海洋水动力作用和人类活动等内外营力作用共同控制了曹妃甸海区地貌体系的发育与演化。达到了研究渤海湾曹妃甸深槽海区地形地貌控制因素和深槽的地质演化的目的,为曹妃甸港的规划、运营期维护和未来发展提供科学依据具有重要意义。     

波浪作用下曹妃甸深槽斜坡的稳定性

波浪作用下海床的稳定性与液化分析是海洋重大工程设计中必须仔细考虑的问题。对曹妃甸深槽海底滑坡的破坏模式进行分析,通过搜集资料掌握了该区工程地质和水动力环境参数的特性及其区域变化规律,在此基础上建立了深槽斜坡稳定分析模型。据此定量分析曹妃甸深槽斜坡的稳定性,认为在5a一遇的波浪荷载作用下深槽斜坡是基本稳定的,在50a一遇的极端海况下,滑坡会发生在水深较浅的区域,并且滑坡的规模较小,影响的土层深度有限。通过此项研究满足滑坡预报、预警服务的需要,可以为曹妃甸工程使用、维护和安全防护等提供设计依据。     

伶仃洋滩槽演变与水沙环境研究进展

珠江口伶仃洋是一个地貌独特、水沙条件复杂、具有重要航运功能的河口湾,其滩槽演变和水沙环境研究既有科学意义又有工程意义。在大量文献基础上,对珠江口伶仃洋滩槽演变与水动力泥沙环境的研究成果进行了归纳总结,包括伶仃洋的范围界定、成因、水下地形地貌特征及其成因、水域变化、滩槽演变及发展趋势、水动力泥沙运动特征及各种水沙现象、水动力泥沙环境模拟研究、治理与开发利用研究等,以期对伶仃洋滩槽演变、水沙环境及开发治理研究能起到一定的指导作用。     

航道工程作用下福姜沙水道滩槽演变特性及对水沙过程响应的数值研究

福姜沙水道是长江南京以下12.5m深水航道重点治理河段。航道工程实施后,仍需进行疏浚维护保障航道畅通。为了探究航道工程作用下福姜沙水道的滩槽演变特征,并进一步研究其对水沙过程的响应关系,采用基于Hybrid LTS/GMaTS方法的平面二维水—沙—床耦合数学模型进行了数值模拟研究。Hybrid LTS/GMaTS方法在不损失模型计算精度的前提下大幅度提高了计算效率。研究结果表明：1)水动力作用是洲滩变形的主要动力,体现在洲滩整体冲淤和局部形态改变两方面;2)航道工程作用下,福中水道入口处水动力条件明显改善,各特征流量级下均呈现刷深趋势,航道中段呈现“洪冲枯淤”的冲淤特征,主流被归顺在深槽内,且随着流量增长深槽向南摆动;3)边心滩演变和水动力作用共同影响福北水道航道冲淤变化,航道工程作用下靖江边滩、双涧沙沙舌、福北水道的滩槽演变关系和对径流特征响应过程发生根本性变化。对水道整体而言,航槽回淤现象得到显著改善,然而受到洲滩演变和局部水动力减弱的不利影响,福北水道入口处航道条件发生恶化。     

珠江河口虎门的地貌动力学研究

以野外现场调查、数值模拟和前人研究成果综合分析虎门的地貌动力学特征。因峡口上、下游水域开阔,涨落潮过程中发育着强大的双向不对称射流系统;由于峡口区流速最大,发育着冲刷深槽,而峡口的上、下游因流速降低,泥沙有规律地沉积,形成了涨潮三角洲与落潮三角洲堆积体,出现纵向上“马鞍”形断面特征和横向上“槽-脊-滩”的地貌特征,与其动力特征相适应。     

曹妃甸深水大港与临港工业对环渤海经济圈崛起影响研究

曹妃甸建港条件优越,曹妃甸工业区已列入国家“十一五”规划,天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸工业区的开发建设,势必带来京津冀乃至整个环渤海区域发展格局的重大变化。“面向大海有深槽,背靠大陆有浅滩”,曹妃甸的开发对环渤海经济圈的经济发展、产业调整和工业布局、航运中心的确立都具有重要的作用。可以说,曹妃甸是环渤海经济圈起飞的新引擎。     

磨刀门河口在20世纪60至70年代的演变模拟与动力地貌过程分析

使用长周期动力地貌模型(long-term morphodynamic model),再现了磨刀门河口1964—1977年的演变过程,并从水动力、地形演变规律以及人类活动等角度系统分析了长周期地貌演变过程。模拟结果显示在1964—1977年磨刀门河口鹤州至交杯沙浅滩和上沟快速淤积,13a的平均淤积厚度均在40cm以上,与之相反,横洲水道杧州至大井角段和上沟东部深槽冲刷明显。磨刀门河口演变季节性特征明显。在洪季浅滩淤积,深槽冲刷;在枯季滩槽都处于淤积状态。演变过程中各种基岩岛屿使动力结构和演变规律呈现多元化,同时人类活动对整个区域的演变起到了重要的作用。     

广东沙扒潮汐汊道口门地貌现代演变

沙扒及其上游儒洞湾是一个有一定规模,比较稳定的河口湾型潮汐汊道,在波浪与潮流共同作用并以潮流为主的动力条件下,口门地区发育有潮流深槽、涨槽三角洲、水道边缘坝、拦门沙浅滩、边缘涨潮水道及内弯沙嘴等地貌类型。近年来,各种人类活动引起水文泥沙条件变化,导致东槽萎缩、西槽复苏、南槽转向、拦门沙东移并靠岸、港南沙嘴变低内移等现代演变过程。在港口现划与整治时必须对此充分考虑。     

中国基岩海湾潮流地貌模式及其沉积动力特征

对我国基岩海湾内的潮流沉积和地貌进行了系统研究。根据潮滩、潮流水道、潮流沙脊等地貌单元的组合特征，概括出3种潮流地貌模式：潮滩型、滩-槽型和滩槽-脊型。通过各模式海湾环境特征的对比分析，设定紊动射流系数Rbjet做为判别潮流水道形成发育程度的水动力参数，发现潮流水道较为发育的滩-槽型和滩-槽-脊型海湾往往开敞度较小，纵深较长，而平均潮差较大，Rbjet大于45。潮流沙脊是区分滩-槽型和滩-槽脊型潮流地貌模式的标志地貌，粗颗粒泥沙来源是其发育的必备条件：残留沉积、海岸侵蚀来沙丰富的海湾内潮流沙脊发育；河流来沙则可以改造形成小规模现代潮流脊；而靠近大河河口，细颗粒来源丰富的海湾则不利于潮流沙脊发育，湾内形成滩-槽型潮流沉积。     

1959～2013年长江河口南槽动力地貌演变过程

南槽作为长江口入海四口之一,是长江水沙输运向海的主要通道。在长江入海水沙急剧变化和长江口大型涉水工程的影响下,南槽的动力地貌过程成为当前长江河口研究的重点内容之一。分析和揭示近50年来南槽的动力地貌变化过程对理解长江河口响应人类活动和自然驱动作用的变化具有重要意义。基于此,本文通过1959~2013年长时间序列的南槽地形资料,研究长江入海水沙变化及南槽落潮分流分沙比影响下的南槽动力地貌演变过程。结果表明,南槽在1989年江亚南沙并滩前后呈现两种不同的地貌演化阶段:江亚南沙并滩前,南槽普遍发生淤积,两侧浅滩不断淤涨,河槽总体呈缩小态势,河槽拦门沙呈现"双峰"状态;江亚南沙并滩后,南槽呈现出"上段冲蚀加深、中段微冲、下段河槽束窄、两侧浅滩淤积"的状态,拦门沙向"单峰"发展。此外,周边涉水工程的实施对近期南槽地貌的冲淤演变过程有较大的影响。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.