大变形有效应力分析退化为总应力分析的新方法

传统方法在将有效应力分析向总应力分析退化时,一般采用将所有节点的孔压置为0的办法,这相当于对所有节点引入0压边界条件而影响了程序的通用性。将广义Terzaghi有效应力原理引入大变形固结理论中,并推导了其增量有限元方程。提出将广义有效应力系数置为0的新方法,实现了大变形有效应力分析向总应力分析的退化。新方法概念清晰,操作简单,不需要修改边界条件,可增强大变形有效应力分析程序的通用性。通过算例分析,证明了新方法的有效性。应用中可分别将广义有效应力系数置为1和0,对同一模型经过2次运算后,可对任意点在任意加荷条件下的固结沉降、最终沉降、固结度等指标进行准确评估,为工程设计和施工控制提供有效的分析手段。     

Point of zero charge of weathered forsterite

The point of zero charge of forsterite shifts from an estimated 8.9 for the unaltered mineral to 8.4 and 8.0, respectively, after being weathered artificially for 1 h and 4 h. These results corroborate the presence of magnesium-deficient surfaces on the weathered minerals, also indicated by chemical analyses of the solutions. H⁺ and OH^? are shown to be potential-determining ions in this system     

Quantifying solute distributions in the bioturbated zone of marine sediments by defining an average microenvironment

The bioturbated zone of marine sediments is a region having a complex, time-dependent geometry of diffusion and chemical reactions. It is possible to simplify this geometry by postulating an average sediment microenvironment and modelling it as representative of the sediment body as a whole. The microenvironment is assumed to correspond to a single, tube-dwelling animal together with its surrounding sediment and can be represented by a finite hollow cylinder. A transport-reaction model derived from this postulate produces good agreement between observed and predicted pore water profiles using realistic physical constants. The average vertical distributions of pore water solutes and their sediment-water fluxes are influenced by the presence of irrigated burrows to varying degrees depending on the kind of reactions governing their behavior. Pore water profiles of solutes, such as NH⁺₄, subject to zero order reaction rates are highly sensitive to the abundance and sizes of burrows while the net flux of the constituent across the sediment-water interface is not. In contrast, profiles of solutes such as Si that are subject to first order reaction rates are less sensitive to the presence of irrigated burrows but net fluxes are greatly affected. Average pore water concentrations, fluxes of solutes like Si and the apparent one-dimensional diffusion coefficients required to match vertical gradients with measured solute fluxes, are influenced by both the size and spacing of burrows. Because of the range of solute concentrations within the microenvironment at any given depth it is not strictly valid to make detailed solubility calculations on the basis of average pore water concentrations within the bioturbated zone.     

Delineation of a landfill leachate plume and flow channels in coastal sands near Christchurch, New Zealand, using a shallow electromagnetic survey method

The Burwood landfill, which serves the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, is situated on coastal sands underlain by a sequence of aquifers and aquitards. Groundwater flow is toward the coast, located approximately 700 m from the landfill boundary. Shortly after completion of the first phase of the landfill, an array of wells was installed to detect any contaminant from the landfill. Leachate was detected in the wells closest to the landfill. A shallow electromagnetic (EM31) survey was carried out between the landfill and the coast, in order to delineate any leachate plume that may be present. On the basis of the geophysical results, a contaminant plume and buried channels connected to the coast were identified. Leachate flow initially occurs in what is probably a channel or pair of channels. Downgradient, the plume spreads out to the north and south as it moves eastward toward the coast. Using the geophysical results as a guide, a new set of wells was installed to confirm the presence of high leachate concentrations. Pore-water sampling confirms the presence of a leachate plume. Received, June 1998 /Revised, March 1999, January 2000/Accepted, January 2000     

Data Configurations and the Cokriging System: Simplification by Screen Effects

Large cokriging systems arise in many situations and are difficult to handle in practice. Simplifications such as simple kriging, strictly collocated and multicollocated cokriging are often used and models under which such simplifications are, in fact, equivalent to cokriging have recently received attention. In this paper, a two-dimensional second-order stationary random process with known mean is considered and the redundancy of certain components of the data at certain locations vis-à-vis the solution to the simple cokriging system is examined. Conditions for the simple cokriging weights of these components at these locations are set to zero. The conditions generalise the notion of the autokrigeability coefficient and can, in principle, be applied to any data configuration. In specific sampling situations such as the isotopic and certain heterotropic configurations, models under which simple kriging, strictly collocated, multicollocated and dislocated cokriging are equivalent to simple cokriging are readily identified and results already available in the literature are obtained. These are readily identified and the results are already available in the literature. The advantage of the approach presented here is that it can be applied to any data configuration for analysis of permissible simplifications in simple cokriging.     

丽江市黑龙潭泉群断流的人工神经网络模拟

近年来,云南省丽江市著名景点黑龙潭泉群断流频发,这将严重威胁丽江市旅游业的可持续发展。为了正确认识黑龙潭泉群断流的原因,并掌握其发生的规律,本文在对该泉群的水文地质条件、降水量和断流的关系进行分析的基础上,对该泉群的断流情况开展了人工神经网络模拟研究。本文发现黑龙潭泉群属于非全排型山前断裂溢流岩溶泉;年降水量不足与该泉群的断流具有一定的因果关系;构建了网络拓扑结构为6-13-3的 BP 人工神经网络模型对黑龙潭泉群的不同断流情况进行了模拟,该模型以前期降水量、温度与湿度作为输入向量参数,以1953-2002年的数据作为训练样本,以2003-2012年的数据作为模型检验样本,检验结果与实际情况吻合度约为90%,表明该模型可以较好地模拟黑龙潭泉群的断流情况。     

Gravity induced near-surface stresses in long-symmetric ridge-valley systems

Patterns of near-surface gravity and tectonically-induced stresses within ridge-valley systems greatly illuminate our understanding of important geodynamic processes as well as design of experiments to elucidate them. This paper presents analytical results derived for a number of geometrical configurations and range of mechanical properties of a ridge-valley system using the elastic solution of McTigue and Mei. The study reveals (i) the presence of non-zero compressive stresses near the ridge crests, which decrease with increasing Poisson's ratio (μ) and reduce to zero at ridge crests for μ=0·5 and that (ii) the central tensional regime characterizing a valley becomes narrower due to the presence of two ridges; and decreases with increasing μ, becoming compressive at depth. For all geometrical parameters considered, all components of stress show concentration at the outer flanks of the ridges and increase with depth approaching a standard state of stress.     

DMO方法综述

DMO（倾角时差校正）是一种将非零偏移距地震道转换为零偏移距地震道的数据处理方法，主要针对地层倾角不为零的情况。通过应用DMO，共中心点道集变成以自激自收（垂直入射）定义的共深度点道集。DMO是地震资料处理中一个非常重要的流程，对DMO的发展状况和一些主要算法进行总结，各向异性DMO将有望成为今后的发展方向。     

Verification for numerical modelling of jointed rock mass using thin layer elements

Thin layer finite elements are employed to model the response of rock joints in finite element analyses of rock mechanics problems. The case of a circular opening embedded in a rock mass is investigated. Results are obtained for both solid and jointed rock masses, and the effects of the presence of joints on the stress and strain field are investigated. Results from the finite element analysis are verified with respect to measurements from physical modelling. It is shown that the comparison between measured and computed results is satisfactory and that the presence of joints has a pronounced effect on the stress and strain field as compared to that realized in the absence of any rock joints. This study provides valuable data which contribute to the verification of thin layer finite elements for modelling the response of rock joints.     

Apparent velocity and azimuths of short period P-Waves recorded at indian WWSSN stations network

Over 200 earthquakes in the distance range 30°–90° and azimuthal range 0°–360°, recorded at Indian WWSSN stations, have been used in the present study. We have treated the four WWSSN recording stations i.e. New Delhi, Poona, Shillong and Kodai-Kanal, as Super Large Aperture Seismic Array (SLASA) Network with New Delhi being its cross-over point. Short period P-wave data as obtained from these stations have been analysed using a least square technique. Slowness and azimuthal anomalies have been computed for all these events. Relative time residuals have also been calculated. A velocity model has been derived on the basis of the slowness and travel-time data. The results do not indicate presence of any triplication in the travel-time curve. Variations in the relative residuals refer to the tectonic features beneath the recording stations. The P-wave velocity increases continuously in the lower mantle region and there is no indication for the presence of any appreciable velocity gradient.     

Vibration of a homogeneous half-space of arbitrary Poisson's ratio interrupted by a frictionless plane

The work presents an exact expression for the Hankel transform of the surface displacement of a rigid circular body performing harmonic vertical vibrations on a homogeneous elastic half-space of arbitrary Poissn'S ratio interrupted at some depth by a frictionless horizontal plane. The limiting case of the uninterrupted half-space is recovered in each of the extreme cases when the frictionless plane coincides with the surface or sinks to an infinite depth. Furthermore, the static case is derived in the limiting case of zero frequency and it is shown that the result agrees with the limiting case of zero gradient shear modulus variation for the static case of the incompressible non-homogeneous half-space. It is also established that Poisson'S ratio effect is linear, and the important proposition is again sustained that only surface shear modulus dominates vibrations on elastic media whereas any other factor such as the interruption of the frictionless plane as in the present case, merely constitutes a negligible secondary parameter.     

桂南陇瑞洼地浅层岩溶自然电场特征剖析

岩溶洼地地下水渗透流在一定的渗透压力作用下,通过洼地土层过滤后沿碳酸盐岩溶蚀裂隙网络或孔隙下渗补给岩溶管道或地下河等深层岩溶水,便会产生离子导电岩土层的自然极化现象和自然电场,这种自然电场的研究方法可用于洼地浅层岩溶水的探测。研究结果表明,陇瑞洼地浅层岩溶发育带产生的自然电场实测值的平面等值线在洼地中心部位上出现了场幅值-60～-80 mV、带宽约40 m的带状异常,异常带由北至南呈似“S”状分布;自然电位梯度实测值的平面等值线在岩溶发育带顶部在地面投影中心线附近出现由负值向正值过度的“零值”异常带,“零值”异常带平面分布位置的变化指示了洼地浅层岩溶发育的平面差异与变化。以第18测线为例,陇瑞洼地浅层岩溶自然电位在剖面上分布满足位函数分布特征,即自然电位在浅层岩溶带顶部（615/18测点附近）取得极小值,在极小值的两侧由于逐渐远离岩溶发育带自然电位幅值逐渐减弱,直至趋近于零;自然电场梯度在浅层岩溶带顶部（615/18测点）附近出现由负值向正值过度的“零点”异常,呈似中心对称曲线。水文地质监测钻孔在不同深度揭露了浅层溶洞、溶隙和断层破碎带,从而验证了自然电场法探测岩溶洼地浅层岩溶水资源的有效性。      

The theory of spontaneous emission by electrons during their motion along the quantizing magnetic field of a star

The quantum motion of non-relativistic and relativistic electrons in the presence of constant magnetic fields at the surfaces of magnetic stars, magnetic white dwarfs, and pulsars is considered. The quantizing magnetic-field strengths for charged particles with specified energies are determined. The quantum motion of these particles in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field is accompanied by spontaneous radiation due to electron transitions from higher to lower discrete energy levels, right down to the ground state. In the non-relativistic case, this emission is monochromatic. In the non-relativistic case, various frequencies are emitted, but lie within an order of magnitude of each other. The electron kinetic energy along the magnetic field varies from zero to a maximum value, due to the one-dimensional character of the motion along the field, between each pair of potential barriers corresponding to the discrete energy levels. The results may be relevant to describing gamma-ray flares of pulsars.     

浓度梯度引起的固相速度测量误差

用粒子示踪技术测量明渠挟沙水流中固相颗粒的速度时,流速梯度和浓度梯度的存在会引起测量误差.选用典型的垂线流速与浓度分布公式对时均速度测量误差进行分析,得出了误差的解析表达式.对该解析式的理论分析表明,测量误差恒小于零,即速度测量值比实际值偏小.误差的大小与采样窗口的相对位置、尺寸及颗粒的悬浮指数有关.对误差大小随自变量...     

天然有机质对纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的影响

应用纳米零价铁进行地下水污染治理是近年迅速发展的环境修复新技术,但在实际应用中,纳米零价铁的反应活性受到环境条件的影响,其中自然界中广泛存在的天然有机质就是重要影响因素。通过批实验研究腐殖酸(天然有机质代表物)对纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的影响,结果表明,腐殖酸的存在能够极大地抑制纳米铁去除六价铬的反应速度和去除效率,原因在于纳米铁对腐殖酸具有一定的吸附作用,从而减少了纳米铁表面的有效活性位点,降低了对六价铬的作用。此外发现,水体中溶解氧的存在有利于纳米铁对六价铬的去除。关于腐殖酸-纳米零价铁-六价铬的相互作用研究,对于进一步揭示修复体系作用机制具有重要的理论和应用价值。     

Response of selected binomial coefficients to varying degrees of matrix sparseness and to matrices with known data interrelationships

Numerous departures from ideal relationships are revealed by Monte Carlo simulations of widely accepted binomial coefficients. For example, simulations incorporating varying levels of matrix sparseness (presence of zeros indicating lack of data) and computation of expected values reveal that not only are all common coefficients influenced by zero data, but also that some coefficients do not discriminate between sparse or dense matrices (few zero data). Such coefficients computationally merge mutually shared and mutually absent information and do not exploit all the information incorporated within the standard 2 × 2 contingency table; therefore, the commonly used formulae for such coefficients are more complicated than the actual range of values produced. Other coefficients do differentiate between mutual presences and absences; however, a number of these coefficients do not demonstrate a linear relationship to matrix sparseness. Finally, simulations using nonrandom matrices with known degrees of row-by-row similarities signify that several coefficients either do not display a reasonable range of values or are nonlinear with respect to known relationships within the data. Analyses with nonrandom matrices yield clues as to the utility of certain coefficients for specific applications. For example, coefficients such as Jaccard, Dice, and Baroni-Urbani and Buser are useful if correction of sparseness is desired, whereas the Russell-Rao coefficient is useful when sparseness correction is not desired.     

高岭石表面酸碱反应的电位滴定实验研究

采用表面酸碱电位滴定法探讨高岭石表面酸碱性质,基于多位模式(即假定高岭石表面存在3种基团Al2 OH 、AlOH 和SiOH ) ,根据实验所得数据对高岭石表面的质子化和去质子化过程的相关参数进行拟合,讨论各个位点所发生的反应,并探讨了支持电解质浓度、高岭石溶解过程对表面酸碱电位滴定结果的影响。高岭石的表面零净质子电荷点(pHPZNPC,5 .2 )不等同于零电荷点,当pH <5 .2时,高岭石表面荷正电荷,主要由于表面富硅贫铝层的形成和Al位的质子化所致;当pH >5 .2时,高岭石表面荷负电荷,以Si位和Al的去质子化反应为主。     

Interaction of weathering solutions with oxygen and U–Pb isotopic systems of radiation-damaged zircon from an Archean granite, Darling Range Batholith, Western Australia

Zircons from Archean granites from the Darling Range Batholith in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia have been shown to have complexly discordant U–Pb systems with a strong component of zero age disturbance. The only geological event that has affected the granites in recent times is the pervasive regional weathering. Our aim in this study was to investigate the effects of weathering on the U–Pb and oxygen systems of the zircons, and to this end, we report secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) results of OH, oxygen and U–Pb isotope systems of six typical zircons from a sample of the granite. These results confirmed the presence of OH in highly radiation-damaged parts of the zircons, demonstrating fluid interaction within grains. The presence of OH was accompanied by significant changes in the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios. The data suggest trends where δ¹⁸O values in individual grains both increase and decrease with increasing OH. SIMS measurements showed the U–Pb systems are variably and unsystematically discordant in radiation-damaged parts of the zircons, particularly those with elevated OH contents. The complex U–Pb systems are interpreted in terms of multiple disturbance events between 450 and 0 Ma involving low-temperature fluid-induced movement of radiogenic Pb, decoupled from parent U and Th, within the radiation-damaged zircons, together with some Pb loss.     

从Lacoste－Romberg重力仪零位移特性的分析论提高观测精度的途径

零位校正误差是重力仪除标定以外最主要的误差来源.本文根据作者数年来从事高精度重力勘探工作中所积累的资料,对此问题进行了较为全面客观的分析研究.(l)对Lacoste-Romberg重力仪的正常零位变化和零位突变特性提出了分析结论;(2)对实测资料采用动、静分高处理方法,分析了重力仪连续工作时(数日至数十日)由于零位非线性变化可能引起的零位校正误差;(3)通过对实测资料的分析计算,得到了零位突变对重力仪观测精度影响的参考值;(4)针对重力仪使用中的实际问题提出了改善零位移线性度的实施对策.