雷州半岛灯楼角珊瑚岸礁的特征

雷州半岛西南海岸的珊瑚礁是中国大陆唯一的全新世中期之初海侵以来形成的岸礁，灯楼角岸段岸礁沿灯楼角岬角两侧共长11.5km,宽500-1000m，厚约5m，珊瑚化石的优势种是Gonioporasp。本海区的海水温度，盐度，透明度和环境质量，均适合造礁石珊瑚生长，采集到活珊瑚8科16属25种，其中优势种是Acropora humilis,Porites lutea,Prities pukoensis和Favia speciosa。岸礁可分为礁坪和礁前向海坡两个地貌单元。内礁坪上有薄层细砂堆积的“沙帽”，主要由陆源碎屑沉积物，其次为生物碎屑组成。礁的^14C年龄主要为7120-4040aBP。在全球变化引起表层海水温度增高和海平面上升的条件下，由于大陆架深层水的影响，琼州海峡的沿岸水受到调节，夏季不致过热，冬季不致过冷，所以本区造礁石珊瑚仍能生长和繁殖，珊瑚礁仍存在和发展。     

三亚水域造礁石珊瑚移植试验研究

１９９３年３－１０月，在海南岛三亚市鹿回头浅海水域进行人工移植石珊瑚（１８种）和多孔螅（１种）试验。共移植４４个样品。６个月后观察，仅有８个石珊瑚自然脱落，３个死亡。存活的珊瑚中，有２３个出现了轴向或水平扩展的生长迹象。同时还发现移植后所产生的局部生态学效应。试验结果为利用人工礁技术促进珊瑚礁生态环境的恢复提供了一个有效的手段。     

造礁石珊瑚共生藻的分子分类研究

通过nlsrDNA(nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA)及nssrDNA(nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA)的PCR-RFLP研究广东徐闻地区8科15属25种62个造礁石珊瑚样本的共生藻。结果表明,共生藻nlsrDNA的RsaI酶切基因型只存在一种,属于C系群共生藻;而nssrDNA的MobⅠ和TaqⅠ两种酶切都存在两种基因型。实验进一步通过PCR直接测序法得到62个造礁石珊瑚样品的共生藻ITS序列,与GenBank上的4种虫黄藻ITS序列构建Neighbor-Joining系统发育树,结果表明该区的造礁石珊瑚共生两种不同种类(亚系群)的共生藻,分别为C1亚系群与C15亚系群共生藻,两个亚系群间的遗传距离为0.019。广东徐闻地区造礁石珊瑚共生藻多样性偏低,暗示该地区珊瑚礁生态系统应对环境变化的能力可能较弱。     

海南岛造礁石珊瑚资源初步调查与分析

采用断面法调查于2007年4月至10月对海南岛周边区域的造礁石珊瑚进行调查,结果显示:海南岛周边调查区域造礁石珊瑚有13科95种,优势种为丛生盔形珊瑚、多孔鹿角珊瑚、标准蜂巢珊瑚、五边角蜂巢珊瑚、秘密角蜂巢珊瑚、精巧扁脑珊瑚、梳状菊花珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚、二异角孔珊瑚、十字牡丹珊瑚等.海南岛周边活造礁石珊瑚覆盖率为32.74％,其中东部29.84％、南部44.43％、西部17.38％;死造礁石珊瑚覆盖率为3％,其中东部2.29％、南部4.81％、西部1.06％.海南岛造礁石珊瑚补充量为0.44 ind/m2,其中东部为0.56 ind/m2、南部为0.52 ind/m2、西部为0.24ind/m2,总体上,海南岛周边近岸造礁石珊瑚分布状况为南部种类及覆盖度最多,东部次之,西部较少.从地理位置及造礁石珊瑚的空间分布情况来看,海南岛造礁石珊瑚分布呈现由南往北随纬度增高而递减的趋势,分析认为,这主要与珊瑚浮浪幼虫占领新的生境有关.随着近几年过度捕捞、海水养殖、旅游观光等持续进行,海南岛近岸部分区域的造礁石珊瑚呈退化趋势.     

海南岛东海岸长圮海域珊瑚分布与波能的关系

造礁石珊瑚群落结构和空间分布规律的研究是珊瑚礁生态系统研究中的重要方面.研究珊瑚物种空间分布规律与波能的关系,对于研究珊瑚礁生态系统演替规律,保护和恢复珊瑚礁生态系统具有重要参考价值.文章以长圮海域波浪和造礁石珊瑚群落结构为研究对象,分析了该海域的水流和波能特征以及造礁石珊瑚的空间分布规律,探讨波浪对造礁石珊瑚空间分布规律的影响.结果显示,珊瑚随水深分布经历一个递增和递减的过程,只是不同珊瑚峰值的出现因不同水深的波浪特征而异.枝状珊瑚峰值出现在波浪作用相对较弱而光照充足的区域,而块状珊瑚由于生长速度较慢,所以在生态位上避开了生长快速的枝状珊瑚而选择了波浪作用较弱而光照不是非常充足的区域.5m水深区域鹿角珊瑚Acropora sp.和蔷薇珊瑚Montipora sp.占据优势,而8m水深区域丛生盔形珊瑚Galaxea fascicularis占据优势.     

环境变化对造礁石珊瑚营养方式的影响及其适应性

造礁石珊瑚是珊瑚礁生态系统的框架生物,它们既能够通过共生藻的光合作用进行自养,也能够通过触手捕获和黏液吸附等方式进行异养。通过研究造礁石珊瑚光合自养以及异养营养的机理和过程,系统分析了光照、温度、营养盐、潮汐、水流、CO2质量浓度以及食物的可获得性等因素对造礁石珊瑚光合自养和异养营养产生的影响,并讨论了珊瑚的这2种营养方式对环境变化的适应性。在环境适宜的条件下,光合自养是健康造礁石珊瑚的主要营养方式;当珊瑚自养营养的供给受到限制时,异养营养能够在一定程度上弥补其营养缺失,甚至可能成为珊瑚的主要营养方式。造礁石珊瑚的2种营养方式能够对不同环境因素的变化做出不同响应,并通过两者之间的互补以适应环境变化。今后研究的重点应放在归纳各类因素对造礁石珊瑚2种营养方式的影响;深入研究造礁石珊瑚异养营养方式的规律与环境适应性;厘清造礁石珊瑚光合自养与异养营养之间的关系和协调模式。     

丛生盔形珊瑚的2种颜色群体共生藻组成比较

造礁石珊瑚与共生藻 Symbiodinium spp.的互利共生对维护多样性极为丰富的珊瑚礁生态系统至关重要.在受到诸如水温异常等环境胁迫时,宿主珊瑚会排出体内共生藻而导致珊瑚白化直至死亡.造礁石珊瑚群体丰富的颜色对于珊瑚适应环境有着重要的作用,即使是同种造礁石珊瑚的不同群体,它们在颜色上也会有差异.丛生盔形珊瑚 Galaxea.fascicularis 作为印度-太平洋区系常见种广泛分布于海南三亚珊瑚礁海域,不同群体的颜色相异.对绿色和褐色2种颜色的丛生盔形珊瑚群体共生藻的28S rDNA进行限制性片段长度多态性(polymerase chainreaction-restrictionfragmentlength polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)分析,结果显示,该珊瑚可以与C和D系群共生藻分别或同时共生.此外,丛生盔形珊瑚2种颜色群体的共生藻组成并无显著差异,表明珊瑚群体的颜色差异与共生藻的组成并无直接联系.影响珊瑚表型颜色的因素复杂,包括珊瑚的绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)、珊瑚和共生藻的各种色素等,具体机理需要进一步研究.     

永兴岛及七连屿造礁石珊瑚近10年变化分析

根据2007-2016年珊瑚礁监测数据,永兴岛及七连屿共调查到造礁石珊瑚11科113种,常见种有鹿角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora damicornis、疣状杯形珊瑚Pocillopora Verrucosa、粗野鹿角珊瑚Acropora humilis、澄黄滨珊瑚Porites lutea、丛生盔形珊瑚Galaxea fascicularis、梳状菊花珊瑚Goniastrea pectinata及锯齿刺星珊瑚Cyphastrea serailia等。研究区域内造礁石珊瑚种类近10年（2007-2016年）来下降明显,其中永兴岛从39种下降到18种,下降率为53.85%;北岛从23种下降到17种,下降率为26.09%;赵述岛从46种下降到12种,下降率为73.91%;西沙洲从51种下降到15种,下降率为70.59%。群体形态群落中皮壳状种类数最为稳定,分枝类下降了59.26%;叶片状下降了75.00%;圆盘状下降了87.50%;团块状下降了57.14%。通过对研究区域造礁石珊瑚种类组成及群落形态等方面的变化分析可见,人为活动、长棘海星、珊瑚病害、台风及全球升温等因素逐渐影响到西沙海域的珊瑚礁生态系统。     

两种造礁石珊瑚共生藻分子系统分类及其对水温升高的响应研究

珊瑚白化是导致全球珊瑚礁生态系统衰退的最重要原因之一,野外观察结果表明不同种属的造礁石珊瑚对于海水温度升高的耐受性有所差异.选取多孔鹿角珊瑚(Acropora millepora)和丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis)为研究对象,比较其共生藻在温度升高时的光生理差异.对多孔鹿角珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚共生藻的分子系统学研究结果表明:多孔鹿角珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚的共生藻属于不同系群,丛生盔形珊瑚共生藻属于D系群,而多孔鹿角珊瑚共生藻属于C1亚系群.当温度升高到30℃时并未对两种造礁石珊瑚共生藻光合系统Ⅱ造成损害,而当温度升高到34℃时两种造礁石珊瑚共生藻的F_v/F_m值急剧下降,其光合系统Ⅱ遭受损害.多孔鹿角珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚分别与不同系群的共生藻共生可能是导致其对海水温度升高耐受性不同的主要原因,与C1亚系群共生藻共生的多孔鹿角珊瑚对水温升高敏感,容易白化,而与D系群共生藻共生的丛生盔形珊瑚对水温升高的耐受性强,不易白化.     

Application of the coral health chart to determine bleaching status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acropora downingi</Emphasis> in a subtropical coral reef

The ‘Coral Health Chart’ has become a popular tool for monitoring coral bleaching worldwide. The scleractinian coral Acropora downingi (Wallace 1999) is highly vulnerable to temperature anomalies in the Persian Gulf. Our study tested the reliability of Coral Health Chart scores for the assessment of bleaching-related changes in the mitotic index (MI) and density of zooxanthellae cells in A. downingi in Qeshm Island, the Persian Gulf. The results revealed that, at least under severe conditions, it can be used as an effective proxy for detecting changes in the density of normal, transparent, or degraded zooxanthellae and MI. However, its ability to discern changes in pigment concentration and total zooxanthellae density should be viewed with some caution in the Gulf region, probably because the high levels of environmental variability in this region result in inherent variations in the characteristics of zooxanthellae among “healthy” looking corals.     

珊瑚礁坪波浪的衰减特性分析

珊瑚礁海底与一般的礁石或泥沙海底结构相差很大，波浪衰减特性也相差较大。根据实测海浪资料，讨论波浪在礁坪上传播的衰减特性和波浪能量的转移。分析结果表明，在相对水深为0．0613—0．0867之间，波浪传播单位距离(100m)的波高衰减系数为22．09％—46．56％，平均值为31．35％；波能衰减系数为33．74％—53．23％，平均值为43．61％。波浪在礁坪上传播过程中，高频损失的能量多于低频，谱能量向低频转移。应用统计方法得到波高、波能衰减系数与相对水深D/L关系的拟合方程。     

Dietary separation between co-occurring copepods in a food-limited tropical coral reef of the Sanya Bay

Food differentiation among coexistent species in the field is important strategy for copepods to acquire materials and maintain population stabilization.In situ diet analysis of co-occurring six copepod species in coral waters of the Sanya Bay was conducted using a PCR protocol based on 18 S ribosomal gene.Various prey organisms were uncovered,including dinoflagellate,diatom,green algae and plant,protozoa and metazoan.All these spatially coexisting six species showed different dietary diversity,with the food niche breadth(B)ranging from 1.00(Temora turbinate in morning)to 10.68(Calanopia elliptica in night).While food overlap between all these copepods were low,with the average value of the diet niche overlap index being approximately 0.09.Even temporally co-existing species sampled from the same time point fed on different groups of prey items with the food overlap index of 0.04 to 0.07 in midday and night but 0 in morning.As the most important dominant copepod in the Sanya Bay,Subeucalanus subcrassus seems to be capable to regulate its feeding,by exhibiting a rhythm of herbivorous feeding in midday and carnivorous feeding in morning and night,to better coordinate with other competitors for utilization of food resources.For most copepods,none of the prey items belonged to the dominant phytoplankton in the ambient water,indicating that copepod can better their survival by widening the choice of potential food resources in food limited environment.The dietary separation observed here might be important strategy for copepod to maintain population stabilization and thriving in the Sanya coastal waters.     

The health and future of coral reef systems

Coral reefs are among the most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth and provide a multitude of valuable ecosystem services. Moreover, the resources derived from coral reefs are essential to the food security of millions of people living within tropical coastal communities. Unfortunately, burgeoning human populations in coastal regions are placing an unsustainable burden on these resources such that degradation of coral reefs is common. In addition, during 1998, El Niño driven increases in sea temperature caused a mass bleaching event that further degraded many of the world's coral reefs. This article provides a brief review of the status of the world's coral reefs and highlights their value to society. Also, the anthropogenic and natural disturbances that threaten the future of coral reefs are discussed and finally, this article offers some potential remedies that promote sustainable use of coral reef resources thus ensuring their future survival.     

The physiological response of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis to elevated temperature: results from coral reef mesocosm experiments in Southern Taiwan

Given the threat of climate change towards scleractinian corals, there is an urgent need to understand their physiological mechanisms of acclimation to increasing temperatures. To gain insight into this process, two mesocosm-based experiments were conducted in Southern Taiwan with the model reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis. In the first study, temperature was gradually elevated to 32 °C, though reduced to ambient levels at night, in order to simulate a temperature profile that can characterize intertidal reefs of Southern Taiwan. All corals acclimated to such conditions over the course of the month-long experiment, as evidenced by a variety of physiological and sub-cellular responses. In the second experiment, corals were exposed continually to 31.5 °C for two weeks, and, in contrast to results from the first study, the majority of the corals died, revealing that prolonged exposure to this temperature is lethal for this dominant reef builder of many regions of the Pacific Ocean.     

Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism

Global coral reef related tourism is one of the most significant examples of nature-based tourism from a single ecosystem. Coral reefs attract foreign and domestic visitors and generate revenues, including foreign exchange earnings, in over 100 countries and territories. Understanding the full value of coral reefs to tourism, and the spatial distribution of these values, provides an important incentive for sustainable reef management. In the current work, global data from multiple sources, including social media and crowd-sourced datasets, were used to estimate and map two distinct components of reef value. The first component is local “reef-adjacent” value, an overarching term used to capture a range of indirect benefits from coral reefs, including provision of sandy beaches, sheltered water, food, and attractive views. The second component is “on-reef” value, directly associated with in-water activities such diving and snorkelling. Tourism values were estimated as a proportion of the total visits and spending by coastal tourists within 30 km of reefs (excluding urban areas). Reef-adjacent values were set as a fixed proportion of 10% of this expenditure. On-reef values were based on the relative abundance of dive-shops and underwater photos in different countries and territories. Maps of value assigned to specific coral reef locations show considerable spatial variability across distances of just a few kilometres. Some 30% of the world's reefs are of value in the tourism sector, with a total value estimated at nearly US$36 billion, or over 9% of all coastal tourism value in the world's coral reef countries.     

海南珊瑚礁的现状与保护对策

海南是我国最大的海洋省,位于我国的最南端,北纬3°58'～20°10',东经108°37'～117°50',总面积150万km2余,其中将近98%是海洋,陆地主要是海南岛,总面积约3.39万km2,环岛海岸线长达1 528km,为热带气候。海南省沿岸一些浅海水域及南海诸岛十分适合珊瑚生存和珊瑚礁生成,曾母暗沙等就是珊瑚礁岛,极大地丰富了海南的生物多样性,对沿海地区发展和环境保护提供了有力的支持。一、珊瑚礁概况珊瑚是地球上最古老的海洋生物,现在的珊瑚都是古珊瑚的后代,在动物分类学上属于腔肠动物门珊瑚虫纲。珊瑚礁是自然界最令人赞叹的景观之一,无数的礁岩生物…     

热带珊瑚礁区红腹海参及绿刺参食物来源分析——脂肪酸标志法

沉积食性海参通过大量摄取沉积物在热带珊瑚礁生态系统中发挥重要的生态功能,但其食物来源组成尚不清楚.本文研究了海南三亚近岸典型珊瑚礁海域红腹海参(Holothuria edulis)及绿刺参(Stichopus chloronotus)脂肪酸组成,利用脂肪酸标志法探讨了夏季和冬季两种海参的食物来源异同.结果表明,红腹海参...