Computing the double-bounce reflection coherent effect in an incoherent electromagnetic scattering model

One of the main limitations of electromagnetic incoherent vegetation models based on the radiative transfer theory concerns their inability to take into account the coherent effect occurring in a double-bounce scattering mechanism. This is particularly important for low-frequency synthetic aperture radar applications over forested areas, where large branch and trunk contributions may be preponderant. In this letter, an easily computable solution based on the reciprocity theorem is proposed. The coherent effect contribution is obtained directly from the radiative transfer incoherent solution through a straightforward correction algorithm. Compared to the classical vector radiative transfer first-order solution, this method provides the exact cross-polarized contribution to the radar cross section or to the polarimetric parameters computation. The theoretical developments are illustrated using electromagnetic full-wave and approximate scattering models.     

A polarimetric extension of the van Cittert-Zernike Theorem for use with microwave Interferometers

The van Cittert-Zernike theorem describes the Fourier transform relationship between an extended source and its visibility function. Developments in classical optics texts use scalar field formulations for the theorem. Here, we develop a polarimetric extension to the van Cittert-Zernike theorem with applications to passive microwave earth remote sensing. The development provides insight into the mechanics of two-dimensional inteferometric imaging, particularly the effects of polarization basis differences between the scene and the observer.     

适用于遥感应用的辐射传输高精度快速计算方法

准确的散射辐射方向特征与辐射传输能量守恒的物理要求是一切算法的有效性准则。在有限计算资源的限制下,寻找最优的有限展开算法,获得能量守恒物理要求下的散射方向特征的准确性,是多年来辐射传输算法的追求目标。在以有限流数离散化辐射传输方程进行数值求解过程中,要保证数值计算中的积分守恒,流数有限要求粒子散射相函数必须截断,而不合适的截断容易导致解的误差,尤其是当大气中存在强前向散射的大粒子时（如云滴、沙尘暴事件过后的沙尘）,截断的相函数会出现振荡,从而导致解的虚假振荡特性。散射相函数无限扩展可以消除这种虚假振荡,但容易导致数值积分能量不守恒和解的不稳定。本文从原理上对这种虚假振荡和不稳定现象进行了分析,并给出两种用较少流数达到较高的计算精度的高效计算方法,这些算法对于遥感方法研究、GCM气候模式中辐射强迫的参数化研究以及地气系统的能量收支研究,尤其是目前研究较多的云和沙尘等大粒子气候效应有重要意义。     

偏振激光雷达探测大气—水体光学参数廓线

激光雷达在上层水体垂直廓线的遥感中展现出巨大优势。本文研制了一套高垂直分辨率的实时探测偏振激光雷达,提出了一种基于偏振激光雷达回波信号的反演算法,采用Fernald理论和多次散射原理反演非均匀大气—水体的衰减和退偏光学产品,以高效稳定地处理偏振激光雷达实验数据。展示了一个中国内陆水体激光雷达探测实例,观测到了两次气溶胶积聚现象和一次水体浑浊现象。对实验数据的分析表明,退偏比主要由前向多次散射和后向单次散射产生的退偏两部分组成。当多次散射强度较大时,退偏比的变化主要取决于多次前向散射退偏;反之,则主要依赖于单次后向散射退偏。     

Coerciveness of the linear gravimetric boundary-value problem and a geometrical interpretation

In this paper the linear gravimetric boundary-value problem is discussed in the sense of the so-called weak solution. For this purpose a Sobolev weight space was constructed for an unbounded domain representing the exterior of the Earth and quantitative estimates were deduced for the trace theorem and equivalent norms. In the generalized formulation of the problem a special decomposition of the Laplace operator was used to express the oblique derivative in the boundary condition which has to be met by the solution. The relation to the classical formulation was also shown. The main result concerns the coerciveness (ellipticity) of a bilinear form associated with the problem under consideration. The Lax-Milgram theorem was used to decide about the existence, uniqueness and stability of the weak solution of the problem. Finally, a clear geometrical interpretation was found for a constant in the coerciveness inequality, and the convergence of approximation solutions constructed by means of the Galerkin method was proved. Received: 21 June 1996 / Accepted: 14 April 1997     

Modeling the Global Solar Radiation Under Cloudy Sky Using Meteosat Second Generation High Resolution Visible Raw Data

This paper presents an improved model for mapping both hourly and daily values of the global radiation reaching the earth’s surface from satellite data over Algeria. An empirical model with a large spectral band using Linke atmospheric turbidity was chosen to modeling the clear-sky global radiation. The extinction of the solar radiation (absorption plus scattering) is described by an exponential decay function of the cloud albedo and cloud index. To compute these two parameter, we resolve the sun-pixel-satellite radiative model equation using the following hypothesizes. The first one supposes the total transmittance of the atmospheric in the pixel-satellite direction as the ratio of the direct radiation in real sky to the same quantity in case of a very clean sky. The second one estimates that the noise energy reflected back towards the radiometer by molecules of gases in the upper levels of the atmosphere represents about 5 % of the energy measured by the radiometer. The model performance was validated for five radiometric stations across the country for three selected months in 2013 and satisfactory results were obtained and discussed.     

SAR干涉图降噪的稳健协方差矩阵分解法

干涉图降噪在InSAR技术应用中发挥着重要作用,若降噪效果不好将引起干涉图相位解缠的误差,并进一步导致DEM或形变结果的错误。由于干涉图分辨单元的信号(相位)是由分辨单元内多个散射体的回波信号(相位)叠加而成,本文针对单一主导散射体的散射模型(永久性散射体模型)和只考虑一种散射机制的分布式散射体模型相位的特点,对多基线SAR数据估计的协方差矩阵采用特征值分解的方法来分离相位中的噪声,通过提取最大特征值对应的特征向量(相位),从而实现干涉图降噪的目的。而对于协方差矩阵估计时引入的异质点,本文采用了一种稳健的协方差矩阵估计方法。通过覆盖山西清徐地面沉降形变区的8景真实TerraSAR数据试验验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明该方法比改进的Goldstein滤波方法在相干性提高、有效目标点增加两方面均有显著提高,特别在低相干区域由于相干点的增加也获取了更多的形变监测信息。     

植被的微波散射与吸收特征

被动微波遥感中大尺度像元内植被种类多种多样并且分布不均匀，较低频率下像元尺度内的植被影响可以根据单个散射体的散射与衰减特性获得。本文讨论了任意朝向的各类植被散射体的计算问题。其中叶片和针叶的散射采用了一般化Rayleigh-Gans计算；杆的散射采用了无限长近似理论。关于各类散射体的衰减，本文比较了散射系数和吸收系数之和，与前向散射定理的结果，并对前向定理的适用性进行了讨论。     

一类拟线性抛物型方程T—周期古典解

利用构造性方法证明了拟线性抛物型方程边值问题的T—周期古典解的存在性，同时证明了T—周期古典解的比较原理和唯一性定理。     

地貌及等高线表示的分解定理与表现定理

随着计算机制图和GIS的迅速发展，对于有着广泛应用的地貌形态特征问题，提出了进一步加以科学、系统、深入定量研究的迫切要求，以便获得更科学、合理的应用。作为一个系列研究的开始，首先要解决用2维空间的等高线表示3维空问地貌形态的科学性这一问题。为此，文中引入了地貌截影及截地貌的概念，通过地貌分解定理与表现定理的证明，以及等高线、地貌截影和截地貌三者之间的等价关系的论述，最终从数学上解决了上述基本问题，为今后的深入研究奠定了基础。     

均匀分布与结构描述ASIFT相结合的SAR与可见光图像配准算法

针对SAR与可见光图像配准中存在的非线性灰度差异与斑点噪声,同时考虑不同的成像视角问题,提出了基于均匀分布与结构描述ASIFT的SAR与可见光图像配准算法。该算法首先采用引导滤波建立引导尺度空间以达到噪声抑制与边缘保持,在特征点提取阶段,由于非线性灰度差异引入相位一致性强度信息,并与尺度空间网格划分相结合,指导筛选图像中均匀特征点的获取;然后在特征描述阶段,引入扩展相位一致性方法计算SAR与可见光图像的一致性梯度幅值和方向,提高了主方向和描述符的准确性;最后利用Optimal-RANSAC进行特征描述符匹配实现有效配准。通过对4组实测图像进行试验及结果分析,证明该算法相比SAR-SIFT与传统ASIFT算法具有更准确的配准精度。     

Three-Dimensional ISAR Imaging Using a Two-Dimensional Sparse Antenna Array

Conventional antenna array 3-D inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging method does imaging by first carrying out ISAR imaging for all the different antennas and then using array direction of arrival (DOA) estimation on every scatterer to get the position of that scatterer. The aperture formed by the target's motion is used to separate the scatterers, and the antenna array aperture is used for position measurement. In this letter, a 3-D imaging method based on a combination of sparse array beamforming and ISAR imaging is proposed, where 3-D images are formed by space-time match filtering. The estimation of the target's rotation parameters is also given. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed methods.      

地球定向参数测量发展现状和展望

随着我国空间探测工程的快速发展,对地球定向参数(EOP)的精度需求越来越高. 通过对地球定向参数的测量原理进行介绍,以现有的经典光学观测手段、甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)、全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)、多里斯系统(DORIS)、激光测月(LLR)和卫星激光测距(SLR)等为代表的现代空间大地测量手段对地球定向参数测量原理及特点进行全面的阐述,对地球定向参数的自主测量与服务进行展望,为我国建设自主的地球定向参数测量系统提供理论基础和参考.      

气溶胶激光雷达的国内外研究进展与展望

大气气溶胶具有显著的环境与气侯效应,而定量评估上述效应需要准确了解气溶胶物理化学光学性质的时空分布特征。过去几十年,激光雷达已被国内外学者广泛应用于气溶胶探测研究,主要依赖于其在探测范围、时空分辨率等方面具有独特的技术优势。本文主要总结激光雷达在探测气溶胶方面的国内外研究进展,首先简要介绍可用于探测气溶胶的主要激光雷达类型,然后分别根据气溶胶大小、组分、浓度、形状、光学性质等关键信息介绍相关研究进展,最后进行总结并对气溶胶激光雷达发展进行了展望。     

水稻微波后向散射系数的模拟分析

提出了一套完整的水稻一次后向散射作用物理模型,通过该模型可以定量地模拟水稻对入射电磁波的后向散射作用,包括不同入射角、不同时相、不同波段、不同极化等各种情况,从而得到大量有价值的模拟结果。通过深入分析这些结果,可以对如何利用ＳＡＲ遥感数据更准确、更经济、更方便地进行水稻识别、长势监测及产品评估等工作提供理论依据和方法指导。     

Tensor structure applied to the least-squares method,revisited

The geometrical approach to the least-squares, based on differential geometry with tensor structure and notations, describes the adjustment theory in a simple and plausible manner. The development relies heavily on orthonormal space and surface vectors, and on the extrinsic properties of surfaces linking the two kinds of vectors. In order to relate geometry to adjustments, the geometrical concepts are extended to an n-dimensional space and u- or r-dimensional surfaces, where n is the number of observations, u is the number of parameters in the parametric method and r is the number of conditions in the condition method, with n=u+r. Connection is made to Hilbert spaces by demonstrating that the tensor approach to the least-squares is a classical case of the Hilbert-space approach.     

用双矩阵法和积分方程模型估算地表的亮度温度

提出了一种估计覆盖植被的地表亮度温度模型。模型中的植被看作是不同大小和朝向的离散散射体如叶、茎、杆构成。植被层内的体散射以及植被与地表之间的多次散射采用了双矩阵法(M atrix Doub ling)计算,地表辐射采用了积分方程模型(Integral Equation M ethod)。较高频率上的模拟结果显示植被的辐射是主要的,植被对地表辐射的衰减作用较明显。模拟的亮度温度跟SGP99机载C波段以及AMSR-E的X和Ku波段实测数据相比接近一致。     

Heterogeneous surface displacement pattern at the Hatchobaru geothermal field inferred from SAR interferometry time-series

We estimated surface displacements using persistent scatterer SAR interferometry (PS-InSAR) around the Hatchobaru geothermal field, Japan, from 18 ALOS/PALSAR images acquired from July 2007 to December 2010. Generally, geothermal fields, covered with natural targets such as rocky terrain and vegetation, have been one of the difficult targets for PS-InSAR analysis. However, we applied space adaptive filtering to increase the number of pixels for measuring surface displacement. The results of our analysis demonstrate ground subsidence with decaying velocity over the observation period around the geothermal field. The spatial pattern of ground subsidence includes sharp boundaries of subsidence that can be interpreted as fault traces. We demonstrated the usefulness of PS-InSAR analysis with the space adaptive filtering to estimate surface displacements with high spatial resolution and high spatial density around a geothermal field.     

Quad and compact multitemporal C-band PolSAR observations for crop characterization and monitoring

Monitoring crop condition using optical satellite indices has a legacy of several decades. Early warning of variances in crop production is vital in mitigating regional and global food insecurity. Adoption of optical vegetation indices for this purpose is widespread, yet cloud cover impedes the acquisition of these data. Although early research using scatterometers and aircraft hinted at the sensitivity of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) responses to crop development, the implementation of satellite SAR observations in operational crop condition monitoring is limited. In the research presented here, volume-to-surface (V/S) scattering ratios derived from C-band RADARSAT-2 quad and simulated compact polarimetric (QP and CP) imagery are assessed for their potential to monitor crop growth. Both V/S ratios were strongly correlated with optical vegetation indices, including the widely adopted Normalized Difference and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Indices. The changes in the ratio of volume to surface scattering were correlated with variations in crop biomass. The results support the potential of a SAR scattering ratio for crop condition monitoring. In particular, encouraging results were reported for compact polarimetry, a mode that can be implemented to deliver broader swath coverage conducive to regional and national monitoring.     

空间碎片探测卫星成像CCD的在轨辐射效应分析

电荷耦合器件(CCD)是卫星应用的主流成像器件,其受空间辐射环境影响易产生辐射效应,导致卫星成像性能退化,因此CCD的在轨辐射效应分析对卫星在轨风险评估、在轨维护具有重要意义。针对空间碎片探测试验卫星成像CCD在轨出现的辐射效应,通过在轨图像数据计算,对辐射作用于CCD导致的瞬时效应、热像素、电离总剂量效应和位移损伤进行了估算。分析认为瞬时效应主要源于南大西洋异常区内高能质子入射器件导致的瞬间电离作用;热像素源于质子辐射导致的单个像素位移损伤,且数量随着在轨时间的累积不断增加,与瞬时效应无明显的相关性;在轨初期累积的电离总剂量效应和位移损伤并不突出;热像素是影响探测器光电探测性能的主要问题,在较低粒子注量时就比较显著。上述工作为卫星在轨风险评估与运行管理收集了数据依据,并初步形成了针对在轨运行光电探测载荷辐射效应分析方法,可为天基目标探测卫星成像器件的在轨辐射效应分析、抗辐射设计提供参考。