利用GPS掩星资料反演大气重力波势能的方法

介绍了利用GPS掩星资料反演大气重力波势能的方法,给出了从COSMIC(constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere and climate)干温廓线出发,扰动温度廓线提取及势能廓线反演的具体流程,进而对2011年夏季和冬季20～30 km重力波势能的全球分布及季节变化特征进行了分析,结果与国内外已有文献基本一致。     

利用COSMIC掩星资料分析南极地区对流层顶变化

利用2011年全年的南极地区的COSMIC掩星资料,反演了大气温度剖面,进而提取对流层顶参数(温度和高度),定量分析了南极地区对流层顶的时空变化特征。在南极地区,温度递减率对流层顶比最冷点对流层顶更准确,且掩星反演法与臭氧、无线电探空仪等结果基本一致。南极对流层顶整体表现为位相相反的一波结构,温度变化范围为200~230K,高度变化范围为9~11km。南极地区对流层顶在冬季和春季"消失",在夏季和秋季出现逆温层。南极地区对流层顶温度在冬季和春季表现出明显的梯度特征,纬度方向上,极点附近低,四周较高;经度方向上,西南极地区较低。     

利用地震面波和重力资料联合反演地壳—上地幔三维密度结构的方法探讨

本文探讨了利用地震面波和重力资料联合反演地壳－地幔三维密度结构的反演问题。首先建立了地震面波和重力资料的观测方程,然后应用广义线性反线理论给出了反演问题的解。模型试验结果表明,与单纯面波反演的结果相比,联合反演的解在分析率和方差两个方面都有改善,当加入扰动重力数据时,在０－３００ｋｍ深度范围内联合反演的结果明显好于单纯面波反演的结果。     

利用掩星资料分析东亚地区云厚的分布特征

利用2007年1月至2009年1月COSMIC掩星湿空气数据,基于相对湿度廓线出入云层时发生突变反演云边界高度的思想,统计分析了东亚地区云厚的分布特征。结果表明,掩星最低探测高度集中在3km以下,主要影响部分中云和低云云厚的反演。云发生概率沿纬度和经度方向呈现不同的分布特征,各类云概率随高度也有不同的变化规律。东亚地区所有云的平均厚度为1.78km,其中单层云和顶层云分布相似,双层云与其他云层的地理差异不大,单层云在春秋季分布相对均匀,而在夏冬季差异较大。夏季和冬季顶层云云顶高与云厚的二维频率分布各异,主要在于夏季有更多云体较厚且位于对流层上部的高云存在。     

利用重力资料研究华北地区构造应力场

本文结合相关数据、模型和软件分别利用重力场、重力垂线偏差与构造应力场的内在关系式对华北地区陆地构造应力值进行了计算,通过对相关数据结果进行对比分析,总结并得出了华北地区重力总水平梯度、构造应力场和研究方法本身的一些规律和特征。     

COSMIC掩星观测数据反演电离层电子密度廓线

利用COSMIC掩星观测数据,将Abel积分方法和"洋葱分层"反演方法反演得到的电子密度廓线与传统电离层观测方法的观测结果进行了对比。结果表明,通过两种反演方法计算得到的电子密度廓线与垂测仪的结果在整体趋势和结构上符合得较好,反演计算得到的foF2与垂测仪的观测结果有较高的一致性,但hmax仍存在较大的误差。     

航空重力测量副测线间距对测量精度的影响

计算了山区和平坦地区2种不同类型的航空重力测量数据在设置不同副测线间距时对测量精度的影响,计算结果表明:适当放宽副测线间距对航空重力测量精度无明显损失,仍可满足《航空重力测量作业规范》中对航空重力测量的精度要求,结论对航空重力测量作业生产具有一定的参考价值。     

基于COSMIC技术的震前电离层异常研究

介绍COSMIC技术反演电离层电子密度的研究现状、技术和方法,验证其可靠性;并利用COSMIC掩星数据计算分析2011-03-11东日本大地震震前5d及地震当天震区上空电离层电子密度分布,探测到显著的震前电离层异常现象,证明COSMIC技术研究地震电离层异常的可行性。     

海洋重力场特征统计模型计算与分析

海洋重力场特征参数在地球重力场逼近计算和海上测量优化设计中具有重要的应用价值。基于卫星测高重力在海域具有覆盖范围广且分布均匀的独特优势,提出了利用最新卫星测高重力数据集开展海洋重力场特征统计模型计算和分析的研究方案,给出了代表误差和协方差函数模型参数的计算公式,定义并研究了海洋广义布格重力异常的变化特征,提出了等精度和非等精度拟合经验协方差函数的计算模型。利用中国近海及西太平洋海区超过50万个5'×5'方块的1'×1'网格卫星测高重力异常数据,首次计算得到一组有代表性的中国周边海域重力场特征统计模型参数,较好地揭示了海洋重力场有别于陆地重力场的变化特征,利用海面船测重力数据对计算结果进行了可靠性检核,提出了相应的模型参数修正方案和使用建议。     

船载重力测量数据不同测区系统偏差纠正方法研究

分析了我国近海海域船载重力测量数据特征,并提出了消除不同测区之间重力测线上重力异常存在系统偏差的方案。提出了参考线的选择标准,利用参考测线上交叉点处的残差重力异常不符值,纠正其他测线重力异常的新思路。结果表明,对测线重力进行纠正后,不同测区的重力值不存在系统偏差,交叉点处不符值明显改善,测线上纠正后重力异常明显优于纠正前的重力异常。     

Analysis of atmospheric and ionospheric structures using the GPS/MET and CHAMP radio occultation database: a methodological review

Since 1995, the global positioning system (GPS) has been exploited by the means of the radio occultation (RO) method to obtain the vertical profiles of refractivity, temperature, pressure, and water vapor in the neutral atmosphere and electron density in the ionosphere. Applying the RO method to the study of the Earths atmosphere was demonstrated for the first time with the GPS/MET experiment. Since then, several satellites with GPS receivers, suitable for RO experiments, have been launched including Oersted, SUNSAT, CHAMP, SAC-C, and GRACE. Future RO investigations that are planned now include FORMOSAT3/COSMIC and Terra-SAR missions. New elements in the RO technology are required to meet the goals of improving the accuracy and broadening the potential of the RO method. In this paper, a methodological review of RO investigations is presented to emphasize new directions in applying the RO method: measuring the vertical gradients of the refractivity in the atmosphere and electron density in the lower ionosphere, determination of the temperature regime in the upper stratosphere, investigation of the internal wave activity in the atmosphere, and study of the ionospheric disturbances on a global scale. These new directions may be relevant for investigating the relationships between processes in the atmosphere and mesosphere, the study of thermal regimes in the intermediate heights of the upper stratosphere—lower mesosphere, and the analysis of the influence of the space weather phenomena on the lower ionosphere.     

利用FY-3C折射率对大气边界层高度的反演与分析

2013年中国发射了首颗进行全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)掩星观测的气象卫星风云3号C星(Fengyun-3C,FY-3C),且已发布自2014年6月以来的FY-3C掩星大气产品,但目前还未见将其应用于大气边界层的相关研究.首次尝试利用FY-3C折射率...     

利用FY3C与FY3D GPS掩星资料研究中低纬地区偶发E层形态的比较

偶发E层(sporadic E,Es)是主要发生在90～120 km高度的电子密度显著增强的电离层薄层,Es层的存在会导致掩星观测中全球导航卫星系统信号强度和相位的强烈波动。利用2019-01—2021-12风云三号C(Fengyun-3C,FY3C)和风云三号D(Fengyun-3D,FY3D)卫星GPS(global positioning system)掩星观测的50Hz信噪比数据提取Es层信息,进而对两颗卫星数据分别反演得到的60°S～60°N中低纬地区Es层发生率的时空分布及季节变化进行比较。结果发现,虽然两颗卫星掩星资料得到的Es层发生率分布形态基本一致,均反映了Es层的发生率与地磁场和中性大气背景风场的相关性,但在大部分季节和地区,由FY3D得到的Es层发生率低于由FY3C得到的结果,北半球夏季中纬地区尤为明显,而FY3C反演结果与基于电离层与气候星座观测系统掩星数据的反演结果更为接近。导致差异的可能原因包括两颗卫星信噪比廓线的上边界高度分布和地方时覆盖上的差异、两颗卫星掩星接收机噪声水平的差异等。上述结果表明,后续融合两颗卫星的掩星数据进行Es层相关研究时,可能需要顾及...     

Global morphology of ionospheric F-layer scintillations using FS3/COSMIC GPS radio occultation data

We report on the FormoSat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) limb-viewing observations of GPS L-band scintillations since mid-2006 and propose to study global F-layer irregularity morphology. The FS3/COSMIC has generally performed more than 1000 ionospheric radio occultation (RO) observations per day. We reprocess 1-Hz amplitude data and obtain complete limb-viewing profiles of the undersampling (sampling frequency lower than Fresnel frequency) S4 scintillation index from about 80% of the RO observations. There are a few percent of FS3/COSMIC RO observations having greater than 0.09 undersampling S4max values on average. However, seven identified areas, Central Pacific Area (?20° to 20° dip latitude, 160°E–130°W), South American Area (?20° to 20° dip latitude, 100°W–30°W), African Area (?20° to 20° dip latitude, 30°W–50°E), European Area (30°–55°N, 0°–55°E), Japan Sea Area (35°–55°N, 120°–150°E), Arctic Area (>65° dip latitude), and Antarctic Area (<?65° dip latitude), have been designated to have a much higher percentage of strong limb-viewing L-band scintillations. During the years in most of the last sunspot cycle from mid-2006 to the end 2014, the scintillation climatology, namely, its variations with each identified area, season, local time, magnetic activity, and solar activity, have been documented.     

利用COSMIC掩星资料计算平流层大气风场方法分析

利用大气压强、温度、密度等与风场之间的关系,通过大气折射指数、高度及温度数据均可以推算出大气风场,选用2007年1、4、7和10月COSMIC掩星观测的压强和折射率、高度、温度等月平均数据,构建了三种推算大气风场的方法。从风场的纬度高度分布、经度纬度分布及纬圈平均纬向风在不同季节的特性等方面,将计算结果与ECMWF ERA-interim再分析风场结果进行对比,发现计算结果与模式风场基本一致,能够反映出中高纬度大气风场的变化规律,偏差随高度的增高而逐渐增大,1hPa等压面以下偏差在10m/s以内。采用不同掩星数据推算出的大气风场之间的彼此差别很小,折射率与温度资料推算的大气风场几乎相同,高度数据推算出的风场相对前两者偏差稍大,但一般不超过2m/s。     

Quality assessment of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 GPS radio occultation data derived from single- and double-difference atmospheric excess phase processing

This study evaluates the quality of GPS radio occultation (RO) atmospheric excess phase data derived with single- and double-difference processing algorithms. A spectral analysis of 1 s GPS clock estimates indicates that a sampling interval of 1 s is necessary to adequately remove the GPS clock error with single-difference processing. One week (May 2–8, 2009) of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 data are analyzed in a post-processed mode with four different processing strategies: (1) double-differencing with 1 s GPS ground data, (2) single-differencing with 30 s GPS clock estimates (standard COSMIC Data Analysis and Archival Center product), (3) single-differencing with 5 s GPS clocks, and (4) single-differencing with 1 s GPS clocks. Analyses of a common set of 5,596 RO profiles show that the neutral atmospheric bending angles and refractivities derived from single-difference processing with 1 s GPS clocks are the highest quality. The random noise of neutral atmospheric bending angles between 60 and 80 km heights is about 1.50e−6 rad for the single-difference cases and 1.74e−6 rad for double-differencing. An analysis of pairs of collocated soundings also shows that bending angles derived from single-differencing with 1 s GPS clocks are more consistent than with the other processing strategies. Additionally, the standard deviation of the differences between RO and high-resolution European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) refractivity profiles at 30 km height is 0.60% for single-differencing with 1 and 5 s GPS clocks, 0.68% for single-differencing with 30 s clocks, and 0.66% for double-differencing. A GPS clock-sampling interval of 1 s or less is required for single- and zero-difference processing to achieve the highest quality excess atmospheric phase data for RO applications.     

Gravity recovery using COSMIC GPS data: application of orbital perturbation theory

 COSMIC is a joint Taiwan–US mission to study the atmosphere using the Global Positioning System (GPS) occultation technique. Improved formulas are developed for the radial, along-track, and cross-track perturbations, which are more accurate than the commonly used order-zero formulas. The formulas are used to simulate gravity recovery using the geodetic GPS data of COSMIC in the operational phase. Results show that the EGM96 model can be improved up to degree 26 using 1 year of COSMIC data. TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data are used to derive a temporal gravity variation. COSMIC cannot reproduce this gravity variation perfectly because of data noise and orbital configuration, but the recovered field clearly shows the gravity signature due to mass movement in an El Ni?o. Received: 3 March 2000 / Accepted: 10 November 2000     

Use of the L2C signal for inversions of GPS radio occultation data in the neutral atmosphere

Results from processing FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultations (RO) with the new GPS L2C signal acquired both in phase locked loop (PLL) and open loop (OL) modes are presented. Analysis of L2P, L2C, and L1CA signals acquired in PLL mode shows that in the presence of strong ionospheric scintillation not only L2P tracking, but also L1CA tracking often fails, while L2C tracking is most stable. The use of L2C improves current RO processing in the neutral atmosphere mainly by increasing the number of processed occultations (due to significant reduction in the number of L2 tracking failures) and marginally by a reduction in noise in statistics. The latter is due to the combination of reduced L2C noise (compared to L2P) and increased L1CA noise in those occultations where L2P would have failed. This result suggests application of OL tracking for L1CA and L2C signals throughout an entire occultation to optimally acquire RO data. Two methods of concurrent processing of L1CA and L2C RO signals are considered. Based on testing of individual occultations, these methods allow: (1) reduction in uncertainty of bending angles retrieved by wave optics in the lower troposphere and (2) reduction in small-scale residual errors of the ionospheric correction in the stratosphere.     

Analysis on the global morphology of stratospheric gravity wave activity deduced from the COSMIC GPS occultation profiles

Monthly mean global morphologies of potential energy density E _p from stratospheric gravity waves are revealed by observations of COSMIC GPS radio occultation. The E _p is obtained from vertical wavelengths ranging from 2 to 10 km over cells of 1° × 2° in latitude and longitude. The computed values confirm previous results and obtain new ones. The large gravity wave E _p values found in the tropics between 25°N and 25°S could be mainly due to the strong tropical cumulus convection; July values are larger than those for January (2007). In mid and high latitudes, the most prominent features of the northern winter hemisphere are the enhanced densities above the Eurasian continent and the North Atlantic and the depressed E _p values above the North Pacific and North America for which topography, wind sources and wind filtering may be responsible. In southern winter hemisphere, large E _p values are found around 180° and 300° longitudes that are likely due to the topography of the Antarctic plateau, the Antarctic Peninsula and South America. Enhanced E _p values are found over Scandinavia. However, there is no clear evidence to show that gravity waves are localized over the Rocky Mountains, the Himalayas and the Andes. Topography and planetary wave modulations are proposed to interpret the large-scale longitudinal variations and inter-hemisphere asymmetry of the GW activity.