The role of faculae in wave-energy transfer to upper layers of the solar atmosphere: Observations

The properties of Doppler-velocity oscillations in solar faculae are analyzed at the photospheric level (based on Fe I 6569 ? and Fe I 8536 ? lines) and chromospheric level (based on Hα and Ca II 8542 ? lines) to search for upward propagating waves. The similarity of the averaged power spectra at 2.5–4 mHz is not found to be convincing proof of the presence of unidirectional wave-energy transfer from the photosphere to the chromosphere. Phase relations between the photospheric and chromospheric oscillations that are indicative of either upward or downward propagating waves are obtained for various areas in many faculae. This suggests that the wave energy of the five-minute oscillations returns to the photosphere, at least partially. The derived properties suggest that the role of faculae in the transfer of the five-minute oscillations to the chromosphere and overlying layers is not as obvious as could be expected. The relatively typical presence of low-frequency (0.5–2 mHz) oscillations in faculae and their possible important role in this energy transfer are noted.     

工程场地土层地震反应模型实例分析

在给定基岩地震输入的情况下计算实际场地土层不同深处的地震动反应谱,然后修改实际土层模型参数,在考虑土层厚度和软弱夹层变化的情况下进行地震反应分析,得出一些有意义的结论。     

Energetics of lower tropospheric planetary waves over mid latitudes: Precursor for Indian summer monsoon

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, kinetic energy and momentum transport of waves 0 to 10 at 850 hPa level are computed from monthly mean zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind from equator to 90?N. Fourier technique is used to resolve the wind field into a spectrum of waves. Correlation analysis between All India Seasonal Monsoon Rainfall (AISMR) and energetics of the waves indicates that effective kinetic energy of waves 1, 3 and 4 around 37.5?N in February has significant correlation (99.9%) with the subsequent AISMR. A simple linear regression equation between the effective kinetic energy of these three waves and AISMR is developed. Out of 47 years’ (1958–2004) data, 32 years (1958–1989) are utilized for developing the regression model and the remaining 15 years (1990–2004) are considered for its verification. Predicted AISMR is in close agreement with observed AISMR. The regression equation based on the dynamics of the planetary waves is thus useful for Long Range Forecasting (LRF) of AISMR. Apart from the regression equation, the study provides qualitative predictors. The scatter diagram between AISMR and effective kinetic energy of waves 1, 3 and 4 around 37.5?N indicates that if the kinetic energy is more (less) than 5m²s^-2, the subsequent monsoon will be good (weak). Stream function fields indicate that high latitude trough axis along 40?E (70?E) leads to a good (weak) monsoon over India.     

地震作用下大型地下洞室群位移特征的若干影响因素分析

利用三角级数叠加法,考虑到基岩场地的深度衰减效应,生成了大型地下洞室群非平稳人工地震动加速度时程。然后利用动力时程分析法,对大渡河某水电站大型地下洞室群进行了非线性地震动力响应分析,研究在不同频谱人工地震波作用下地应力特征、峰值加速度和频谱对大型地下洞室群位移特征的影响。分析结果表明,地下洞室群相对位移随着侧压力系数和峰值加速度的增加而略有增加,不同频谱的地震波有着截然不同的位移特征。研究成果对高地震烈度区地下洞室群抗震稳定性分析具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Shallow water wave spectral characteristics along the eastern Arabian Sea

The spectral characteristics of shallow water waves were studied at two locations along the eastern Arabian Sea during 2011. Wave spectra were single-peaked from June to October and predominantly double-peaked during the rest of the year. Even though both locations were subjected to open sea conditions, the percentage of single-peaked spectra was large (63 %) in the southern location compared to a location 350 km north (46 %), because of variation in local winds. Throughout the year, the double-peaked spectra were mostly swell dominated in the southern location. In the northern location, the double-peaked spectra during January to May and December were sea dominated due to the strong local winds blowing from north-west. For the double-peaked wave spectra, the average difference between the spectral peaks was 0.11 Hz, and the average ratio of the spectral energy density at the two peaks was 0.5. Significant wave heights up to 4.2 m and a maximum wave height of 7 m were observed during the south-west monsoon period. Fifty per cent of the waves recorded had spectral peak wave periods between 6 and 12 s. The narrowest directional spectra were found for waves with 10–12-s peak wave periods. Inverse wave age values were biased towards lower values with peaks in the range of 0.2–0.6, indicating a swell-driven wave regime along the eastern Arabian Sea.     

The nature of decimeter-wave microburst emission

New observations of solar microbursts are reported. The spectra of microbursts can contain narrow features (Δf/f ≤ 0.03). Possible mechanisms for the generation of the microburst radio emission are analyzed, focusing on mechanisms that preferentially generate ordinary waves. Together with the well-known generation of radio emission at the fundamental plasma frequency, mechanisms associated with upper-hybrid waves and resonant-transition radiation are considered. The radio emission at the upper-hybrid frequency always corresponds to ordinary waves. Ordinary waves can also dominate in resonant-transition radiation, but the presence of well-developed small-scale turbulence in the emission region is required. Possible mechanisms for the generation of this turbulence include thermal fluctuations, Langmuir turbulence, quasi-stationary structures created by plasmawaves, and ion-acoustic waves. Probable origins of the quasi-periodicity of microbursts are analyzed.     

藏北雁石坪夏里组高频岩相旋回的驱动机制研究

Walsh频谱分析引用不连续的方波代替傅里叶频谱分析中连续的正弦波和余弦波,由于Walsh函数的不连续性,它广泛应用于地层旋回周期的检测。藏北雁石坪地区中侏罗统夏里组发育一套以砂岩、泥岩为主的高频岩相旋回,在地层颜色上也表现出较好的旋回性。对该组地层岩性和颜色进行Walsh频谱分析对比发现,岩性频谱曲线及颜色频谱曲线的主频周期与米兰科维奇旋回周期之间均具有极好的对应关系,认为海平面的周期性变化是夏里组高频岩相旋回的驱动机制。同时根据岩性旋回频谱和颜色旋回频谱计算得出夏里组的沉积速率约为0．111m／ka,沉积持续时间约为3．689Ma。     

Spectral width parameter for wind-generated ocean waves

An evaluation of the spectral width parameter for wind-generated ocean waves is presented based on the analysis of wave data obtained through the ship-borne wave recorder fitted to RVGaveshani. The coverage of wave data includes deep as well as shallow waters on the east and west coasts of India. Considering that the spectral width parameter ?₀ derived from Tucker's wave analysis provides a reasonably accurate estimate, a comparative study has been made for the other band-width definitions available in the literature. The results indicate some bias in the estimation of spectral width information using higher-order moments, e.g. ? _S andv, and with the alteration of spectral forms that are usually associated with multiple- or single-peaked wave spectra. Such a bias is not seen in the case of Goda's peakedness parameterQ _p with variation of spectral form. The effect of the ratio of the high-frequency cut-off to the spectral peak period on ? _S ,v andQ _p is also investigated.     

基岩表面地脉动谱比研究

目前,场地影响评价方法可以分为理论法和经验法。地脉动水平分量与竖向分量谱比法属经验法。这种方法将地脉动水平分量与竖向分量谱比的最大值对应的频率和幅值分别看作是观测场地的卓越频率和放大因子。虽然该法在国内外很多工程实例中得到了理想的结果。但由于这种方法建立过程中应用了许多假设,所以很多地震工程学家对这种方法持怀疑态度。本文讨论了基岩地脉动水平分量与竖向分量谱比为1这一假定的合理性。并采用泊松弹性半空间模型,应用概率分析方法考虑地脉动的随机性,推导了地下体波斜入射弹性半空间自由表面形成地脉动的水平分量与竖向分量谱比表达式。通过计算论证体波斜入射泊松弹性半空间形成的地脉动水平分量与竖向分量谱比特性。结果表明：当地脉动主要成分为体波时,基岩表面地脉动水平分量与竖向分量谱比接近于1;当地脉动主要成分为面波时,基岩表面地脉动水平分量与竖向分量谱比介于0.54～0.79之间。对泊松基岩,该比值是0.68。     

Anisotropy of small-scale inhomogeneities in the region of solar-wind acceleration

A model is proposed to explain observational data on the scattering of radio signals, which indicate that small-scale plasma-density inhomogeneities in the region of solar-wind acceleration are strongly elongated in the radial direction, with the degree of elongation sharply decreasing at heliocentric distances of about six solar radii. The evolution of the energy spectra of the fluctuations of the magnetic field and plasma density is studied assuming that the plasma-density fluctuations are generated locally by nonlinear interactions of high-frequency Alfven waves, and that the gradients of the mean plasma parameters are smooth. The growth rates of the main nonlinear processes are estimated. The strong elongation of the inhomogeneities first arises when the Alfven waves travel through the chromosphere-corona transition layer, then survives to considerable distances from the Sun because the associated nonlinear relaxation processes are fairly slow. Estimates of the degree of elongation of the inhomogeneities and the characteristic distance for changes in the angular wave spectra are in good agreement with radio propagation data.     

Sedimentological and 14C dating studies of past tsunami events in Southern Sri Lanka

After the 2004 Sumatra?CAndaman tsunamigenic earthquake, waters from the ocean moved upstream along rivers, bays, harbors, and lagoons and inundated many coastal and inland locations in the southern, eastern, and northern parts of Sri Lanka. The tsunami waters were observed to move upwards inland and then recede downwards to the ocean after varying inundation periods in different coastal areas. Subsequent massive tsunami waves came with the wave height varying from 3 to 8?m inland with speed of about 30?C40?kmph. The oceanic waves carrying heterogeneous sediments with water deposited them in coastal as well as inland locations about 1?km from the present coastline. Given the chaotic nature of tsunami oceanic waves, pre-tsunami deposits, such as beach sands, debris from coral reefs and buildings, parts of vehicles and ships, and tree trunks are found incorporated in authentic tsunami sediments. Thus, the texture, structure, and composition of sediments deposited by tsunami waters differed from one location to another. Therefore, in identifying paleo-tsunami sediments, care was taken to compare them with diagnostic unmixed uncontaminated recent tsunami sediments having characteristic textures and marine microfossil assemblages, such as foraminifera, radiolarians, and diatoms where preserved in coastal depressions. The radiocarbon ages of the carbonate and the organic fractions of these sediments are stratigraphically inconsistent, indicating mixing of sediments by the tsunami waves. The concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen and their isotopic signatures confirm marine origin of these sediments.     

Envelope soliton solution for finite amplitude equatorial waves

Using shallow water equations on an equatorial beta plane, the nonlinear dynamics of the equatorial waves is investigated. A general mathematical procedure to study the nonlinear dynamics of these waves is developed using the asymptotic method of multiple scales. On faster temporal and spatial scales the equations describe the equatorial wavesviz, the Rossby waves, Rossby gravity waves, the inertia gravity waves and the Kelvin waves. Assuming that the amplitude of these waves are functions of slower time and space scales, it is shown that the evolution of the amplitude of these waves is governed by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. It is then shown that for the dispersive waves like Rossby waves and Rossby-gravity waves, the envelope of the amplitude of the waves has a ‘soliton’ structure.     

Spectral wave characteristics along the central coast of eastern Red Sea

The Jeddah coast lies in the central eastern Red Sea, which is characterized by the predominant northwest winds and the associated wind waves throughout the year. A detailed investigation on the spectral wave characteristics in the nearshore regions of the Jeddah coast has not been carried out yet, primarily due to the lack of data. In the present study, we have analyzed the available wave spectra measured at two nearshore locations along the Jeddah coast using wave gauges. The wave spectra were separated into wind sea and swell components using a frequency-based algorithm, and the integral wave parameters corresponding to each component were derived. Although the measurements were limited to the summer season, notable features such as the diurnal variability and the superimposition of wind seas and swells have been identified from the spectra. The superimposition is mainly due to the interaction of the young swells propagated from the northern Red Sea and the local breezes prevailing along the coast at certain periods in a diurnal cycle. Based on the wave speed calculations and the estimated time shifts between the wind and waves, the potential swell regions have been backtracked.     

Determination of shear wave velocity and depth to basement using multichannel analysis of surface wave technique

The dispersive characteristics of Rayleigh type surface waves were utilized to estimate shear wave velocity (Vs) profile followed by imaging the shallow subsurface granitic layers in the heart of Hyderabad. The reliability of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) depends on the accurate determination of phase velocities for horizontally traveling fundamental mode Rayleigh waves. Multichannel recording leads to effective identification and isolation of various factors of noise. Calculating the 1-D shear wave velocity (Vs) field from surface waves ensures high degree of accuracy irrespective of cultural noise. The main advantage of mapping the bed rock surface with shear wave velocity (Vs) is the insensitivity of MASW to velocity inversion besides being free from many constraints such as contrast in physical properties etc. Modeling of surface waves data results a shear wave velocity (Vs) of 250?C750 m/s covering the top soil to weathering and up to bedrock corresponding to a depth range of 10?C30 m. Further, the computed N values (which is an indicator of site characteristic) based on the harmonic shear wave velocity up to a depth of 5 m is found to be quite high (> 25?C30) well above 5 indicating the site to be safe and strong enough and not prone to liquefaction. A pair of selected set of results over granites are presented here as a case study highlighting the salient features of MASW.     

东疆红山Cu-Au矿床氧化带硫酸盐矿物穆斯堡尔谱特征及其意义

穆斯堡尔谱对确定铁离子占位、核外环境及氧化态方面有着独特的优势。在红山铜金矿床氧化带硫酸盐矿物的XRD、TA、湿法化学分析和红外光谱测试的基础上,测定了板铁矾、针绿矾等8种硫酸盐矿物的室温57Fe穆斯堡尔谱,并根据常温下硫酸盐矿物穆斯堡尔谱参数和其晶体结构中Fe3+和Fe2+的占据位置对其谱峰进行了指派。结果表明本矿床氧化带硫酸盐矿物的穆斯堡尔谱的同质异能位移较小、四级矩分裂值分布范围较大、无磁超精细分裂等特征,且硫酸盐矿物结构中存在着共价键。通过与青海锡铁山铅锌矿氧化带硫酸盐矿物的穆斯堡尔谱相比较,两者在近地表风化及氧化过程中所处的物理化学条件基本相同,酸性和氧化性的环境为硫酸盐矿物的产生和保存提供了良好条件,但红山矿床更为干旱少雨,导致两者硫酸盐的穆斯堡尔谱参数略有不同。     

舟山岛东北部沿海实测台风浪特性

为了解影响舟山岛的台风浪特性,基于舟山岛东北部沿海水域深、浅水两个测站同步测量的6个台风过程波浪资料,统计分析了两测站的波参数变化和谱变化特性,探讨了波浪变化的原因。研究显示:①灿鸿过程的深、浅水站最大波高均大于其他5个台风浪过程;②多数台风浪过程深水站波向主要为东及东南东向,而浅水站主要为东、东北东及东北向,水下地形对波向变化起主要作用;③不同路径台风对两测站谱型有明显影响,灿鸿、巴蓬、黄蜂和天鹅过程的波浪在两站以双峰谱为主,苏迪罗和杜鹃过程深水站波浪以单峰谱居多,浅水站则多峰谱多于单峰谱。研究成果对沿海建筑物的设计以及防灾减灾有重要参考价值。     

Source parameters of some recent earthquakes in the Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt

Gulf of Aqaba is recognized as an active seismic zone where many destructive earthquakes have occurred. The estimation of source parameters and coda Q attenuation are the main target of this work. Fifty digital seismic events in eight short-period seismic stations with magnitude 2.5–5.2 are used. Most of these events occurred at hypocentral depths in the range of 7–20 km, indicating that the activity was restricted in the upper crust. Seismic moment, M _o, source radius, r, and stress drop, Δσ, are estimated from P- and S-wave spectra using the Brune’s seismic source model. The average seismic moment generated by the whole sequence of events was estimated to be 4.6E?+?22 dyne/cm. The earthquakes with higher stress drop occur at 10-km depth. The scaling relation between the seismic moment and the stress drop indicates a tendency of increasing seismic moment with stress drop. The seismic moment increases with increasing the source radius. Coda waves are sensitive to changes in the subsurface due to the wide scattering effects generating these waves. Single scattering model of local earthquakes is used to the coda Q calculation. The coda with lapse times 10, 20, and 30 s at six central frequencies 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 Hz are calculated. The Q _c values are frequency dependent in the range 1–25 Hz, and are approximated by a least squares fit to the power law [ $ {Q_c}(f) = {Q_o}{(f/{f_o})^\eta } $ ]. The average of Q _c values increases from 53?±?10 at 1.5 Hz to 700?±?120 at 24 Hz. The average of Q _o values ranges from 13?±?1 at 1.5 Hz to 39?±?4 at 24 Hz. The frequency exponent parameter η ranges between 1.3?±?0.008 and 0.9?±?0.001.     

Tidal effects in geomagnetic variations

Doklady Earth Sciences - This paper reports the results of processing and analysis of geomagnetic variations, estimates of their spectra, and the first identified waves of lunar–solar tides...     

Risk management study on impulse waves generated by Hongyanzi landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir of China on June 24, 2015

On June 24, 2015, Hongyanzi slope located in Wushan County of the Three Gorges Reservoir collapsed, generating 5–6-m-high impulse waves, which overturned 13 boats, killed 2 persons, and injured 4 persons. It is the second incident of landslide-generated impulse waves since the 175-m experimental impoundment in 2008. The emergency investigation shows that Hongyanzi landslide is a bedding soil landslide with a volume of 23?×?10⁴ m³ induced by a series of triggering factors such as rainfall, flooding upstream, and reservoir drawdown. The nonlinear Boussinesq water wave model is used to reproduce the impulse waves generated by the landslide of June 24th. The numerical simulation results suggest that the wave propagation process was influenced by the T-shaped geomorphic conditions of river valley, and the coastal areas in the county seat were the major wave-affected areas, which is opposite to the landslide. The numerical wave process accord well with the observed incident, and the investigation values were in good agreement with the calculated values. Moreover, the worst-case scenario of the 7?×?10⁴ m³ deformation mass beside Hongyanzi landslide is potential to generate impulse waves, which was predicted with the same numerical model. This adjacent deformation mass will probably generate impulse waves with maximum height and run-up of 2.2 and 2.0 m, respectively, and only a very few areas in the water course had waves rising to a height of 1 m or above. The research results provide a technical basis for emergency disposal to Hongyanzi landslide and navigation restriction in Wushan waterway. More importantly, it pushes the risk management of the navigation based on the impulse wave generated by landslide. It is advised that the Three Gorges Reservoir and other reservoirs around the world should put more efforts in performing special surveys and studies on the potential hazards associated with landslide-generated impulse waves.