惠民凹陷西部沙四下亚段冲积扇沉积类型与成因分析

本文在岩心观察和描述的基础上,结合地震、测井等资料及平面上砂体的分布形态,对惠民凹陷西部沙四下亚段的沉积特征及成因进行了研究。认为研究区沙四下亚段主要发育冲积扇沉积的泥石流扇和辫状河扇两种类型,共识别出了6种沉积微相。宁南断层和无南断层下降盘发育大面积的辫状河扇沉积。砂体垂直岸线分布,延伸距离较远。平面上分布呈扇形,沉积相带分异不明显,主要沉积微相为辫状河道、河道砂坝与河道间沉积。邻近齐广断层断崖处发育泥石流扇沉积,砂体不甚发育,与辫状河扇相比,该沉积类型砾岩富集,扇体规模较小。相带变化比较明显,主要沉积微相为泥石流沉积、河道沉积与漫流沉积。该沉积体系的形成主要受构造活动、古地貌、物源区性质与古气候等因素的影响,断裂活动是该沉积体系形成的决定性因素。     

黄骅坳陷北部马头营凸起馆陶组砂体成因及展布特征

综合运用钻井岩心、测井、三维高分辨率地震等资料,对渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷北部马头营凸起馆陶组砂体成因及展布特征进行了系统的研究。结果表明:馆陶组沉积前期发育2条规模大、延伸较远,呈近NS、NNW—SSE展布的沟槽,指示物源主要来源于北部燕山褶皱带。馆陶组为冲积扇-辫状河-曲流河沉积序列;馆三下段为冲积扇扇中辫状河道和河道间漫流相,发育扇中辫状河道成因砂体;馆三上段为辫状河道和泛滥平原相,发育河床滞留沉积和心滩成因砂体;馆二段和馆一段为曲流河沉积,河床滞留沉积、边滩、决口扇和天然堤是主要的砂体成因类型。馆陶组可划分为3个长期旋回,7个中期旋回,16~19个短期旋回;以短期旋回为单元,建立了馆二段等时地层对比的高分辨层序地层格架;层序格架控制着砂体的分布模式,馆二段短期旋回的下部砂岩发育,是主要的储集层。层控测井约束反演提高了馆二段薄互层河道砂体预测的精度,馆二段各砂层组反演预测平面砂地比反映河道砂体呈NE—SW向的展布特征。     

冀北承德盆地杏石口组沉积相及演化模式

笔者在完成"河北1/5万新杖子、承德幅区域地质矿产调查"工作中,选取了更具代表性的承德县上谷乡杏石口组剖面进行了实测和研究,并将其细分为两个岩性段,一段以粗碎屑沉积为主,岩性主要为砾岩夹少量砂岩透镜体;二段主体为一套细碎屑沉积,岩性为砂岩、粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩(局部发育1-2层煤线)。据岩石组合特征将其划分为泥石流沉积、辫状河道沉积、筛状沉积、漫流沉积、河道滞留沉积、边滩沉积和河漫滩沉积共7种沉积成因类型,进而归纳出杏石口组一段属于冲积扇沉积相,包括扇根、扇中和扇缘3个沉积亚相;杏石口组二段为河流沉积相;晚期局部沼泽化,形成河沼相沉积。在此基础上初步建立了杏石口组沉积演化模式。     

煤层中的河道泥石流相沉积及相关采煤生产措施

在陆相含煤断陷盆地，煤层中的河道泥石流相沉积通常比较发育，并成为影响采煤生产的重要地质因素。以铁法盆地大兴井田为例，文章论述了煤层中的河道泥石流相沉积发育的地质背景，指出冲积扇前泥炭沼泽是这类河道泥石流的多发地段，冲积扇源洪水是形成煤层中河道泥石流相沉积的主要因素；从岩石学、几何形体等方面阐述了煤层中河道泥石流相沉积特征；并根据煤层中河道泥石流的平面分布规律，提出相关采煤生产方案以减小或避免这类泥石流相沉积对采煤生产的负面影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘砾质冲积扇沉积学特征

晚三叠世鄂尔多斯西缘冲积扇沉积主要由碎屑流、颗粒流、片流及河道砾岩等组成。文中讨论了各类砾岩的沉积学特征,同时指出,不同成因的砾岩,其粒度分布曲线形态及某些粒度参数亦不同.据此本文提出了根据-系列新的粒度分布曲线形态和粒度参数Mdf,Rgs和Mdf/Rgs等甄别冲积扇中不同类型砾岩的设想。     

柴达木盆地切12区沉积层序及对油气富集的控制作用

柴达木盆地昆北油田切12区发育厚层砂砾岩油藏。砂砾岩成因类型及分布规律认识不清是制约油藏开发的关键地质因素。综合利用地质、测井、地震及开发动态等资料,在等时层序地层格架内,系统研究砂砾岩的成因类型、分布规律及其对油气富集的控制作用。研究结果表明,切12区下干柴沟组下段发育冲积扇沉积,可划分出辫状水道、泥石流、漫流沉积、径流水道及洪泛平原5种沉积微相类型,可建立“泛连通体”夹间歇性水道、稳定水道形成的叠置分隔复合水道、辫状水道与漫流沉积侧向相间、径流水道镶嵌于洪泛平原泥岩4个沉积构型单元。垂向上,冲积扇整体表现为粒度下粗上细、湖进退积型的沉积序列;平面发育6个冲积扇体,呈由北向南迁移的规律。沉积相带对油气分布具明显控制作用,沉积构型单元控制油气纵向富集,扇体变迁控制油气平面聚集。     

江西于都晚白垩世陆相红盆层序地层研究

在探讨于都陆相小型红盆晚白垩世岩石地层划分的基础上,对其进行了沉积相划分及沉积环境、沉积体系分析,认为这套地层总体形成于冲积扇-湖泊沉积体系,且以前者为主。沉积环境可具体划分为冲积扇、冲泛平原、湖泊,并将冲积扇按成因进一步划分为泥石流、分枝河道(辨状河)、片流及洪泛等4种沉积相。在旋回及叠加型式研究基础上又进行了层序地层的划分,将该地盆划分为2个二级构造层序及5个三级旋回层序,并对盆地地质演化进行了讨论。     

鲁东诸城地区晚白垩世恐龙集群埋藏地沉积相与埋藏学初步研究

鲁东诸城盆地白垩系由下向上包括林家庄组、辛格庄组和红土崖组。下白垩统林家庄组为杂色粗碎屑岩系;上白垩统辛格庄组为杂色细碎屑岩系,红土崖组为砖红色砂岩、砾岩互层沉积夹玄武岩(73.5Ma),为恐龙化石埋藏层位,并与区域上莱阳青岛龙及恐龙蛋化石等产出层位可以对比。诸城地区晚白垩世时期主要为冲洪积沉积环境,辛格庄组上部为洪泛平原粉砂岩—细砂岩—灰质土加积序列,局部夹扇中辫状河砾岩、粗砂岩,红土崖组下部与下伏辛格庄组顶部过渡部位是冲积扇泥石流、辫状河和洪泛平原粉砂泥质砾岩、砂岩加积沉积序列。识别出与冲积扇沉积体系相关的3种埋藏相类型:冲积扇泥石流、洪泛平原和辫状河河道(砂砾岩),前二者是研究区主要的埋藏相类型。所含化石主要为鸭嘴龙的残体骨骼,个体大小参差不等,互相间可叠盖一起,同时也有孤立发育的骨骼化石。高密度、单一种类恐龙残体骨骼化石的沉积、埋藏特征代表了恐龙集群埋藏—沉积事件。     

民和盆地上侏罗统湿型冲积扇沉积

本文通过岩相特征、粘土矿物分布、早期成岩矿物组合、微量元素等特征的综合分析，认为民和盆地上侏罗统下部为一较典型的湿型冲积扇沉积。冲积扇扇中发育河道冲刷充填和漫流沉积，而泥石流不发育。沉积层序与现代湿型冲积扇可对比。扇体中粘土岩及早期成岩矿物组合中富含高岭石，应与扇体发育时的潮湿气候和弱酸性流体的较强的淋滤有关。由粘土岩中微量元素因子分析进一步表明，该地层中富硼、钒的特征与相邻非扇相地层明显不同     

季节性河道与暂时性河道的沉积特征——以新疆白杨河冲积扇为例

通过对新疆现代白杨河冲积扇的地貌和现代沉积进行调查,发现冲积扇表面发育两种不同类型的河道,一种为季节性河道,另一种为暂时性河道。暂时性河道内水流占有率小于50%直至接近于0,主要由暴雨形成突发性洪水造成,季节性河流河道内流水占据率为50%左右,输出水流特征介于暂时性河道和常年性河流河道之间。白杨河主河道属于季节性河道,河道占冲积扇表面面积2.1%,沉积物以砾石质为主,颗粒粗、磨圆度高、分选较好,泥质含量低、叠瓦状排列特征明显,沉积物具有向下游变细的趋势,河道形态沿程变化明显。暂时性河道占冲积扇表面面积97.9%,沉积物粒度相对较细,磨圆度低、分选差、泥质含量高,河道规模向下游减小,分叉增多。季节性河道以河道径流为主,暂时性河道主要以片流、泥石流等方式搬运沉积物。季节性河道沉积物主要来自上游较远的源区,暂时性河道的沉积物来源于冲积扇扇根附近基岩风化形成的倒石锥,塌积扇和山地泥石流沉积,一部分来自于对冲积扇原有沉积物的改造、搬运和再沉积。季节性河道是形成冲积扇扇体的主要动力,暂时性河道主要对冲积扇起改造作用。研究深化了对干旱地区冲积扇沉积过程和沉积特征的认识,丰富了冲积扇的沉积模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组 的沉积体系与物源方向

野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积：而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖-深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外．还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐-玄马-板桥-固城-合水-带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组的沉积体系与物源方向

野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积：而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖-深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外．还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐-玄马-板桥-固城-合水-带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。     

Alluvial fan and wetland interactions: evidence of seasonal slope wetlands from the Silurian of south central Wales,UK

Distal environs of the Ludlow‐age Trichrug Formation from south central Wales (UK) detail deposition on the outer fringe of an ephemeral debris flow‐dominated alluvial fan. Debrites and subordinate sheetflood deposits are interbedded with sporadic thin sandstone‐dominated heterolithic units deposited in shallow, ephemeral ponds in the axial valley. The latter slope wetland system fringed the permeable alluvial fan deposits, being maintained by streamflow, precipitation and ground water recharge. A prolonged high water table is indicated by low chroma intervals interpreted as the result of gleying. A variety of redoximorphic indicators, including colour mottling and ferricrete concretions, are evidence of iron mobilization and concentration associated with a seasonally fluctuating water table. The slope wetlands were colonized periodically by Skolithos‐generating organisms, most likely to have been arthropods. The widespread occurrence of redoximorphic indicators and ferricrete contrasts markedly with calcrete Vertisols in penecontemporaneous continental deposits (Lower Old Red Sandstone) of the region. It is likely that the alluvial fan‐toe area was the site of a wetland depression, which maintained a high, though fluctuating, water table. In contrast the alluvial channel reaches of the surrounding drainage network were significantly better drained, with floodplains prone to wetting and drying and Vertisol palaeopedogenesis.     

The significance and timing of sheetflood vs braided channel deposition on lacustrine fan deltas,Junggar Basin,NW China

The fan-delta reservoir play has become an important exploration target within the Junggar Basin, especially in the Mabei area within the Mahu Sag, where a fan-delta oil and gas pool has been recently discovered. The sedimentary characteristics, distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of the fan-delta clastic bodies in Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation (T1b) were studied using seismic, well log and core data accompanied by a flume tank experiment and a modern analogue depositional study. The T1b in the Mabei area is composed of a fan delta consisting of fan-delta plain (including debris flow deposits, sheetflood deposits, braided channel deposits, and floodplain deposits), fan-delta front (including subaqueous reworked sheetflood deposits and distal sheetflood deposits) and muddy lake deposits. The sheetflood deposits, characterised by moderately sorted conglomerates with brown matrix, form during the peak flooding. They are widespread and sheet-like, occupying the major portion of the fan-delta plain. The braided channel deposits are characterised by well-sorted and clast-supported conglomerates and pebbly sandstones, formed later during the falling flow stage. Owing to the decline in volume and velocity, and the formation of continuously braided fluid flow, the sediments of the flood period are reworked, generating the braided channels. Laterally, the braided channels occur as belts of clastic bodies surrounded by continuous sheetflood deposits. Vertically, the braided channels are interbedded between the sheetflood deposits. The subaqueous reworked sheetflood deposits are characterised by greyish-green, well-sorted and clast-supported conglomerates, whereas the distal sheetflood deposits are characterised by well-sorted sandstones, intercalated with mudstone. The subaqueous reworked sheetflood and distal sheetflood deposits are a distal partly subaqueous extension of the main sheetflood deposits, albeit reworked by basinal currents and waves. The distal sheetflood deposits form on distal fringes of the sheetfloods and are more thoroughly reworked by longshore and wave currents. The braided channel, subaqueous reworked sheetflood and distal sheetflood deposits can form high-porosity reservoirs. These findings challenge the common view and suggest that the channelised facies on the fans are not the main flood events; rather, the more extensive sheetfloods are the major flood events.     

Effect assessment of debris flow mitigation works based on numerical simulation by using Kanako 2D

Mitigation works are very essential for mitigation of debris-flow hazards in mountainous areas. Usually, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of existing mitigation works in a catchment. This paper presented a method for quantitative assessment of debris flow mitigation measures by using Kanako system, a user-friendly GUI-equipped debris flow simulator that allows good visualization and easy interpretation. Kanako 2D (Ver. 2.04) was applied to a case study at Caijia Gully, Sichuan Province, China. Mitigation works including check dams, drainage channel, and deposition basin were constructed in the gully in 2001 and 2006. Kanako 2D can simulate debris flow from steep area to alluvial fan. 1D simulation was applied for assessing the effect of the check dams at the lower part of the gully, and 2D simulation was applied for the effect of the drainage channel and deposition basin on the alluvial fan. The simulation results indicate that debris flow will cause great damage to residential area on the alluvial fan if mitigation measures were not implemented in the gully. For old dams which have been filled up with deposits of previous debris flows, the results show that they still have the function for controlling debris flow due to the gradient reduction of the channel bed in front of the dams by the trapped debris flow deposition. After the comprehensive control of debris flow including trapping, drainage, and deposition in the gully, the simulation results indicate that the risk on the alluvial fan can be reduced to an acceptable level.     

砾质辫状河型冲积扇沉积微相及沉积模式:以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例*

冲积扇砂砾岩储集层具有相变快、连续性差等特点,显示冲积扇内部沉积环境的复杂性。本次研究以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例,在丰富的野外露头资料基础上,结合区域水文资料以及冲积扇文献资料,对白杨河冲积扇沉积演化特征及沉积模式进行探讨。按其沉积机制,白杨河冲积扇属于辫状河型冲积扇,具有规模大(扇体总面积约327.6km²)、坡度平缓(约4‰~7‰)、沉积粒度粗和漫洪细粒沉积物不发育的典型特征。在白杨河冲积扇内共可识别出16种岩相类型,并根据岩相形成的流体动力差异划归为5类成因,即重力流成因、高流态牵引流成因、低流态牵引流成因、静水沉积成因以及风成沉积成因。白杨河冲积扇扇体建造过程可划分为洪水期和间洪期2个时期,洪水期以沉积作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根补给水道沉积、扇根片流沉积、扇中片流沉积、扇中辫状水道沉积、扇缘径流水道沉积和扇缘湿地沉积6种沉积微相类型;间洪期以改造作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根主槽沉积、扇中辫状沟槽沉积和扇缘湿地沉积3种沉积微相类型。最后,依据白杨河冲积扇建立了砾质辫状河型冲积扇洪水期和间洪期的沉积模式。     

琼东南盆地崖南凹陷海湾扇三角洲体系沉积构成及演化模式

本文以琼东南盆地崖南凹陷陵水组三段扇三角洲体系为例，详细讨论了进积于海湾背景环境下扇三角洲体系的岩性相、成因相及其空间配置关系。研究区海湾扇三角洲体系自下而上潮汐作用越来越强，其垂向演化可划分为三个阶段，早期为以河流作用占优势阶段，中期为河流和潮汐混合作用阶段，晚期为以潮汐作用占优势逐渐过渡为以潮汐作用占优势。     

湖相重力流沉积特征及沉积模式

应用深水沉积学和地震沉积学的相关理论,通过岩心观察描述、钻测井资料分析及平面沉积相编图,对下刚果盆地A区块白垩系Pointe Indienne组深水重力流的类型、沉积特征、垂向沉积组合及沉积模式进行了探讨分析,指出该地区发育砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流及与重力流形成过程相关的滑动—滑塌沉积,并总结了该深水重力流的沉积模式。结果表明:砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理细砂岩为主,含大型漂浮泥砾和泥岩撕裂屑;泥质碎屑流沉积以泥级碎屑为主,含有少量的暗色泥岩碎屑和砂质团块,见“泥包砾”结构;浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为特征;滑动—滑塌沉积具有明显的剪切滑移面,可见旋转火焰构造、砂岩扭曲杂乱分布及褶皱变形层;纵向上可识别出4种类型的重力流沉积垂向组合,以多期砂质碎屑流沉积叠置和砂质碎屑流沉积与浊流沉积叠置最为常见;研究区深水重力流沉积可分为上部扇、中部扇和外部扇3部分,上部扇以主水道沉积为主;中部扇以辫状水道和溢岸沉积为主,砂体厚度较大;外部扇以朵叶体沉积和薄层浊积岩为主,砂体厚度相对较薄。     

新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型*

应用研究区丰富的密井网和邻近露头资料,探讨了新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型单元的层次划分系统,并建立相应的沉积构型模式。在冲积扇的扇根、扇中和扇缘各亚相带,进一步划分了3个级次的构型要素以表达其内的沉积复杂性。扇根亚相主要由主槽、片流带和漫洪带组成,其中,在主槽内主要发育槽流砾石（岩）体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）与泥石流沉积,在片流带内主要发育片流砂砾体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）,在漫洪带主要发育漫洪砂体和漫洪细粒沉积,总体构型样式以广泛分布的砾石坝夹含流沟和漫洪沉积的“泛连通体”为特征;扇中亚相主要由辫流带和漫流带组成,其中,辫流带的主体构型要素为辫流水道（可细分为砂坝和沟道）,总体构型样式为复合宽带状辫流水道砂体与漫流细粒沉积侧向相间、垂向互层为特征;扇缘亚相主要由径流带和漫流带组成,其中,径流带的主体构型要素为径流水道,总体构型样式以窄带状径流水道和漫流砂体镶嵌于漫流—湿地泥岩之中为特征。