内蒙古中部阿巴嘎地区的三趾马（N2）红土及其工程特性的形成

作者近年来的研究结果表明,在中国北方为黄土和其它第四纪沉积物所覆盖的三趾马（N2）红土是一种性质特殊的区域性膨胀土,具有蒙脱石含量高膨胀性显着的特点,对本区的工程建设和地质灾害的发生具有重要的影响。本文是对内蒙古中部阿巴嘎地区三趾马红土的工程特性及其形成机理的宏观微观综合研究结果。     

陕西宝鸡市新近系硬粘土工程地质特性 与斜坡失稳效应

陕西宝鸡市新近系硬粘土包括风成三趾马红土和“古三门湖河湖相堆积”的硬粘土,是西北地区典型的硬粘土地层之一,也是控制宝鸡市北坡黄土塬边大型滑坡分布的关键地层。为了深入认识该类特殊岩土,尤其是膨胀性粘土矿物（蒙脱石和其混层矿物）,根据该类地层的空间分布特征采集了30多个岩土样品,在宏观与细观结构特征分析基础上,利用移液管法、精细X-射线衍射（XRD）技术、乙二醇与乙醚极性有机分子吸附法,完成了样品粒度成分的定量分析和粘土矿物的精细测定,分析其膨胀势,并结合区域滑坡分布与工程边坡病害,揭示其边坡灾害效应。     

滇西北红粘土的工程地质特性及其灾害效应

在野外地质调查的基础上,结合室内土工试验,系统分析了滇西北红粘土的物质组成、物性特征和工程地质特性,并以此为基础探讨了其地质灾害效应。研究结果表明：滇西北红粘土粒度组成主要以粘粒为主,粘土矿物成分比较复杂,在丽江以南其矿物成分主要以高岭石（K）为主,在丽江以北则以伊利石/蒙脱石（I/S）混层矿物为主。此外,滇西北红粘土具有含水量高、重度低、塑性高、膨胀性弱等物性特征,在天然状态下比较稳定,但是随着含水量的增加其土体强度大大降低,易引发滑坡、水土流失等地质灾害。     

三峡库区万州安乐寺滑坡滑带特征

安乐寺滑坡是三峡库区典型的缓倾角红层基岩滑坡, 对其滑带特征进行详细的研究有助于揭示缓倾角红层基岩滑坡的形成机制.宏观地质特征显示, 安乐寺滑坡滑带是侏罗系红层中灰白色泥岩(软弱夹层) 经挤压滑动所形成的, 擦痕指示最后一次滑动方向为100°.通过X射线衍射分析和红外光谱分析表明, 安乐寺滑坡滑带主要矿物成分为蒙脱石、伊利石、长石、石英等; 其特点是蒙脱石含量高, 并且滑动面上的蒙脱石含量高于滑带的蒙脱石含量.经扫描电镜观察, 滑带土微观结构以片状结构与定向排列结构为主; 显微擦痕发育, 并指示滑带曾发生过多次滑动.对滑带土的物理力学性质进行实验研究可知: 滑带土为中等膨胀性粉质粘土, 其抗剪强度低; 且吸水膨胀后, 抗剪强度大大降低.滑带土的这些特殊性质, 为安乐寺滑坡的滑动提供了物质基础.      

风成三趾马红土与第四纪黄土的粘土矿物组成异同及其环境意义

文章基于X射线衍射、热分析和理化分析,对西峰三趾马红土的粘土矿物组成进行较系统研究,并与上覆第四纪黄土和古土壤样品进行对比.结果表明,二者的粘土矿物类型相似,以伊利石为主,其次是绿泥石、蒙脱石和高岭石; 但伊利石结晶度明显低于第四纪黄土,而与发育较好的第四纪古土壤(如S4和S5)相当; 三趾马红土中的粘土矿物组成主要为碎屑成因,成壤作用只对伊利石结晶度有明显影响.根据现代土壤粘土矿物地带性分布规律,三趾马红土的粘土矿物组合指示了大约6Ma以来,我国北方黄土高原地区一直处于温带半湿润-半干润的环境条件下,以后的气候主要在此范围内波动.但伊利石结晶度的变化指示了晚中新世-上新世总体比第四纪较高的风化成壤强度,体现了较强的夏季风效应.     

第四纪网纹红土的类型与网纹化作用

第四纪网纹红土在中国南方红土发育区内广泛分布,具有特殊的结构,是第四纪红粘土的重要组成部分,按照质地网纹红土可分为均质类网纹红土和非均质类网纹红土。测试结果显示:（1）均质类网纹红土的粒度组成以粉砂（5～50 μm）和粘粒（<5 μm）为优势粒级,砂（>50 μm）含量很小,不足3%;粒度频率曲线多数呈单峰正偏形态,众数峰值位于5.5～6.5之间,部分呈双峰形态,两个峰值分别位于6和8附近;CIA值较高（84.31%～89.26%）,ba值较低（0.19～0.30）;稀土元素平均含量和分布模式与风尘沉积相似,87Sr/86Sr值与佳县上新世红粘土接近;εNd（0）介于-10.54～-12.66之间,表明物质源区基本稳定;均质类网纹红土的理化特征体现了风成沉积的特性和风化成土作用的显著影响,可称之为加积型网纹红土。（2）非均质类网纹红土发育自冲洪积相、坡积相沉积物或基岩风化壳红土,土体粉砂含量明显减少,多小于50%,砂含量大大增加,>50 μm和>250 μm粒级的离散系数较高,指示了显著的非均质特征;CIA值多数大于84%,化学元素和风化指标的离散系数多小于10%,显示其经历了较为强烈和稳定的风化作用。第四纪网纹红土的形成先后经历了风化成土过程和网纹化过程,南方红土区在网纹红土发育期内具有整体湿润的气候条件。     

华北第三系潞王坟组膨胀岩主要造岩矿物鉴定及微观特征研究

华北上第三系泥灰岩和粘土岩都具有粘粒含量高及"半土半岩"的性质,具有遇水易崩解、膨胀的特性,呈弱~强膨胀潜势。以该区代表性膨胀岩为研究对象,通过X射线衍射实验(XRD)及电镜扫描(SEM)实验和能量光谱测试试验,分析膨胀岩土的造岩矿物的物质组成和微观结构特征。试验结果表明:泥灰岩含有非膨胀矿物方解石、石英、长石以及含有膨胀矿物蒙脱石、高岭土、伊利石等,矿物成分以方解石含量最高在38%~42%之间,其次为蒙脱石,含量在31%~35%之间。粘土岩同样含有以上矿物,但含量与泥灰岩有很大不同,粘土岩中蒙脱石含量35%~40%之间,而方解石的含量只有10%,远低于30%石英的含量。微观结构观察显示,泥灰岩中有少量方解石结晶体,局部富集半结晶的方解石,岩石中的粘土矿物呈层状局部褶曲,有溶蚀边,微细裂缝及孔洞少,而粘土岩中在电镜下未见方解石晶体,粘土矿物有大量褶曲,含大量微细裂缝及孔洞。     

黄土?三趾马红土滑坡滑带土的长期强度影响因素研究

西北地区三趾马红土广泛分布,其蠕变特性强、变形后强度衰减明显,为典型的易滑地层。以往研究较少关注三趾马红土的长期强度衰减规律,为探讨三趾马红土强度时间效应,文章开展三趾马红土蠕变试验研究,获取其蠕变全过程曲线;利用等时曲线法求取其长期强度,并分析影响因素对长期强度影响的敏感性。结果表明:三趾马红土蠕变性强,蠕变特性受初始条件影响显著,试样干密度越小、含水率越高、试验围压越小,其蠕变变形量越大;三趾马红土蠕变变形后强度衰减明显,强度损失率为6.67%～34.58%,干密度越小、含水率越高、围压越小其长期强度越低;三趾马红土长期强度衰减随影响因素变化敏感性不同,随含水率变化最为敏感,随围压变化敏感性次之,随干密度变化敏感性最低;三趾马红土强度损失率变化则呈现不同规律,干密度越小、含水率越高、围压越低,其强度损失率越大,且其变化幅度随围压变化最为敏感,随含水率变化次之,随干密度变化敏感性最低。     

黄河中游三趾马红粘土的岩石学研究及古气候意义——以陕西府谷老高川三趾马红粘土剖面为例

将岩石学研究方法引入三趾马红粘土研究中,利用薄片系统观察、电镜扫描、Ｘ－射线衍射、粒度分析及化学分析手段,对红粘土的岩石学、微结构及形态学进行较为细致的研究。结果表明,各粘土层下部的沉淀层系成壤过程中钙质从上部土壤中淋滤并向下迁移再沉淀的结果。土壤中粘化层的光性定向粘粒及淀积铁质粘胶膜的发育程度受古气候及淋滤作用强度的控制。红粘土形成过程中主要为干旱、半干旱－半湿润气候的草原疏林环境,也有湿润气候的森林环境出现。府谷老高川三趾马红粘土剖面记录了四个大的气候旋回     

黄河中游三趾马红粘土的岩石学研究及古气候意义--以陕西府谷老高川三趾马红粘土剖面为例

将岩石学研究方法引入三趾马红粘土研究中,利用薄片系统观察、电镜扫描、Ｘ－射线衍射、粒度分析及化学分析手段,对红粘土的岩石学、微结构及形态学进行较为细致的研究。结果表明,各粘土层下部的沉淀层系成壤过程中钙质从上部土壤中淋滤并向下迁移再沉淀的结果。土壤中粘化层的光性定向粘粒及淀积铁质粘胶膜的发育程度受古气候及淋滤作用强度的控制。红粘土形成过程中主要为干旱、半干旱－半湿润气候的草原疏林环境,也有湿润气候的森林环境出现。府谷老高川三趾马红粘土剖面记录了四个大的气候旋回     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861