Analysis of Canada’s Oceanography Research Situations and Latest Trends

Canada is a typical maritime country, fisheries economic prosperity and marine sustainable development have been the main management and research work. From two perspectives of research literatures and latest strategic plans, this paper studied the ocean research priorities and hot trends of Canada. The study found that the marine science and technology in Canada focuses on marine populations and ecosystems, protection of the marine environment and species, marine monitoring and data information, marine technology and management tools, Climate change and arctic research, deep-sea material energy and driving mechanisms. In the future, Canada will continue further study on arctic research, global warming, ecosystem monitoring, deep-sea exploration, marine new energy and new technologies. In summary, Canada’s research situations and development trends may provide a useful reference to China’s development of the marine industry.     

泥石流危险性分区及其在泥石流减灾中的应用

泥石流是一种突发性山地灾害,至今尚缺乏准确有效的预报方法。减灾工程也只能对一定规模的泥石流起到防御作用。泥石流危险性分区在泥石流减灾中具有重要作用。以泥石流运动数值模拟为基础,以数值模拟获得的流速和流深等参量为分区指标的危险性分区是泥石流危险性分区研究的重点和发展方向。其中,泥石流危险性动量和动能分区充分反映了泥石流的破坏能力,可以提供更为精确的定量化的分区结果。该类分区方法在城镇等有重要危害对象的泥石流减灾中具有广泛的应用。不仅可以应用于泥石流危险区和安全区的划定、泥石流灾害预估、泥石流临灾预案制定、泥石流抢险救灾方案制定和泥石流灾情评估等,还可以应用到山区土地利用规划、山区城镇建设规划和财产保险评估等领域,并起到防灾和减灾的作用。     

磨西河流域泥石流流域形态的非线性特征

泥石流是磨西河流域地质环境演化的一个重要地表过程,研究该流域内泥石流的地貌发育及演化特征可为磨西河流域第四纪以来地质环境的演变提供重要信息.通过对流域51条泥石流沟地貌形态的统计分析发现,磨西河流域内泥石流的分布在空间上表现出明显的不均性,流域内泥石流沟的数量与对应的主沟长度、主沟纵比降及流域面积之间存在着明显的分形现...     

波罗水电站库区泥石流发育分布特征研究

金沙江上游波罗水电站库区泥石流较发育,有不同类型泥石流沟130条。泥石流以暴雨沟谷型泥石流为主,多集中发育于岩性相对软弱的千枚岩、岩屑砂岩及板岩的相对宽谷段,多为黏性泥石流。流域内绝大部分泥石流处于衰退或停歇状态,现代活动泥石流规模不大,多发育于植被破坏较严重区域,对当地人民生命安全及波罗水电站水库的淤积等影响不大。     

昆明市东川区城市后山地区泥石流特征及防治

通过系统地对城市后山地区主要泥石流沟特征的分析,科学地选取治理工程措施,基本达到有效控制深沟泥石流物源的运移,减轻或消弱其它各沟泥石流危害的防治目标。通过削弱泥石流灾害的发育、发展,从而减轻地质灾害对东川市城区的威胁。     

不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的分析——特大型泥石流灾害发生的思考

通过对特大型泥石流灾害发生的思考,详细分析了蒋家沟1995—1997年43场泥石流暴发的不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的关系。分析结果表明：泥石流的产沙规模与不同权重降雨的入渗范围、深度的土体极限应力状态（C、Ф、P,）有关。根据不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的关系,可以将泥石流分为：土力型（A）和迳流型（B）两大类型。土力型（A）泥石流有24场占总样本的55．81％,而其产沙量却占样本总产沙量的85％。迳流型（B）泥石流有19场占总样本的44．19％,但该类泥石流的产沙量只占样本总产沙量的15％。     

Recognition of debris flow,debris flood and flood hazard through watershed morphometrics

Debris flows, debris floods and floods in mountainous areas are responsible for loss of life and damage to infrastructure, making it important to recognize these hazards in the early stage of planning land developments. Detailed terrain information is seldom available and basic watershed morphometrics must be used for hazard identification. An existing model uses watershed area and relief (the Melton ratio) to differentiate watersheds prone to flooding from those subject to debris flows and debris floods. However, the hazards related to debris flows and debris floods are not the same, requiring further differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that a model using watershed length combined with the Melton ratio can be used to differentiate debris-flow and debris-flood prone watersheds. This model was tested on 65 alluvial and colluvial fans in west central British Columbia, Canada, that were examined in the field. The model correctly identified 92% of the debris-flow, 83% of the debris-flood, and 88% of the flood watersheds. With adaptation for different regional conditions, the use of basic watershed morphometrics could assist land managers, scientists, and engineers with the identification of hydrogeomorphic hazards on fans elsewhere.     

The Cheam rock avalanche,Fraser Valley,British Columbia,Canada

The Cheam rock avalanche, which occurred about 5,000 years ago in the lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, is the largest known catastrophic landslide in western Canada (175×10⁶ m³). A photo-draped digital elevation model of the rock avalanche reveals two morphologically distinct areas, an eastern area of arcuate hummocky ridges separated by flat-floored depressions and a lower western area with a subdued, gently rolling surface. Debris is up to 30 m thick and consists of rubbly, clast- and matrix-supported diamicton derived from local argillaceous metasedimentary rocks. Failure was probably caused by high pore water pressures on a thrust fault that daylights in the source area. Plastic deformation of sediment beneath the rock avalanche debris suggests that liquefaction occurred due to undrained loading when the debris struck the Cheam terrace. Liquefaction also explains the morphology and travel distance of the western debris lobe. The coincidence of well-sorted sands (the Popkum Series soil) with the rock avalanche debris indicates that significant amounts of water flowed over the surface of the landslide just after it came to rest. Stó:lõ Nation oral history suggests that the debris may have buried a village, causing the first known landslide fatalities in Canada.     

Snow Avalanche Hazard in Canada – a Review

Snow avalanches affect recreation, transportation, resource industries and property. During the 1990s an average of 12.5 persons per year were killed in avalanches in Canada. The snow avalanche hazard has affected people and facilities in B.C, Alberta, Yukon, NWT, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland. Avalanche risk may be voluntary, for example skiing and snowmobiling, or involuntary, for example public transportation corridors. A worst-case avalanche scenario is most likely to occur in the Western Cordillera, resulting from a single large-scale weather pattern, where a cold period resulting in the development of a weak layer in the snowpack is followed by a series of major mid-winter storms. Emergency preparedness for avalanches is most advanced in western Canada. New education and information initiatives in Quebec and Newfoundland are aimed at improving preparedness there. Current research is focused on avalanche forecasting, weather forecasting for avalanche prediction, avalanche failure characteristics, forestry and avalanches and geomorphology and avalanches. An important area of future research is the impact of climate change on avalanches, particularly in northern Canada.     

A hypoplastic constitutive model for debris materials

Debris flow is a very common and destructive natural hazard in mountainous regions. Pore water pressure is the major triggering factor in the initiation of debris flow. Excessive pore water pressure is also observed during the runout and deposition of debris flow. Debris materials are normally treated as solid particle–viscous fluid mixture in the constitutive modeling. A suitable constitutive model which can capture the solid-like and fluid-like behavior of solid–fluid mixture should have the capability to describe the developing of pore water pressure (or effective stresses) in the initiation stage and determine the residual effective stresses exactly. In this paper, a constitutive model of debris materials is developed based on a framework where a static portion for the frictional behavior and a dynamic portion for the viscous behavior are combined. The frictional behavior is described by a hypoplastic model with critical state for granular materials. The model performance is demonstrated by simulating undrained simple shear tests of saturated sand, which are particularly relevant for the initiation of debris flows. The partial and full liquefaction of saturated granular material under undrained condition is reproduced by the hypoplastic model. The viscous behavior is described by the tensor form of a modified Bagnold’s theory for solid–fluid suspension, in which the drag force of the interstitial fluid and the particle collisions are considered. The complete model by combining the static and dynamic parts is used to simulate two annular shear tests. The predicted residual strength in the quasi-static stage combined with the stresses in the flowing stage agrees well with the experimental data. The non-quadratic dependence between the stresses and the shear rate in the slow shear stage for the relatively dense specimens is captured.     

基于GIS的北京地区泥石流危险度区划

泥石流是北京市山区的主要地质灾害类型之一,文章将北京市以3km×3km的网格进行剖分,选取地形、地层岩性、构造、灾害因子及降水5个因素作为泥石流危险度区划的指标,基于GIS对北京市泥石流危险程度进行了区划。其结果可为北京市开展泥石流预警预报、减灾防灾规划和山区经济建设布局等提供科学参考依据。     

泥石流危险性评价的新思路

泥石流的多样性、复杂性和多因素等特征,使其具有很大的破坏性,也增加了其危险性评价的难度。近10年来,我国泥石流每年造成损失约33～36亿元,死亡数百人。由此可见,泥石流的危险性评价在我国国民经济建设中起着非常重要的作用。国内外许多学者对此也做了深入的研究,提出了许多有效的预测措施,在一定程度上减少了国家的经济损失。针对目前的研究现状,笔者系统分析和总结了当今泥石流危险性评价的研究方法,结合未来灾害学的发展方向,提出了一种基于信息熵理论研究的新思路,并进行了初步探索。     

昆明市泥石流风险性评价研究

采用比较成熟的泥石流危险性评价模型,结合ESRI（Environment System Research Institute）公司开发的新一代GIS软件——ARCGIS9．2,对昆明市泥石流进行危险度评价,得出了昆明市各县区的危险度。易损性评价是泥石流灾害风险性评价的一部分,根据国内有关易损性的理论成果,我们建立了昆明市泥石流易损性评价模型,对昆明市以各县区为单位进行了易损性评价,得出了昆明市各县区的易损度。利用联合国给出的自然灾害风险性评价模型：R—H×V,易损度和危险度相乘,得出了昆明市的风险度。使用ARCGIS9．2的自然分级和制图输出功能,对昆明市泥石流风险性进行了分区和制图,给出了昆明市泥石流风险性评价图。结合实际情况综合评判之后发现昆明市各县区呈现出泥石流灾害易损度和危险度不均衡的现象,因此,泥石流灾害发生时,外部社会救援工作就显得特别重要。     

桩基础在大型泥石流拦砂坝中的应用

"5.12"震后,震区泥石流处于高发期。拦砂坝是目前泥石流治理工程中主要的工程措施,新近泥石流堆积体上修建重力式拦砂坝对地基和基础要求较高。以魏家沟泥石流治理工程1#拦砂坝实例,分析桩基承台基础在泥石流治理工程中的应用,并为类似工程的治理提供参考。     

Transnational ruptures and sutures: questions of identity and social relations among Guatemalans in Canada

This article examines the ruptures and sutures of Guatemalan refugee transnationalism in the context of settlement in southern Ontario, Canada in the 1980s and 1990s. Political violence became deeply imbedded in `community' relations and subsequently ruptured the social fabric of Guatemala. Through the optic of transnationalism, this research examines the ways in which Guatemalans in Canada work to transform, rely on, and create new primary social relations that stretch across borders when face-to-face `community' connections are no longer possible. Transnational ruptures rather than transnational flows are evident due to varying legal status, the continuing instability, impunity, and insecurity associated with living conditions in Guatemala. Ruptures are reinforced by low income levels (in both countries) leading to lack of communication, and the physical distance between the two countries that inhibits regular travel. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

GIS-based hazard mapping and zonation of debris flows in Xiaojiang Basin,southwestern China

Debris flow sites were identified at 140 locations in the Xiaojiang Basin in Yunnan province, southwestern China. Their spatial distribution and catchment characteristics are described in detail on the basis of previous research, air photo interpretation, field investigation and mapping using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Using a statistical approach, a quantitative model of hazards assessment and zonation was developed through synthesis analysis of basin areas, gradients, and the relative reliefs of these debris flow sites. In terms of debris flow hazard assessment, areas within the Xiaojiang Basin can be classified as severe, heavy and light hazard regions.     

泥石流排导槽研究进展及发展方向

泥石流是我国最常见的地质灾害之一,在5.12汶川地震后表现得尤为突出。排导槽作为一种结构简单、经济适用的防护措施在泥石流的防治工程中发挥了重要作用。本文简要阐述了泥石流排导槽的发展历程,重点分析比较全衬砌槽和软基消能型槽的结构特点、排导原理、优缺点及适用范围,其中全衬砌槽束水冲砂的特点增加泥石流的排泄,减少淤积,适于下游有广阔停淤区域或主河有足够输移能力的泥石流;而软基消能槽设置贯穿型横向潜槛,增大摩擦,降低流速,适于下游有城镇、铁路、工厂等重要基础设施的泥石流;分别从横纵断面优化、材料选择等角度总结了排导槽的研究进展:初步界定排导槽合理纵比降为3°～10°;横断面上对矩/梯形、圆形、V形等几种主要槽型水力条件进行分析比较,得出圆形断面最优;尝试运用高强混凝土等新型材料或结构增加排导槽的抗磨强度,延长其使用年限;综合考虑泥石流地质地貌背景、水文条件、施工难易程度、经济与否等多方面因素,选择最合适的排导工程;指出随着各项土木工程中生态需求的日益增长,今后研究工作中应加强模型试验,尤其是交错齿槛等生态型泥石流排导槽的研究,进一步完善泥石流排导槽的优化设计体系。     

中国公路泥石流研究

公路泥石流是指发育于公路沿线并对公路桥涵、路基路面及相应防护结构具有冲击毁损和淤埋破坏的病害类型。丰富的物源、具有焚风效应的气象条件以及泥石流沟轴线与区域新构造应力场主压应力方向一致等是形成大型泥石流的宏观背景。将泥石流概化为固、液两相流体,运用两相流理论、泥沙运动力学、Bingham流变方程和Bagnold颗粒相互作用试验结果等,初步建立了泥石流固-液分相流速计算方法、基于泥石流在防治结构表面及泥石流沟岸产生的冲击形迹建立的反求泥石流冲击力计算方法以及泥石流磨蚀力计算方法。开发了速流结构、泥石流隧道及翼型墩汇流结构等10余种防治技术,集成了拦-汇-排等多种综合治理模式。据此撰写了《公路泥石流防治工程设计、施工指南》。实施了60余个防治工程。效果显著。研究成果初步构建了公路泥石流理论及技术体系。     

Debris flow susceptibility zonation using statistical models in parts of Northwest Indian Himalayas—implementation,validation, and comparative evaluation

Natural Hazards - Debris flows are natural disasters with devastating consequences and frequent recurrence in changing climatic regime of the Indian Himalayas. Therefore, it is necessary to...