桩-土动力相互作用对桩基变形特性和受力性能的影响

本文研究水平地震作用下桩-土体系中桩基的地震反应,为桩基的抗震设计提供依据。以单桩为研究对象,建立有限元分析模型并加以验证,再根据场地条件选取输入波,分析了桩、桩-均匀土体、桩-分层土体3种模型处于弹性和弹塑性状态下的桩基的变形特性和受力性能。研究表明,桩动力分析时必须考虑桩周土的影响,若按静力法的桩-弹簧模型进行桩的设计会使桩身不安全。     

筒桩基础的地震反应分析

本文基于Biot动力固结方程，在BDWF模型的基础上，通过等价线性迭代不断修正土体模量以逼近土体的非线性动态响应，对建筑筒桩基础的地震反应进行了动力分析。为了分析筒桩基础的地震反应，考虑桩-土-结构的动力相互作用，将桩-土-结构地震反应分析的空间体系简化为二维问题计算。结果表明，筒桩基础桩基相对桩基于桩基有较好的抗震性能，筒桩基础的柔性改善了结构的基本周期。     

某桥梁桩基础的抗震计算研究

当前桩基础的抗震设计仅采取构造措施来保证其抗震性能,有可能会过高或过低地估计桩基础的抗震性能。针对某桥梁桩基础的抗震设计,建立全桥的三维有限元模型,计算在桩-土-结构共同工作情况下桩基础的地震响应,通过输入不同地震波来进行对比分析,并对结果进行复核,得出:(1)桩身内力响应与所输入地震动的频谱特性有关,桩身沿横桥方向的内力最大;(2)对于该场地的桥梁桩基础,桩-土-结构共同工作的有限元分析结果与m法结果差别不大;(3)当承台埋深为0时,桩身内力基本都偏大,要对承台侧土体做相应的加固处理。     

叉桩布置对高桩码头地震动力反应的影响

为了解叉桩对码头抗震性能的影响作用,建立高桩码头结构动力有限元模型,以全直桩高桩码头、美国Okland港第七街高桩码头和霍华德高桩码头为算例,研究全直桩码头、叉桩承台码头、叉桩置于全直桩码头后方这三种码头结构型式的地震反应,在此基础上提出设计建议.分析结果表明,全直桩码头结构柔度大,延性好,内力分配相对均匀,可通过大变形吸收地震能量,抗震性能较好;叉桩置于码头承台时,码头结构刚度相对较大,使叉桩节点易于发生破坏;叉桩置于全直桩码头后方时,叉桩可阻挡部分地震波的传播,降低码头结构刚度,减小码头桩周土弱化程度,全直桩码头结构的抗震性能显著提高.     

某沿海软土地区核电厂核岛天然地基及桩基抗震承载力分析

针对我国核岛厂房建设尚没有采用桩基础的现状,以某拟建核电厂嵌岩桩加固后的软土地基为研究对象,采用滑面应力法确定地基天然承载力,采用等效线性法描述近场地基非线性特征,粘性人工边界模拟辐射阻尼效应及考虑桩土效应影响的节点耦合,建立了桩-土-结构动力相互作用模型,并通过有限元分析计算得到静力、地震作用下桩体内力分布,给出满足抗震承载力要求的配筋方案。研究结果可为类似条件下的核岛厂房软土地基处理方案的抗震设计提供借鉴与参考。     

地震区跨活动断层桥梁桩基动力时程响应分析

为了研究强震区桥梁跨活动断层时,桩基在地震中的动力响应,以海文大桥为工程背景,利用Midas GTS有限元软件建立其强震区桩-海床岩土体-断层耦合作用的数值模型,研究不同强度(0.20g～0.60g)的50年超越概率为10%的地震波(后文简称5010地震波)作用下,桥梁桩基加速度、位移、弯矩及剪力的动力时程响应特性。结果表明：上部大厚度松散土体对桩身加速度有放大及滤波作用,而基岩对桩身加速度几乎不产生作用;断层上、下盘桩基础的桩顶水平位移随输入地震动强度的增大而增大,但达到振幅的时刻一致;上、下盘桩基础桩顶竖向位移时程响应都在50 s以后产生永久沉降;桩身最大弯矩截面处时程响应均在40 s以后产生永久弯矩;应重点考虑上部覆盖层软硬土体界面和基岩界面的抗弯承载力设计,及桩顶和基岩面附近的抗剪承载力设计;上盘桩基础按桩身加速度、弯矩、桩顶水平位移等动参数控制设计,下盘桩基础按动剪应力控制设计。     

温度对铅芯橡胶支座隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响分析

为了研究温度对铅芯橡胶支座（LRB）隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响,以一座七跨连续梁桥为对象,考虑LRB在夏季和冬季不同温度下的力学特性,利用OpenSees对桥梁抗震性能进行研究。通过对不同温度下墩柱、支座及桥梁系统的地震易损性分析,获得了温度对铅芯橡胶支座隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响。结果表明:（1）与夏季相比,冬季低温降低了桥墩的延性及LRB的剪切变形和耗能能力,使地震作用时墩顶位移和支座变形均小于夏季,降低了LRB的减震效果;（2）冬季低温增大了地震作用时桥墩、LRB及桥梁系统在各个破坏状态的损伤概率,在中等及严重破坏状态时损伤概率相比夏季分别增加了8%和15%。在寒冷地区进行LRB隔震桥梁设计时,应考虑低温导致的LRB隔震效果降低对桥梁抗震性能的影响。     

承台高度变化对桥梁墩桩抗震性能的影响

以寿江大桥为研究对象,为研究承台高度变化对桥梁墩桩抗震性能的影响,采用规范公式计算和地震反应分析的方法,对寿江大桥在强震作用下的墩桩承载力进行分析。研究表明,原设计情况下,桥梁4、5#桥墩及其桩基在强震作用下承载力满足规范要求。变更设计承台提升14 m,设计基于现行规范地震烈度8度是满足要求的,但是4、5#桥墩对应的桩基在强震作用下(汶川地震重现的地震)都将发生受弯破坏,提出了桥梁设计相应抗震对策。对承台高度分别提升3 m、6 m、9 m、14 m进行桥梁墩桩地震反应分析,表明承台高度提升后桥梁抗震性能有所下降。研究为强震易发地区的高桩承台桥梁设计提供重要参考。     

大直径扩底灌注桩的地震反应特性

大直径扩底桩的地震反应分析对其抗震设计至关重要。本文采用ABAQUS有限元程序建立地震荷载作用下扩底桩-土-结构和普通等直径桩-土-结构动力相互作用体的三维有限元模型,分析大直径扩底桩与普通等直径桩地震反应的差异。桩周土采用Drucker-Prager弹塑性模型以考虑土体的非线性,桩体采用线弹性模型,桩与桩周土之间设置非线性接触。输入Imperial Vally地震波,对两种桩基的地震反应进行了数值计算,分析了桩土模量比、软夹层、上部质量等因素对桩基地震反应的影响。结果表明:与普通等直径桩相比,扩底桩的抗震性能没有明显提高,扩底直径对抗震性能影响不大,增大扩底桩直径,并不能提高扩底桩的抗震性能;上部结构的质量及桩土模量比对桩基的动力响应影响显著。     

桩土共同作用下桩长对结构抗震性能影响分析

桩基础是松软深厚地基上高层建筑的主要基础形式,其长度直接影响高层建筑的抗震性能。尽管桩基础有较广的应用范围,但桩长与结构整体抗震性能的相关性研究还颇为少见。根据上海某高层建筑地基基础结构数据建立软土地基上桩基础高层建筑平面动力有限元计算模型,以横观各向同性材料模拟软土地基,弹性阻尼人工边界模拟地基半无限体,薄膜单元模拟桩土间接触滑移性能,并考虑桩-土-结构共同作用,采用上海地铁某车站地震监测数据作为地震波输入,在其他条件不变的情况下选择各种桩长进行计算,根据计算结果分析讨论在该模型条件下桩长选择对上部结构以及桩基础整体抗震性能的影响,提出优化方案。     

A Study of Piles during Earthquakes: Issues of Design and Analysis

The seismic response of pile foundations is a very complex process involving inertial interaction between structure and pile foundation, kinematic interaction between piles and soils, seismically induced pore-water pressures (PWP) and the non-linear response of soils to strong earthquake motions. In contrast, very simple pseudo-static methods are used in engineering practice to determine response parameters for design. These methods neglect several of the factors cited above that can strongly affect pile response. Also soil–pile interaction is modelled using either linear or non-linear springs in a Winkler computational model for pile response. The reliability of this constitutive model has been questioned. In the case of pile groups, the Winkler model for analysis of a single pile is adjusted in various ways by empirical factors to yield a computational model for group response. Can the results of such a simplified analysis be adequate for design in all situations?The lecture will present a critical evaluation of general engineering practice for estimating the response of pile foundations in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils during earthquakes. The evaluation is part of a major research study on the seismic design of pile foundations sponsored by a Japanese construction company with interests in performance based design and the seismic response of piles in reclaimed land. The evaluation of practice is based on results from field tests, centrifuge tests on model piles and comprehensive non-linear dynamic analyses of pile foundations consisting of both single piles and pile groups. Studies of particular aspects of pile–soil interaction were made. Piles in layered liquefiable soils were analysed in detail as case histories show that these conditions increase the seismic demand on pile foundations. These studies demonstrate the importance of kinematic interaction, usually neglected in simple pseudo-static methods. Recent developments in designing piles to resist lateral spreading of the ground after liquefaction are presented. A comprehensive study of the evaluation of pile cap stiffness coefficients was undertaken and a reliable method of selecting the single value stiffnesses demanded by mainstream commercial structural software was developed. Some other important findings from the study are: the relative effects of inertial and kinematic interactions between foundation and soil on acceleration and displacement spectra of the super-structure; a method for estimating whether inertial interaction is likely to be important or not in a given situation and so when a structure may be treated as a fixed based structure for estimating inertial loads; the occurrence of large kinematic moments when a liquefied layer or naturally occurring soft layer is sandwiched between two hard layers; and the role of rotational stiffness in controlling pile head displacements, especially in liquefiable soils. The lecture concludes with some recommendations for practice that recognize that design, especially preliminary design, will always be based on simplified procedures.     

多桩型复合地基作用机理与动力特性研究

对由碎石桩和CFG桩构成的多桩型复合地基的作用机理进行分析,通过数值模拟,对多桩型复合地基的动力特性进行研究,探讨桩型配比、桩径、桩长、CFG桩桩体刚度和碎石桩桩体渗透性等设计参数对多桩型复合地基动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:相同条件下地震期多桩型复合地基的动变形小于碎石桩复合地基而大于CFG桩复合地基,震后沉降量相对较小,在工程设计时碎石桩与CFG桩的桩型配比宜为4∶5;随桩体长度、桩体直径和CFG桩刚度的增加,多桩型复合地基地震期的竖向动变形逐渐减小;随碎石桩桩体渗透性的增加,多桩型复合地基中的超动孔隙水压力减小,震后沉降量降低。     

中日规范中关于液化和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计考虑之比较

评述了我国液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计规范。总结了中日两国液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基的抗震设计方法与技术细节,阐述了日本规范中液化场地和侧向扩流场地桥梁桩基抗震设计中的液化地基土反力折减系数的确定方法,以及土体液化侧向扩流对桩作用力的计算模式。指出我国规范中在液化和侧向扩流场地桩的抗震分析方法、不同土层分界处桩的抗震措施、桩的竖向承载力及桩的屈曲稳定性分析等方面存在的主要问题,据此给出了亟待改进的初步建议。这对我国桥梁工程的抗震安全性具有重要意义,可供我国工程技术人员参考借鉴。     

Foundation design considerations for a pile supported critical facility

A large reinforced concrete structure supported on piles extending to bedrock is evaluated using a seismic soil–structure interaction analysis. The physical structure, the supporting pile system, analysis model and analytical methodology used are described. Important considerations in the design of the foundation pile system using the seismic analysis loadings and deformations are discussed.     

端承桩在分层地基中的横向地震反应分析

本文对分层弹性地基中端承桩基础按Ｗｉｎｋｌｅｒ（温克尔）地基土模型，通过特性分析，建立了合理的力学模型，经过动力分析，给出了端承桩基础横向自由振动特性及在横向动力载荷与地震载荷作用下强迫反应的解析解。文中的解析公式为分层弹性地基中端承桩基础在横向动力载荷与地震载荷作用下的动力反应分析，提供了一种新的解析方法。     

基坑排桩对建筑抗震性的影响分析

以往对建筑抗震性影响因素的研究仅限于施工材料、技术手段等外部条件,忽略了基坑土体安全系数、基坑状态对建筑抗震性的影响,一定程度上削弱了建筑的抗震性能。本文从基坑排桩角度对建筑抗震性的影响展开分析,通过有限元强度折减法获取土体的安全系数与基坑状态的判断标准,在该标准下基于土体安全系数采用有限元强度折减法计算公式,获取各个土层计算参数。基于该参数使用ABAQUS有限元软件构建基坑排桩有限元分析模型(土体和桩体分别采用莫尔-库仑弹塑性模型和二维弹性模型)。实验采用所提分析方法,从基坑排桩排距、刚度两方面对建筑抗震性能进行分析。实验结果表明,当基坑排桩排距进行适当取值时,建筑抗震性越好;双排桩的刚度越大,建筑抗震性越好,且随着刚度的增加建筑抗震性能趋于平稳。     

Efficient analysis of pile-group effect on seismic stiffness and strength design of buildings

A new efficient method is developed for the analysis of pile-group effects on the seismic stiffness and strength design of buildings with pile foundations. An efficient continuum model consisting of a dynamic Winkler-type soil element and a pile is used to express the dynamic behavior of the structure-pile-soil system with only a small numerical error. The pile-group effect is taken into account through the influence coefficients among piles which are defined for interstory drifts and pile-head bending moments. It is shown that, while the pile-group effect reduces the interstory drift of buildings in general, it may increase the bending moment of piles at the head. This means that the treatment without the pile-group effect results in the conservative design for super-structures and requires a revised member design for piles.     

Effects of riverbed scour on seismic performance of high-rise pile cap foundation

To explore the seismic performance of a high-rise pile cap foundation with riverbed scour, a finite element model for foundations is introduced in the OpenSees finite element framework. In the model, a fiber element is used to simulate the pile shaft, a nonlinear p-y element is used to simulate the soil-pile interaction, and the p-factor method is used to reflect the group effects. A global and local scour model is proposed, in which two parameters, the scour depth of the same row of piles and the difference in the scour depth of the upstream pile and the downstream pile, are included to study the influence of scour on the foundation. Several elasto-plastic static pushover analyses are performed on this finite element model. The analysis results indicate that the seismic capacity (or supply) of the foundation is in the worst condition when the predicted deepest global scout depth is reached, and the capacity becomes larger when the local scour depth is below the predicted deepest global scout depth. Therefore, to evaluate the seismic capacity of a foundation, only the predicted deepest global scout depth should be considered. The method used in this paper can be also applied to foundations with other soil types.     

Response of a RC pile group in liquefiable soil: A shake-table investigation

Soil liquefaction induced by earthquakes frequently cause costly damage to pile foundations. However, various aspects of the dynamic behavior and failure mechanisms of piles in liquefiable soils still remain unclear. This paper presents a shake-table experiment conducted to investigate the dynamic behavior of a reinforced-concrete (RC) elevated cap pile foundation during (and prior to) soil liquefaction. Particular attention was paid to the failure mechanism of the piles during a strong shaking event. The experimental results indicate that decreasing the frequency and increasing the amplitude of earthquake excitation increased the pile bending moment as well as the speed of the excess pore pressure buildup in the free-field. The critical pile failure mode in the conducted testing configuration was found to be of the bending type, which was also confirmed by a representative nonlinear numerical model of the RC pile. The experimental results of this study can be used to calibrate numerical models and provide insights on seismic pile analysis and design.     

The Shaking Table Test on the Performance of Cement-mixed Piles in Liquefiable Railway Foundations

Cement-mixed piles, as countermeasure against liquefaction of silt and sand ground, can improve the shear strength and bearing capacity of foundation soil, meaning cement-mixed piles are capable of resisting displacement when an earthquake happens. However, investigations of cement-mixed piles by experimental methods such as the shaking table test is few and far between. It is especially true for the seismic performance of cement-mixed piles in liquefiable railway foundations in high seismic intensity regions. To this end, a cross-section of the Yuxi-Mengzi railway was selected as the prototype and studied by the shaking table test in this study. The results showed that composite foundation of cement-mixed piles was not liquefied when the seismic acceleration was lower than 0.30g. In the process of acceleration increasing from 0.30g at 2Hz to 0.60g at 3Hz, the upper middle silt outside slope toe was partly liquefied. The foundation soil under the shoulders and center of subgrade was far from the initial liquefaction criterion during the test. Cement-mixed piles can effectively reduce the embankment settlement and differential settlement. It can be concluded that, the design of cement-mixed piles can ensure the seismic performance of the subgrade, and satisfy the seismic design requirements of the Yuxi-Mengzi railway in areas of VⅢ degrees seismic fortification intensity.