濮阳小震集中区地震丛集特征分析

利用濮阳小震集中区1970年1月—2019年12月地震目录,基于最邻近事件距离算法计算地震丛集率,分析该区地震丛集特征。结果发现:(1)在中强地震前,濮阳小震集中区地震丛集率存在高值现象,而后出现不同程度的低值,与强震前地震活动从增强到平静的过程相吻合,对地震危险区判定有一定指示意义;(2) 1997年以来,4级以上地震主要分布在聊城—兰考断裂西侧,且小震出现相对“稀疏”异常,应给予关注。     

濮阳小震集中区发震机理分析与讨论

综合小震精定位和震源机制解两方面的结果,对濮阳小震集中区小震丛集活动的发震机理进行了分析.双差定位结果显示,大部分地震震源位于聊考主干断裂上,与断层的产状吻合;5次ML≥3.5地震的震源机制显示,双力偶模型可以较好地解释观测波形,小震震源机制主要为走滑型,初动符号呈象限分布;在参考了油田地质构造背景资料后,对濮阳小震集中区中、小地震活动与油田采油作业之间是否存在注水诱发关系进行了讨论.     

濮阳地震集中区双差层析成像研究

利用2000~2013年濮阳地震集中区的地震观测数据,采用双差层析成像方法,对地震进行精定位,并反演了濮阳地震集中区的三维速度结构。结果表明:小震震源主要位于聊城—兰考主干断裂上,优势深度集中在4~15 km之间,与断层的产状吻合;濮阳地震集中区的速度结构与地质构造有着一定的相关性,地震大部分发生在高速异常体内,高速异常体内的脆性介质往往是应力最为集中的地方,这可能是导致濮阳地震集中区小震发生的主要原因。     

以双差定位方法对郯城8(1/2)级地震震中附近现代小震重新定位

用双差定位方法对1668年郯城81/2级地震震中附近1974年以来400余个中、小地震重新进行定位.结果显示现代中、小地震震中分布仍集中于地震破裂带上,带状集中区与地质考察推测得到的发震断层安丘-莒县断裂的走向吻合.     

瀑布沟水库区域小震重新定位与地震性质研究

利用双差定位法对瀑布沟水库及邻区1 834次小震进行了重新定位,并对距水库水域最近的2个小震集中区的地震性质进行了分析。重新定位后得到1 708次小震结果,定位残差由原来的0.93s降为0.21s,水平向估算误差平均为0.6km,垂直向估算误差平均为2.9km; 平面空间分布显示,重新定位地震主要分布在研究区的西南(A区)、库中区(C区)和水库大坝附近(D区); A区小震密集与其处于鲜水河断裂中南段、安宁河北段和大凉山断裂北段交会区的特殊地理位置有关。C,D区高度集中分布的小震与水库蓄水无关,属于各种建设施工造成的爆破地震。     

浙江及邻区地震精定位及应用研究

对2006年2月～2010年4月浙江数字地震台网所有记录到的浙江及邻区范围内437个地震事件重新进行震相识别及定位,筛选出震相清晰且有4个台站记录的291个地震事件后,用双差地震定位法进行精确定位,得到多个事件内部相关事件之间的距离.结果表明,重新定位后地震震源的相对位置比常规地震定位方法得到的结果更加精确.此外本文得到了该区域内多个地震序列的精确活动图像,并根据新的定位结果讨论了地震分布、发震与断裂构造的关系,结果显示出较好的一致性.     

河津地震序列的精定位研究

采用双差定位法,对2010年1月24日发生在山西河津与万荣交界的4.8级地震序列进行重新定位,结果显示,重新定位后,对于本次地震的发震构造,地震现场考察结果依据等震线图、余震分布特征,对震中区附近的主要活动断裂进行逐个排查分析,最终确定为NW向的西辛封断裂.     

2008年以来荣昌地区地震重新定位及地震丛集原因初探

通过对荣昌地区地震重新定位,结合当地注水资料,对该地区2008年以来地震丛集的原因进行初步研究.收集了2007～2011年6月间荣昌台记录的131个远震,计算了这些地震的接收函数,用H-Kappa叠加方法得到台站下方及附近的莫霍面深度,并用线性反演方法反演了该区S波速度结构.利用接收函数反演得到的速度结构,采用双差定位方法对荣昌及其邻区2008 ～2011年8月间ML≥1.0地震进行了重新定位,得到了408个地震的精确位置.重定位结果显示地震的水平震中分布与华蓥山断裂走向一致,另外在通过2010年M4.7地震震中且垂直于华蓥山断裂的剖面中,地震分布所勾画的发震断层轮廓显示地震的发震断层倾向为SE,倾角约70°左右,这与华蓥山断裂的产状(50°∠75°)较为一致.分析了注水点与地震分布的空间关系及注水量与地震频度的关系,认为注水井位置距离2008年以来的几次4级地震震中较远,震源深度主要分布在6 ～ 7km,且注水量与地震频度的对应关系不显著,地震丛集性原因尚待更多研究.     

江苏中、南部及邻区地震重新定位及在断层研究中的应用

本文分析了地震相对定位的双差法和地壳结构与定位联合反演方法的优势与局限性,在联合反演中用遗传算法最优化,将上述两种方法结合,对江苏省中南部和相邻地区进行地震重新精定位.先对研究区进行地壳结构与定位联合反演,然后用得到的地壳结构,用双差法进行相对定位.就该区主要断层的平面分布及与地震的关系,溧阳6.0级地震、南黄海6.2级地震、常熟-太仓5.1级地震的震源深度与发震构造,常熟一张家港间震群的震源深度进行了分析讨论.     

华东地区几次强地震的深部结构

用自1982-2004年问发生在我国华东地区(29°～37°N,115°～130°E)的5742个地震,66265条S-P资料,在进行地震重新定位后,进行走时层析成像反演,获得了该区地壳三维速度结构.对1979年溧阳6级地震重新定位后,按分层分块办法研究震源附近深部结构与发震断层关系.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.