峨眉山地幔柱岩浆的起源及演化:苦橄岩和玄武岩流体组成和C-He-Ar同位素的制约

<正>峨眉山大火成岩省由大量的溢流玄武岩、基性-超基性岩体、少量的苦橄岩、凝灰岩、流纹岩和正长岩等组成,峨眉山地幔柱二叠纪活动时(256~263 Ma,Fan et al.,2008;Zi,et al.,2010;Tang,et al.,2015)位于赤道附近,活动中心位于大理-丽江-攀枝花一带。苦橄岩作为地幔柱岩浆作用早期形成的岩石,可以揭示地幔柱岩浆源区、原始条件及演化等过程。大理-宾川-丽江地区苦橄岩的Sr-Nd同位素显示地壳混染程度小     

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省的时空特征和岩浆动力学

塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省是继峨眉山大火成岩省之后在中国境内发现的又一个二叠纪大火成岩省。近十多年来,对塔里木大火成岩省及其与地幔柱和大规模成矿的关系受到极大关注。本文结合近年来国内外的最新研究进展,对塔里木大火成岩省的时空分布、岩石地球化学特征、成因演化和动力学过程以及成矿潜力进行综述。塔里木大火成岩省的残余分布面积达25万km2,岩石类型主要有大陆溢流玄武岩(分布广泛),长英质火山岩类(主要分布在塔里木盆地的北部)和基性-超基性及中酸性侵入岩类等(主要出露于巴楚、巴什索贡和皮羌等地区)。该大火成岩省事件的岩浆活动时间主要集中在292~285 Ma(玄武岩和第一期长英质火山岩类形成阶段)和284~274 Ma(侵入岩类、含钒钛磁铁矿床和第二期长英质火山岩类形成阶段)。系统和深入的岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb同位素研究表明,塔里木大火成岩省从早期喷发的玄武岩到晚期的侵入岩类具有明显不同的地球化学特征,指示其岩浆源区发生了从富集岩石圈地幔来源到地幔柱来源的明显转变。结合相关的地质学和岩石学证据及铂族元素(PGEs)等研究,提出了一个上涌的地幔柱不断向位于岩石圈地幔底部的岩浆源区注入亏损地幔物质、持续改变其同位素地球化学特征并最终形成塔里木大火成岩省各主要岩石类型的岩浆演化新模型。最后,巴楚瓦吉里塔格含钒钛磁铁矿的存在也表明在塔里木大火成岩省中具有找寻大型钒钛磁铁矿床的潜力。     

为什么要提出西藏东南部早白垩世措美大火成岩省

近年在西藏东南部特提斯喜马拉雅带东段大规模白垩纪火成岩受到了很多学者的关注。这里的火成岩岩石类型包括玄武岩、镁铁质岩墙/岩床、辉长岩侵入体以及少量层状超镁铁质岩和酸性火山岩。锆石U-Pb定年结果指示现今覆盖面积约50000km2的岩浆活动发生在130~136Ma(峰期约132Ma)之间。镁铁质岩显示OIB型(高Ti)、N-MORB型(低Ti)和过渡型(介于二者之间)三种地球化学类型,其中未受地壳混染的镁铁质岩的Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素成分类似于Kerguelen地幔柱产物。在扣除堆晶橄榄石之后,通过橄榄石-熔体平衡计算,苦橄玢岩母岩浆的MgO含量约20%,对应的地幔潜温1560℃。西藏东南部白垩纪火成岩浆活动这种覆盖范围大、持续时间短和地幔潜温高等特征,非常类似于世界上其它地幔柱成因的大火成岩省或热点,因而将其描述和命名为措美(Comei)大火成岩省是合理的。年代学、地球化学和古地理重建资料显示藏南措美大火成岩省和南西澳大利亚同期的Bunbury玄武岩可能代表了同一个大火成岩省(即Comei-Bunbury大火成岩省)。Comei-Bunbury大火成岩省很可能记录了Kerguelen地幔柱在132Ma左右的早期岩浆作用,拉开了大印度从澳大利亚分离出来的序幕,影响了同期Weissert大洋缺氧事件的形成。     

塔里木盆地二叠纪玄武岩的地球化学特征及其与峨眉山大火成岩省的对比

中国西部地区发育了塔里木大火成岩省和峨眉山大火成岩省,分别形成于280Ma左右和258~260Ma。对比两个大火成岩省的玄武岩的地球化学特征,发现塔里木玄武岩的岩石地球化学特征与峨眉山玄武岩相似,Fe ₂O₃＝15.29%~17.97%,大于10%,比MORB富铁,指示其深源以及地幔柱源特征,为典型的溢流玄武岩。稀土元素比值显示其落在由石榴石二辉橄榄岩组成的原始地幔熔融线上,表明该玄武岩是在厚的岩石圈下由异常热的地幔经低部分熔融形成的。微量元素特征比值分析,揭示了塔里木玄武质岩浆在上升过程中受到了一定程度的地壳混染。塔里木大火成岩省和峨眉山大火成岩省一样,可能起源同一个来自于核幔边界的超级地幔柱,它们很可能是塔里木板块和扬子板块在二叠纪北向漂移过程中先后穿越同一个超级地幔柱的结果。     

亚洲3个大火成岩省(峨眉山、西伯利亚、德干)对比研究

峨眉山(～260 Ma)、西伯利亚(～250 Ma)和德干(～66 Ma)大陆溢流玄武岩是世界上3个重要的大火成岩省.大火成岩省至少具有4个通常被用于识别古地幔柱的标志:(1)先于岩浆作用的地表隆升;(2)与大陆裂谷化和裂解事件相伴;(3)与生物灭绝事件联系密切;(4)地幔柱源玄武岩的化学特征.虽然这3个大火成岩省都是来源于原始地幔柱,但是它们的地球化学特征有本质上的差异,反映其地幔柱曾与不同的上地幔库相互作用.(1)峨眉山和西伯利亚大陆溢流玄武岩的母岩浆,在上升过程中经受了与地球化学上和古老克拉通岩石圈地幔相同的上地幔库(EM1型幔源)的相互作用;(2)而德干大火成岩省没有受到地壳(或岩石圈)混染的原生玄武岩则显示地幔柱和EM2之间的Sr-Nd同位素变化.这种差异有可能制约了3个大火成岩省的成矿潜力.峨眉山和西伯利亚大火成岩省含有世界级岩浆矿床,而德干大火成岩省则不含矿.     

黔南基性岩墙岩石地球化学、SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学及地质意义

基性岩墙,与层状、环状基性杂岩体和高Ti、低Ti玄武岩共同组成了峨眉山大火成岩省岩石组合.为进一步确定大火成岩省及相关生物灭绝事件的时间联系,及更深化研究大火成岩省的成因,对分布于贵州省南部的基性岩墙进行了主、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素测定和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究.黔南基性岩墙∑REE=135.66×10-6~280.59×10-6,LREE/HREE为6.42~7.54,（La/Yb）_N为7.94~9.85,轻重稀土分异明显,δEu为1.0~1.3,具有Ba、Sr、K等LILE富集,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等HFSE亏损特征,显示与峨眉山高钛玄武岩相似的地球化学特征.Th/Ta（1.80~1.94）、Nb/U（30.8~39.88）、Th/La（0.08~0.10）、Nb/Th（7.89~8.40）比值与原始地幔相似,较低的初始（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值（0.705 278~0.706 052）、ε_Nd（t）（-0.5~+1.6）、以及Th/Ta比值（< 2.13）显示岩浆无明显的地壳混染,岩浆可能形成于受地幔柱作用的富集石榴石地幔源区10%~12%的部分熔融.SHRIMP锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为261.2±2.6 Ma,反映峨眉山大火成岩的喷发时间可能集中在260 Ma左右,并可能与瓜德鲁普末期的生物灭绝有关.      

巴楚辉绿岩墙的岩石成因及其对塔里木大火成岩省岩浆演化的启示

早二叠世塔里木大火成岩省主要有两期岩浆活动:以柯坪玄武岩为代表的喷出岩形成较早(~290Ma),以巴楚超基性-基性-长英质侵入体和岩墙为代表的侵入岩形成较晚(~280Ma)。本研究选取代表晚期岩浆活动的巴楚辉绿岩墙为研究对象,旨在为认识塔里木地幔柱活动及与岩石圈的相互作用提供更多信息。巴楚辉绿岩XHZ-10样品中的锆石均为继承性锆石,不能用来限定其侵位时代。然而,野外关系表明巴楚辉绿岩墙属于塔里木大火成岩省的第二期岩浆活动。巴楚辉绿岩墙经历了橄榄石、辉石和磁铁矿的分离结晶。Nd同位素比值与SiO₂和La/Nb比值的相关性以及继承性锆石年龄(2480~717Ma,主要集中在~800Ma)表明,新元古代基底的同化混染作用可以解释其ε_Nd具有较大的变化范围(-2.6~+5.1)。受混染程度最小的样品具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)极其相似的微量元素特征,并且具有亏损的Nd同位素组成(ε_Nd=~+5),暗示其来源于富集的对流地幔源区,与早期(~290Ma)具有岩石圈地幔源区特征的玄武岩形成鲜明对比。本文提出地幔柱侧向流动模型以解释两期岩浆的时空分布和地球化学差异:当地幔柱上升至塔里木岩石圈底部时,巨厚的岩石圈地幔(>140km)会阻碍其减压熔融;但不断积累在岩石圈底部的地幔柱物质提供足够的热,促使早期富集交代的岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,形成~290Ma的玄武岩;地幔柱物质将向岩石圈厚度较薄的边缘地区侧向流动,发生减压熔融,形成的熔体侵位到地壳中形成超基性-基性-长英质侵入岩和辉绿岩墙,并诱发地壳的熔融形成长英质火山岩。     

攀枝花含矿基性—超基性岩体的地质特征及成因分析

<正>攀西(攀枝花—西昌)地区出露一系列赋含大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床的基性—超基性层状岩体,它们是~260Ma峨眉山大火成岩省的重要组成部分。本文总结了攀枝花岩体的空间分布特征、岩石学与岩相学特征、岩石地球化学特征,并探讨了岩体的成因,为攀西地区关于基性—超基性岩体的研究提供理论支持。     

峨眉山大火成岩省幔源岩浆底侵作用的地壳响应：来自大老包花岗岩的年代学和热模拟证据

峨眉山大火成岩省中红格铁矿区的大老包花岗岩侵入到含矿基性-超基性杂岩,花岗岩主要为黑云母二长花岗岩。通过对大老包黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定,获得大老包花岗岩形成时代为255.1±3.6Ma。该研究结果与前人通过红格东侧的矮郎河高铝花岗岩的U-Pb测年得到的花岗岩成岩时代(255.2±3.6Ma)结果一致,表明大老包花岗质岩体与矮郎河高铝花岗岩是同阶段的,可能是二叠纪峨眉山大火成岩省岩浆活动晚期的产物。这一成岩时代晚于攀枝花铁矿成矿时代(~260Ma)。通过本文得到的大老包花岗岩的形成时代和前人测得的二叠纪峨眉山大火成岩省主体岩浆的活动时间,笔者基于国际上最新的下地壳热区模型进行数值模拟,认为峨眉山大火成岩省幔源岩浆底侵过程中可以导致下地壳发生部分熔融,大老包花岗岩可能是峨眉山大火成岩省喷发过程中底侵的玄武质岩浆在4Myr内部分熔融下地壳形成的。     

塔里木和中亚造山带西段二叠纪大火成岩省的两类地幔源区

对塔里木和中亚造山带西段二叠纪玄武质岩石地质、年龄、元素地球化学、同位素组成的系统总结表明,二叠纪火成岩在分布面积、岩石类型(以玄武岩占绝对优势)、活动时间(以275Ma左右为峰期)等方面均与世界典型的大火成岩省一致,将其命名为巴楚大火成岩省(Bachu LIP)。元素和同位素地球化学特征表明,塔里木玄武岩来自长期富集的岩石圈地幔,来源深度为60~80km。塔里木基性岩墙和超镁铁-镁铁杂岩的原始岩浆可能来自软流圈地幔(OIB)部分熔融。中亚造山带西段的玄武岩、基性岩墙和超镁铁-镁铁杂岩主要来自被俯冲带熔体交代的强烈亏损的岩石圈地幔,其中部分地区可能有软流圈物质的加入,如东天山和阿勒泰南缘高Ti系列的玄武质岩石。根据元素和同位素地球化学资料,将巴楚大火成岩省分为2个地幔省(mantle domain),即塔里木省和中亚省。这2个不同地幔省的成矿系列也有显著的差异,塔里木省为钒-钛磁铁矿矿床,而中亚则以铜-镍-(铂族金属)硫化物矿床为主,成矿作用的差异和岩浆地幔源区的差异是完全对应的。综合地质、地球化学和成矿作用,认为巴楚大火成岩省的形成和二叠纪地幔柱密切相关。     

Origin of early Triassic rift-related alkaline basalts from Southwest China: age,isotope, and trace-element constraints

We report new analytical data regarding major and trace element geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopic composition, and zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analysis from the Kaiyuan alkaline basalts of Yunnan Province, along the southern margin of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). Zircon U-Pb ages and bulk-rock geochemistry indicate that the mafic lavas erupted at 248 ± 6 Ma with OIB-like trace element and isotope ratios similar to the Emeishan high-Ti basalts. These characters suggest that the Kaiyuan alkaline basalts are the products of the post-ELIP magmatism, involving remelting of the plume head after the main ELIP phase. By analogy with the Neogene Red Sea rift system, the Kaiyuan alkaline basalts may have been caused by a Red Sea-like extension along the southwestern margin of the Yangzte during the Early Triassic, during which the hypothesized rift system experienced plate–boundary forces that vanished quickly in the Late Triassic period.     

Crust-derived felsic magmatism in the Emeishan large igneous Province: New evidence from zircon U-Pb-Hf-O isotope from the Yangtze Block,China

Numerous intrusive bodies of mafic–ultramafic to felsic compositions are exposed in association with volcanic rocks in the Late Permian Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP), southwestern China. Most of the granitic rocks in the ELIP were derived by differentiation of basaltic magmas with a mantle connection, and crustal magmas have rarely been studied. Here we investigate a suite of mafic dykes and I-type granites that yield zircon U-Pb emplacement ages of 259.9 ± 1.2 Ma and 259.3 ± 1.3 Ma, respectively. The ε_Hf(t) values of zircon from the DZ mafic dyke are –0.3 to 9.4, and their corresponding T_DM1 values are in the range of 919–523 Ma. The ε_Hf(t) values of zircon from the DSC I-type granite are between –1 and 3, with T_DM1 values showing a range of 938–782 Ma. We also present zircon O isotope data on crust-derived felsic intrusions from the ELIP for the first time. The δ¹⁸O values of zircon from the DSC I-type granite ranges from 4.87‰ to 7.5‰. The field, petrologic, geochemical and isotopic data from our study lead to the following salient findings. (i) The geochronological study of mafic and felsic intrusive rocks in the ELIP shows that the ages of mafic and felsic magmatism are similar. (ii) The DZ mafic dyke and high-Ti basalts have the same source, i.e., the Emeishan mantle plume. The mafic dyke formed from magmas sourced at the transitional depth between from garnet-lherzolite and spinel-lherzolite, with low degree partial melting (<10%). (iii) The Hf-O isotope data suggest that the DSC I-type granite was formed by partial melting of Neoproterozoic juvenile crust and was contaminated by minor volumes of chemically weathered ancient crustal material. (iv) The heat source leading to the formation of the crust-derived felsic rocks in of the ELIP is considered to be mafic–ultramafic magmas generated by a mantle plume, which partially melted the overlying crust, generating the felsic magma.     

峨眉山大火成岩省岩石成因与空间差异性研究——基于全区高Ti玄武岩地球化学数据分析与模拟

高Ti玄武岩成因是峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)研究的热点问题。由于高Ti玄武岩地球化学特征在空间上存在差异,其岩石成因尚未达成共识。本文系统收集了峨眉山大火成岩省中高Ti玄武岩地球化学数据以及锆石ID-TIMS U-Pb测年结果,并进行统一处理分析与模拟。研究结果显示,峨眉山大火成岩省形成于约259～258 Ma,高Ti玄武岩在大火成岩省全区均有出露。自西向东,岩石年龄无明显变化规律,厚度逐渐变薄。高Ti玄武岩起源于具有富集地幔特征的地幔柱源区,几乎没有遭受地壳混染,经历了低程度部分熔融作用并可能混入了少量岩石圈地幔物质,发生了以单斜辉石为主的分离结晶作用。峨眉山大火成岩省深部存在一个非对称式的地幔柱,自西向东,高Ti玄武质岩浆起源深度变浅、温度降低,熔融深度和压力随之降低,熔融程度相对增大。模拟表明,源区石榴石相和尖晶石相的熔融程度分别为0.5%～2%和5%,石榴石相熔融比例自西向东由90%减小至40%,而尖晶石相熔融比例由10%增大至60%。     

松潘-甘孜地块丹巴二叠纪玄武岩的主、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素研究:岩石成因与构造意义

松潘-甘孜地块的丹巴二叠纪玄武岩(大石包组)具有较高的TiO2含量(>2%)和高的Ti/Y比值(平均519),显示LREE富集、HREE亏损的右倾型稀土配分型式((La/Yb)N=4.2~13.6),εNd(t)=-0.33~2.70,具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)地球化学特征,形成于大陆板内环境。其源区来自原始地幔始于石榴子石稳定区的低程度部分熔融,岩浆上升过程中有来自地壳物质的加入,因而其不相容元素比值如Zr/Nb(4.41~13.09)、La/Nb(1.03~1.80)和Th/La(0.08~0.18)等,以及初始的87Sr/86Sr比值(0.706008~0.707257)均表现出不同程度的富集特征,岩浆演化早期经历了以辉石、橄榄石为主的分离结晶作用。该套玄武岩的元素-同位素地球化学特征和源区性质类似于峨眉山溢流玄武岩的高钛(HT)系列,因此认为其是峨眉山地幔柱活动的产物,属于峨眉山大火成岩省(ELIP)的一部分。松潘-甘孜地块和扬子西缘晚古生代以前地层的可比性以及峨眉山溢流玄武岩的分布特征显示,松潘-甘孜洋盆伴随着扬子克拉通的裂解而打开,并且可能都与峨眉山地幔柱有关,是地幔柱活动的浅部地质响应。     

Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Sangxiu Formation,central segment of Tethyan Himalaya: A probable example of plume–lithosphere interaction

The ∼133 Ma volcanic rocks of Sangxiu Formation are distributed in the eastern part of the central Tethyan Himalaya and belong paleogeographically to the northeastern margin of Greater India. These volcanic rocks include alkaline basalts and felsic volcanic rocks. Major and trace element abundances and whole-rock isotopic data for selected samples of these volcanic rocks are used to infer their petrogenesis. Geochemically, the Sangxiu basalts are closely similar to the Emeishan high-Ti basalts. Major and trace element data and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions suggest that the Sangxiu basalts may have been derived from an OIB-type mantle source, with discernable contributions from subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The basaltic magmas may have formed as a result of the infiltration of plume-derived melts into the base of the lithosphere in a continental rift setting. The Sangxiu felsic volcanic rocks share most of the geochemical features of A-type granite, and have Sr–Nd isotopic compositions which differ considerably from the Sangxiu basalts, suggesting that they originated from the anatexis of ensialic continental crust. The Sangxiu volcanic rocks may be considered as the consequence of an interaction between the Kerguelen hotspot and the lithosphere of the northeastern margin of Greater India at ∼133 Ma, and may represent the initial stage of the separation of Greater India from southwestern Australia.     

Geochronology,geochemistry, Hf isotopic compositions and formation mechanism of radial mafic dikes in northern Tibet

A large mafic dike swarm is radially distributed in southern Qiangtang. Three typical samples were selected for geochronology, geochemistry, and Hf isotopic analysis. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the three dikes formed at 291 ± 2, 292 ± 3, and 300 ± 2 Ma. Whole-rock compositions show that the southern Qiangtang mafic dikes are alkaline, Fe + Ti rich, and exhibit relative enrichment in light rare-earth elements. The ratios of incompatible elements are similar to those of oceanic island and Emeishan basalts. Geochemical diagrams show that the dikes erupted in an intraplate environment. Zircon Hf isotopic data suggest that magma that produced the mafic dikes was derived from a depleted mantle source. The geochemical characteristics of the dikes approximate that of eruption products of a brief period of mantle plume activity (300–280 Ma). According to eight geologic maps of Qiangtang, the mafic dikes crop out over an area of 150 km from north to south and 500 km from east to west, radiating outward from Mayigangri. We conclude that the mafic dikes in southern Qiangtang are related to the combined effect of Permian plate motions and mantle plume activity, and the Mayigangri area overlies the hot spot. Furthermore, the mantle plume in southern Qiangtang may have propelled the closing of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean.     

Integration of zircon and apatite U–Pb geochronology and geochemical mapping of the Wude basalts(Emeishan large igneous province):A tool for a better understanding of the tectonothermal and geodynamic evolution of the Emeishan LIP

Radiogenic isotopic dating and Lu–Hf isotopic composition using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)of the Wude basalt in Yunnan province from the Emeishan large igneous province(ELIP)yielded timing of formation and post-eruption tectonothermal event.Holistic lithogeochemistry and elements mapping of basaltic rocks were further reevaluated to provide insights into crustal contamination and formation of the ELIP.A zircon U–Pb age of 251.3±2.0 Ma of the Wude basalt recorded the youngest volcanic eruption event and was consistent with the age span of 251-263 Ma for the emplacement of the ELIP.Such zircons hadε_Hf(t)values ranging from7.3 to+2.2,identical to those of magmatic zircons from the intrusive rocks of the ELIP,suggesting that crust-mantle interaction occurred during magmatic emplacement,or crust-mantle mixing existed in the deep source region prior to deep melting.The apatite U–Pb age at 53.6±3.4 Ma recorded an early Eocene magmatic superimposition of a regional tectonothermal event,corresponding to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision.Negative Nb,Ta,Ti and P anomalies of the Emeishan basalt may reflect crustal contamination.The uneven Nb/La and Th/Ta values distribution throughout the ELIP supported a mantle plume model origin.Therefore,the ELIP was formed as a result of a mantle plume which was later superimposed by a regional tectonothermal event attributed to the Indian–Eurasian plate collision during early Eocene.     

云南丽江苦橄岩Re-Os同位素地球化学初步研究

报导了云南丽江地区大具和仕满剖面12个苦橄岩和6个玄武岩的Re，Os含量和Os同位素组成。苦橄岩和玄武岩具有明显不同的Re-Os体系的特征。苦橄岩具有高的Os元素丰度［(1.5~3)×10-9］和低的Re元素丰度（<0.05×10-9）；共生的玄武岩具有低的Os元素丰度（<0.5×10-9）和相对高的Re元素丰度（<0.8×10-9）；苦橄岩具有低放射成因的 187Os/188Os 比值（0.123 3~0.126 6），而玄武岩具有高放射成因的187Os/188Os比值（0.133 8~0.157 7）。苦橄岩的Re-Os同位素特征与越南西北部二叠—三叠纪科马提岩具有低放射成因Os同位素特征相似，而玄武岩的Re-Os同位素特征与峨眉山大火成岩省（LIP）其他地区玄武岩的高放射成因的Os同位素特征相似。苦橄岩的Re-Os同位素特征表明，形成峨眉山LIP的地幔柱可能来自对流上地幔而不是深部的核-幔界面。换言之，峨眉山LIP的形成受控于岩石圈地幔过程而不是地幔柱过程。