天然气水合物系统特征及其对我国水合物勘查的启示

油气资源在能源结构中具有举足轻重的作用,其成因机制及勘探思路已发展出了完善的系统理论———含油气系统理论,而天然气水合物作为潜在替代清洁能源,其勘探理论尚处于探索阶段。借鉴含油气系统理论,注重与常规油气成藏的差异性分析,在系统分析全球已发现天然气水合物主要研究区的天然气水合物特征基础上,从气体来源、气体运移通道、有利储层等方面对天然气水合物成藏机理进行了系统梳理,以探究天然气水合物系统特征。提出天然气水合物系统应包括气源、储层和天然气水合物稳定带３个基本要素以及气体生成－运 移 过
程和天然气水合物形成过程２个基本作用;冻土带内气体来源以热解气为主,海洋环境中则以生物气或热解气和生物气的混合气为主;气体运移通道主要为流体底辟、气烟囱、大尺度断层、裂缝、滑塌构造及高渗透性地层等;天然气水合物储层在冻土带以砂岩为主,在海域则以黏土质粉沙及粉沙质黏土为主;综合全球各区域天然气水合物成藏特征,提出了９种类型天然气水合物系统,同时以我国神狐海域天然气水合物系统为例总结出了天然气水合物系统成藏事件表。      

木里冻土区天然气水合物成藏特征

为探讨木里冻土区天然气水合物的烃类来源及成藏特征,应用地球化学反演方法,根据碳同位素和成熟度的关系,分析烃类的成因和来源,结合水合物赋存特征、地层埋藏史等研究水合物成藏特征。结果表明:木里冻土地区天然气水合物的烃类气体以油型气为主,浅部混有少量煤成气;前者主要来源于石炭统和下二叠统烃源岩,侏罗系烃源岩贡献较小。水合物成藏空间分布非均质性较强,纵向上不同层段的气体来源和充注特征具有较大差异,上部层段烃类成熟度较低,来源于早期常规油气藏破坏后逸散气体,混有少量水合物分解甲烷;中部层段甲烷具有"多阶"充注特征,有原油裂解气贡献,底部发育油气优势运移路径;下部层段烃类主要来源于深部烃源岩层(早二叠系和石炭系),具有"多阶"充注特征。水合物形成前的常规油气藏演化和水合物形成后的保存条件,是研究区天然气水合物成藏和展布的主控因素。     

斯维尔德鲁普盆地天然气水合物成藏条件及分布预测

斯维尔德鲁普盆地是北极地区最重要的含油气盆地之一,研究者普遍认为这一地区可能具有良好的水合物资源潜力,已有的钻井勘探成果也显示了大量天然气水合物存在的迹象;目前国内对北极地区油气的研究尚处于起步阶段,对斯维尔德鲁普盆地也缺乏系统的认识。结合测井资料解释及国内外理论研究成果,介绍了斯维尔德鲁普盆地的油气地质背景,综合分析了盆内水合物成藏的气源条件、温压条件、构造条件和沉积条件,对水合物的分布范围做出了预测并初步估算了盆内水合物所含天然气的资源量。结果表明,斯维尔德鲁普盆地较好地满足了天然气水合物的成藏条件,盆内主要有3个水合物勘探远景区,资源潜力巨大。这一结论对未来在北极地区进行的油气勘探具有重要的参考价值。      

陆域天然气水合物形成条件理论研究及其对青南多年冻土区水合物勘查的启示

陆域天然气水合物作为一种未来开发潜力最大的非常规清洁能源而备受各国政府青睐,目前国内外对陆域水合物形成条件的研究集中于4个重点方向:温度-压力、气源、气体运移及水合物的圈闭,大量的研究表明最为直接的条件为温度-压力和气源,而圈闭则决定水合物的成藏规模。同时水合物的形成机制也成为研究的热点。近年来,我国学者依据陆域水合物形成的温压条件而做出的理论预测曾成功地指导了祁连山冻土区水合物的发现。然而,地处海拔4 600多米的北羌塘青南冻土区有着比祁连山水合物产出地更佳的水合物形成条件,但至今未获得找矿成果突破,还存在二叠系烃源岩中有机质的沉积环境不明、气体成因不清及烃源岩综合评价缺乏标准等诸多问题。对国内外在水合物形成条件等方面进展的总结将给青南地区今后水合物勘查诸多有益的启示,如冻土厚度及类型、烃气成因、断层、圈闭和储层等因素对水合物形成及成藏等方面的影响。      

格陵兰岛西部巴芬湾天然气水合物流体运移系统

格陵兰岛西部巴芬湾发育丰富的油气藏和天然气水合物藏,其形成分布与流体运移系统密切相关.根据浅层地震数据,利用BSR识别、地震相分析、地温梯度和热流值异常方法,追踪流体运移路径,分析多边形断裂对水合物分布的控制作用,研究各地质构造形成的流体运移系统.结果 表明:研究区发育两个天然气水合物稳定带(GHSZ),其热流值分布具有非均一性,多边形断裂发育处热流值高;流体特征表现为纵波反射模糊带、"亮点"地震相异常、"平点"地震相等;高密度多边形断裂为流体运移提供疏导通道,增加天然气水合物的储存空间;深部裂解气通过聚集型高通量流体运移通道(底辟或构造隆起、断裂、高渗透层等)在垂向和侧向上运移,在研究区北部形成天然气水合物藏.该结果对降低前沿盆地的天然气水合物开发风险具有指导意义.     

青海乌丽冻土区冷泉水溶烃对形成天然气水合物的指示意义

针对深处青藏高原腹地中低纬度高海拔(4 600~5 300m)永冻土地带的青海乌丽地区,开展了该地区天然气水合物形成的气源条件研究。冻土区地表沿断层发育若干冷泉,野外采集冷泉新鲜水500mL密封送实验室进行气相色谱分析。首先对水中溶解的烃在真空和60℃恒温条件下脱出气体,将脱出气体经ρ(NaOH)=300g/L的碱液吸收CO₂,余下气体经碱液驱赶至量气管上端,计量脱出气体的体积,并转移至另处;然后根据溶解烃含量注入适当体积的脱出气体进行色谱标定、单点外标定量。结果在冷泉中检测出CH₄体积分数一般在223.60~1 097.30 μL/L之间,最高达1 113.21 μL/L。野外工作查明烃源岩主要为上二叠统那益雄组含煤碎屑岩建造,次为上三叠统巴贡组碎屑岩。前者中赋存的煤层及炭质泥岩为天然气水合物气源供给的重要母质。此研究成果揭示该地区具备形成天然气水合物藏的良好气源条件及成藏潜力。      

海域天然气水合物富集成藏评价方法:以墨西哥湾 ＡＣ８１８＃１区域为例

温压稳定条件、气源生成条件、构造输导条件和沉积储集条件４个要素相互间的匹配性控制着天然气水合物的富集程度。基于天然气水合物成藏要素的分析,初步构建了海域天然气水合物富集的评价方法:首先评价区域内是否具备天然气水合物成藏的条件,明确天然气水合物稳定域范围;然后在稳定域内寻找有利目标,评 价是否具备天然气水合物规模富集的条件。对 墨 西 哥 湾 ＡＣ８１８＃１区域的评价结果与勘探结果一 致,显 示 了 评 价方法的可行性;最后,进一步指出未来海域天然气水合物富集评价应建立地质“甜点”区、开发“甜点”区和工程“甜 点”区等综合评价体系,从而确定最佳靶体。      

天然气水合物注热分解渗流特征及数值模拟

天然气水合物的分解及渗流特征是天然气水合物注热开采机制研究的基础问题。考虑水合物分解效应和储层应力条件的影响,进行天然气水合物储层性质的数学描述,建立天然气水合物注热开采的储层数值模型,分析天然气水合物注热分解渗流特征;比较注热生产过程中注热温度和注热速度对天然气水合物藏温度场及渗流场的影响,结合分解前缘移动特征及分解区面积占比变化规律,对水合物的分解渗流特征进行定性评价和定量描述。结果表明：随注热温度的升高,分解前缘的移动速度加快,分解区面积占比增加,但增加幅度减小;随注热速度的增加,分解前缘移动更快,分解区面积占比增加,增加幅度也增大,注热速度比注热温度对水合物分解的影响更大。该结果为研究天然气水合物注热开采机理、分解及渗流特性提供参考。     

莺琼盆地区中央峡谷源头沉积特征及油气勘探前景

深水油气勘探是近些年油气勘探取得重大发现的主要领域,我国已在琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷体系中发现并成功开发了首个深水大气田——陵水17-2气田。为进一步扩大油气勘探成果,急需阐明中央峡谷源头区沉积特征及其油气勘探前景。基于在多口钻井约束下覆盖整个研究区的三维地震资料综合解释建立的等时地层格架,系统总结了中央峡谷体系的形成演化过程,及各演化阶段中央峡谷源头区的沉积体系类型、空间展布和沉积模式,进而结合研究区天然气成藏条件和成藏模式分析,讨论了中央峡谷源头区油气勘探前景。研究结果表明,中央峡谷源头区在黄流组发育了深水水道、陆架边缘三角洲和水道化扇等沉积体系,来源于印支地块、红河和海南岛等多物源区的沉积体系总体以重力流方式呈汇聚型向盆地深水区搬运,并最终汇聚于中央峡谷体系内。在中央峡谷源头区沉积的轴向水道、陆坡水道和水道化扇内发育了优质储层,因此,来自深部的天然气在具有以泥-流体底辟构造作为天然气输导通道的区域,有望聚集形成大型整装天然气藏。该研究成果不但丰富和完善了中央峡谷沉积体系的认识,而且对南海北部深水油气勘探具有重要实际价值。      

含气流体运移与天然气水合物成藏

含气流体运移是影响天然气水合物成藏的重要因素,包括流体运移方式、运移通道类型、运移效能等。基于全球典型海域天然气水合物勘探研究结果,围绕含气流体运移这一重要因素,系统回顾和总结了底辟构造、断层及裂隙和渗透层对天然气水合物形成与分布的影响。研究结果表明,以对流形式的运移是流体有效的运移方式,有利于烃类气体聚集及水合物成藏。已知水合物富集区内含气流体运移通道都不以单一形式存在,而是多种运移通道共同作用,呈复合型运移通道形式。在通道类型上,底辟构造、断层及裂隙、渗透层等都属于聚集型高通量流体运移通道类型,但这种通道类型与高饱和度、富集型天然气水合物藏并不存在一一对应的关系,其还与运移效能密切相关。因此有必要开展重点区域的流体运移的分析,揭示流体运移通道的展布以及运移规模,以达到更为准确预测和描述水合物藏的目的,并为水合物钻探站位部署提供有力依据。      

Plate subduction,oxygen fugacity,and mineralization

Plate subduction is the largest natural factory that processes elements, which controls recycling and mineralization of a variety of elements. There are three major ore deposit belts in the world: the circumPaci?c, the central Asian, and the Tethys belts. All the three belts are closely associated with plate subductions, the mechanism remains obscure. We approached this problem from systematic studies on the behaviours of elements during geologic processes. This contribution summaries the recent progress of our research group. Our results suggest that porphyry Cu deposits form through partial melting of subducted young oceanic crust under oxygen fugacities higher than ? FMQ ～+1.5, which is promoted after the elevation of atmospheric oxygen at ca. 550 Ma. Tin deposits are associated with reducing magmatic rocks formed as a consequence of slab rollback. The Neo-Tethys tectonic regime hosts more than 60% of the world's total Sn reserves. This is due to the reducing environment formed during the subduction of organic rich sediments. For the same reason, porphyry Cu deposits formed in the late stages during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Tungsten deposits are also controlled by slab rollback, but is not so sensitive to oxygen fugacity. Subduction related W/Sn deposits are mostly accompanied by abundant accessory ?uorites due to the breakdown of phengite and apatite. Decomposition of phengite is also signi?cant for hard rock lithium deposits, whereas orogenic belt resulted from plate subduction promote the formation of Li brine deposits. Cretaceous red bed basins near the Nanling region are favorable for Li brines. Both Mo and Re are enriched in the oxidationreduction cycle during surface processes, and may get further enriched once Mo-, Re-enriched sediments are subducted and involved in magmatism. During plate subduction, Mo and Re fractionate from each other. Molybdenum is mainly hosted in porphyry Mo deposits and to a less extent, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, whereas Re is predominantly hosted in porphyry Cu-Mo deposits and sedimentary sul?de deposits.     

Cloning, expressing, and hemolysis of tdh, trh and tlh genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) is one of the pathogenic vibrios endangering net-cage cultured Pseudosciaena crocea,Fennerpenaeus chinensis, and shellfish in coastal areas of China. Several types of hemolysins produced by Vp have been characterized as major virulence factors.They are thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH),TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) and thermolabile hemolysin (TLH). In this study, we cloned tdh, trh, and tlh genes from the genome DNA of VP by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).We ligated the three genes into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a (+),and transformed the recombinant plasmids into Es-cherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The expression of recombinant proteins was induced by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalacto-pyranoside (IPTG). The recombinant proteins were expressed in a form of inclusion bodies and thus purified with Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Western blotting results showed that recombinant proteins,TDH, TRH and TLH, could be recognized by rabbit anti-VP serum. The three purified proteins were renatured by gradient dialysis.The renatured proteins exhibited hemolytic activity except for TLH in the presence of phosphatidylcholine. These results not only are helpful for better understanding these genes’ functions under a single factor level, but also provide evidence for VP vaccine engineering.     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

Porosity, Dispersivity, and Contaminant Transport in Groundwater

Porosity (n) and Dispersivity (D) were modeled in relation to Solute Transport Time (t) in a saturated, homogeneous, isotropic, unconfined aquifer using the MOC model. It was noted that n and D have an important influence on solute transport time t in groundwater, with a consistently strong and direct relationship between n, D, and t. In the case of porosity, the relationship was found to be directly related to t when other aquifer properties remained unchanged. This was also mathematically argued using a form of the flow equation put forward by Henry Darcy (1856). Dispersivity on the other hand had somehow the same relationship with solute transport time t as porosity, but with much less effect. That is, higher dispersions lead to longer solute transport time within the aquifer system. This was because as the individual solute particles set off from the average seepage velocity, they traversed through longer distances due to tortuosity, mechanical mixing, diffusion, and microscopic heterogeneity latent in the porous media. Also when n and D were co- treated over t, n was noted to be dominant over D with regard t. This follows that the effect of porosity on solute transport time far out shadowed that of dispersivity. Stated in other words, the dispersivity of a substance in any porous medium is to a large extent a function of the porosity of that medium.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FRACTIONATIONS OF Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn AND Ni AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN URBAN SOILS OF CHANGCHUN, CHINA

1IN T R O D U C T IO N With therapiddevelopment of urbanizatio,nurban land was exploitedand utilizetdoform differendtomains be- ing subjectto many potentialpollutionsourcessuch as vehicleemission, industrialactivitieasnd household garbage.Particularl, yur…     

Requirements of shrimp,Penaeus chinensis O'sbeck for potassium,sodium, magnesium and iodine

Potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine requirements of shrimp,Penaeus chinensis were studied. Orthogonal design was employed in this experiment. The composition of the basal diet consisted of fish meal, peanut cake, corn meal, soybean cake, wheat bran, vitamin mix and mineral mix, and supplementations of potassium, sodium, magnesium and iodine in the basal diet were made according to the L₉(3⁴) orthogonal table. The results indicated that iodine supplementation improved growth of the shrimp significantly and raised survival very significantly, iodine requirement of the shrimp was 0.003%; sodium requirement was 0.87% or less; and that 1.1–1.3% potassium and 0.18–0.38% magnesium in the diet were proper nutrition supplements for the shrimp. Contribution No. 2342 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.