大气校正方法及其在高光谱影像Hyperion中的应用

利用遥感影像反演地物反射率,大气校正必不可少。对于高光谱影像,其信噪比与多波段遥感影像相比非常低,消除大气的影响显得尤为重要。在大气辐射传输模型Modtran4.0基础上,给出了一种直接、有效的大气校正参数计算方法。结合MODIS/TERRA大气温湿度廓线产品,使用此方法计算了高光谱影像Hyperion大气校正参数,并用于Hyperion影像的部分波段的反射率反演,与卫星过境时地面同步实测的典型地物反射率以及高光谱大气校正软件ACORN的计算结果进行比较,获得了比较好的结果。研究表明,大气辐射传输模型和卫星遥感大气参数产品相结合用于遥感影像的大气校正是可行的。     

基于TM和ETM+影像数据的东沙环礁珊瑚礁监测

以东沙环礁为研究区域,选取1999年Landsat-7 ETM+影像数据和2001年、2009年Landsat-5 TM影像数据为主要数据源,应用基于统计学习理论的支持向量机（SVM）分类技术,通过选择训练时间较短的“一对一”SVM方法和RBF核函数,对3个年度的影像数据进行珊瑚礁信息提取。结果表明：2009年东沙环礁珊瑚礁面积为140.93 km²;1999－2009年,东沙环礁珊瑚礁面积减少了17.54 km²,珊瑚礁破碎化、白化现象趋于明显,珊瑚礁退化处于中期阶段。空间分辨率的提高可得到更准确详尽的珊瑚礁信息,尤其对小面积珊瑚礁的信息提取。     

基于Landsat-7ETM+SLC-OFF影像的山地冰川流速提取与评估——以Karakoram锡亚琴冰川为例

Landsat-7机载扫描行校正器（Scan Line Corrector,SLC）失效后的ETM+影像（SLC-OFF影像）约有22%的数据缺失,严重限制了该影像在冰川研究中的应用,特别对长期缺乏高质量遥感影像的高亚洲地区冰川运动连续监测产生较大影响。以Karakoram 中部最大的锡亚琴冰川为例,初步评估了Landsat-7 ETM+SLC-OFF影像在山地冰川表面流速提取方面的适用性和可行性。选取2009年和2010年两景SLC-OFF影像,运用局部直方图匹配法（Local Linear Histogram Match,LLHM）和加权线性回归法（Weighted Liner Regression,WLR）修复缺失数据条带,并利用亚像元互相关方法对修复后两景影像进行冰川表面流速估算。结果表明,LLHM和WLR两种方法均能有效修复冰川区Landsat-7 SLC-OFF影像,其冰流估算结果与同期Landsat-5TM 影像的冰流结果较为一致,三者冰流速估算精度分别为±5.9m ·a^-1、±6.3m ·a^-1和±4.0m ·a^-1,验证了Landsat-7 SLC-OFF 影像在山地冰川流速监测中的应用潜力。     

黑河流域TM/ETM+影像数字镶嵌图的制作与应用研究

对研究区内两个时期(1986-1990年和1999-2000年)20景Landsat TM5或Landsat ETM7影像图进行多波段合成、色彩优化、几何配准和数字镶嵌等预处理工作,生成试验区两个时期的TM/ETM+影像数字镶嵌图,并利用均方根(Root mean square, RMS)误差法评价几何配准的精度,用采样法评价数字镶嵌的精度. 结果表明,单景TM/ETM+影像图几何配准的精度可以控制在1个像元以内. 多景数字镶嵌时多数点的RMS误差小于2个像元,总的RMS误差在1.3～1.5之间. 利用影像图作为几何配准的数据源的方法要优于利用地形图作为几何配准的数据源的方法.     

提取蚀变信息时TM影像的最佳波段组合研究

多光谱数据的最佳波段选择直接影响图像的目视解译和信息提取。在分析TM影像各波段间的标准差、相关系数和最佳指数因子内在联系的基础上,提出采用最佳指数因子与蚀变信息光谱特征相结合的方法选择遥感影像的最佳波段组合。研究表明,最佳指数因子与蚀变信息光谱特征相结合是多光谱数据最佳波段选择的理想方法;TM4＋TM5＋TM7波段组合获取的合成图像构造清晰,岩性差异显著,最有利于蚀变信息的提取。     

基于TM影像的水域提取方法研究

在分析洞庭湖ETM＋影像中各种地物光谱特征的基础上,找出水体与其它地物之间的光谱值差异,并用单波段阈值法和多波段增强图阈值法进行水体信息提取,分析了两者优缺点,并提出水域综合提取法,即综合利用单波段TM5和多波段谱间关系（NDW I法）建立起适合于研究区水域的水体提取方法。     

集成多时相ETM+影像的证据推理湿地遥感分类

选择黑龙江省扎龙湿地自然保护区作为研究区,开展了基于Dempster-Shafer理论的证据推理方法(ER)湿地遥感空间分类研究,提出了一种针对ETM+多波段遥感影像的计算证据支持度的新算法,利用证据推理方法集成研究区5个时相的ETM+影像。研究表明,证据推理方法能有效集成多时相ETM+影像实现湿地空间分类,其总体分类精度比基于任一单时相影像的最大似然法(MLC)分类精度都高,提高幅度约为2%~12%。     

利用TM遥感影像和DEM估算山区地表反照率

利用Landsat TM遥感影像可见光-近红外波段的数据和DEM,计算了复杂地形条件下的反射率,再将窄波段的光谱反射率组合得到地表反照率.在计算反射率时解决了两方面的问题:计算太阳入射光谱辐射时考虑了微观地形因素的局地海拔、地形坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等参数对较高分辨率影像的影响;考虑了大气对遥感图像的影响.在全面地考虑了大气和地形对影像影响的基础上,发展了一个适用于利用DEM和较高分辨率的卫星影像计算复杂地形条件下的地表反射率和反照率的模型.以黑河上游山区为例,利用TM图像和DEM计算了复杂地形条件下的地表反照率,对结果进行验证表明模型合理可行.     

可可西里盆地构造特征遥感研究

以Landsat-7 ETM+卫星影像为信息源,采用ERDAS遥感图像处理软件进行系统处理.利用遥感构造分析技术对可可西里盆地构造特征进行全面解译和识别,以MPAGIS为平台进行断裂、褶皱构造信息提取及专题制图.在野外地质调查基础上,查明可可西里盆地断裂、褶皱构造分布及特征,为国土资源调查及油气资源调查评价提供参考.     

多时相ASTER遥感影像相对辐射校正研究

遥感影像获取时受传感器本身、太阳高度角、大气、地形等因素对地面光谱反射信号的影响,导致多时相影像上同一目标的光谱特征差异很大.为了进一步的应用研究,必须要先进行辐射校正.以黑龙江省海伦市及其周边地区作为研究区,将太阳高度角校正、辐射校正、日地距离校正和相对辐射校正方法结合使用,将其它因素引起的光谱值差异减小到最小值,在一定程度上提高了校正精度,达到预期目的.     

Development of the models to estimate particulate matter from thermal infrared band of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper

Particulate matter concentration and assessment of its movement pattern is crucial in air pollution studies. However, no study has been conducted to determine the PM₁₀ concentration using atmospheric correction of thermal band by temperature of nearest dark pixels group (TNDPG) of this band. For that purpose, 16 Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus ETM+ images for Sanandaj and Tehran in Iran were utilized to determine the amount of PM₁₀ concentration in the air. Thermal infrared (band 6) of all images was also used to determine the ground station temperature (GST b6) and temperature of nearest dark pixels group. Based on atmospheric correction of images using temperature retrieval from Landsat ETM+, three empirical models were established. Non-linear correlation coefficient with polynomial equation was used to analyze the correlations between particulate matter concentration and the ground station temperature for the three models. Similar analyses were also undertaken for three stations in Klang Valley, Malaysia, using 11 Landsat ETM+ images to show the effectiveness of the model in different region. The data analysis indicated a good correlation coefficient R = 0.89 and R = 0.91 between the trend of the result of temperature of nearest dark pixels group b6 ? (GST b6 ? GST) model and the trend of PM₁₀ concentration in Iran and Malaysia, respectively. This study reveals the applicability of the thermal band of Landsat TM and ETM+ to determine the PM₁₀ concentration over large areas.     

Recovering the large gaps in Landsat 7 SLC-off imagery using weighted multiple linear regression (WMLR)

Since 2003, the permanent failure of the scan line corrector (SLC) of the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor has seriously limited the scientific applications and usability of ETM+ data. While a number of methods have been conducted to fill the regular un-scanned locations in ETM+ SLC-off images, only a few researches have been developed to recover the large gap areas in such images. In this study, an innovative gap filling method has been introduced to reconstruct the large gap locations in SLC-off images via multi-temporal auxiliary fill images. A correlation is established between the corresponding pixels in the target SLC-off image and two auxiliary fill images in parallel using the multiple linear regression (MLR) model in two successive steps. In the first step, almost half the gap locations have been recovered using the MLR model, then in the second step a weighted multiple linear regression (WMLR) algorithm is proposed to recover the remaining missing values. The simulated and actual case studies show that the proposed approach may provide a powerful tool for recovering the large gaps in SLC-off images, especially when there is a long time interval between the auxiliary fill images and the target SLC-off image.     

Monitoring and analysis of changes in a wetland landscape in Xingzi county

Wetlands play an important role in water conservation, environmental protection, and biodiversity conservation. Remote sensing is an economical and efficient technique for wetland monitoring which can limit disturbance in sensitive areas and support wetland conservation. In this paper, we used three phases of Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (TM/ETM+) remote sensing images from October 1989, October 1999, and October 2009 to study wetlands in Xingzi County. The images were segmented using the object-oriented remote sensing image interpretation software eCognition Developer 8.64, then segmented images were classified by slope, digital elevation model (DEM) data, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Specific Leaf Area Vegetation Index (SLAVI), and Land and Water Masks (LWM) index to produce land type classification maps. Land use change information was obtained by analyzing the superposition of two classification maps of the wetland area from different years. The results showed that landscape patches in Xingzi County displayed fragmentation in their spatial distribution over time. Based on an index of changes in landscape patches, the fastest growing landscape type is grassland, while the fastest decreasing type is irrigated land. Dominant driving factors of changes in Xingzi County’s wetland landscape are population growth and policy changes.     

A monitoring framework for land use around kaolin mining areas through Landsat TM images

Sustainable management of land requires regular acquisition of qualitative information regarding the status of its use. It is especially important to track the changes relating to the land’s competitive development needs such as mining. The field-based monitoring of a mine with a wide footprint is expensive and time-consuming. Remote sensing techniques have been developed and demonstrated as cost-effective alternatives for the conventional methods of land use/land cover (LULC) monitoring. In this study, the land cover changes that occurred between the year of 2000 and 2009 in a kaolin mining and processing area in the Kutch region of India are mapped using two Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images. For this purpose, the spectral signature of the land covers including vegetation cover and kaolin were determined and matched filtering (MF) method was applied to classify the images. The overall accuracy of the classified 2009 image was estimated for the kaolin and the vegetation cover to 89.5 and 86.0 % respectively. The change in the land use which occurred from 2000 to 2009 were quantified and analysed for both classes. This study provided a practical framework for rapid mapping of the land cover changes around open-cut kaolin mining area using freely available Landsat data.     

Driving forces responsible for aeolian desertification in the source region of the Yangtze River from 1975 to 2005

The Yangtze River is the China’s longest river and the third-longest river in the world. The river’s source region in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is especially sensitive to global environmental change because of its high elevation and cold environment. Under the influence of global warming, aeolian desertified land has expanded rapidly in this area. To assess the trends in aeolian desertification from 1975 to 2005, remote-sensing and GIS technology were used to monitor the extent of aeolian desertification in 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2005. The data sources included Landsat multi-spectral scanner images acquired in 1975, Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images acquired in 2000, and Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1990 and 2005. Images recorded between June and October were selected, when vegetation grew well, because aeolian desertified land was more easily recognized during this period. Thematic maps, including land use and geomorphologic maps, were used as supplementary data. Aeolian desertification maps (1:100000) were produced for each year from the Landsat images through visual interpretation. The area of aeolian desertified land increased by 2,678.43 km² from 1975 to 2005, accounting for 8.8% of the total area of aeolian desertified land in 1975, an increase of 89.28 km² a⁻¹. Increasing mean annual temperature and the combination of a dry, cold, and windy climate in winter and spring were mainly responsible for the expansion of desertified land.     

招远金矿区植被异常及遥感找矿意义

提出了一种新的综合型替代方法:基于廉价的Landsat-7 ETM 遥感数据揭示植被异常与热液蚀变区的潜在关系。在研究过程中,使用了招远金矿区夏季的ETM 遥感数据来分析和展示植被异常与热液矿化蚀变是否存在上述关系。该方法包括以下几个步骤:(1)数据预处理;(2)植被指数(Veg.In-dex、TNDVI、SQRT(IR/R)、NDVI、IR/R等)和波段比值指数;(3)主成分分析(PCA);(4)非监督分类;(5)监督分类。最后,经过综合解译成图发现,该图很好地展示了招远金矿区部分区域的植被异常,同时经过野外验证,在招远其它地区的植被异常都与热液蚀变区域有关。研究结果表明,这种综合型方法在植被覆盖区利用ETM 遥感数据提取植被异常信息非常有效。     

Validating gap-filling of Landsat ETM+ satellite images in the Golestan Province,Iran

The Landsat series of satellites provides a valuable data source for land surface mapping and monitoring. Unfortunately, the scan line corrector (SLC) of the Landsat7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) sensor failed on May 13, 2003. This problem resulted in about 22 % of the pixels per scene not being scanned and has seriously limited the scientific applications of ETM+ data. A number of methods have been developed to fill the gaps in the incorrect images. Most of these methods have problems in heterogeneous landscapes. We applied and validated a simple and effective gap-fill algorithm developed by the US Geological Survey to a study area in the Golestan Province in the north of Iran. This algorithm operates under the assumption that the same-class neighboring pixels around the unscanned pixels have similar spectral characteristics, and that these neighboring and unscanned pixels share patterns of spectral differences between dates. For validation, unsupervised land use classification was performed on both gap-filled SLC-off data and the original “sound” data set. Classification results and accuracies were very comparable.     

Comparative analyses of East Texas forest cover maps generated from Landsat and AVHRR data

Comparing satellite data derived map products are affected by differences in data characteristics, image acquisition dates, processing techniques, and classification schemes used for assigning pixels to a thematic class. By comparing two forest maps generated from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images acquired on the same day, and processed using identical classification scheme and methods these differences were minimized. The ETM+ derived map had higher classification accuracy values and more precise area estimates than the AVHRR derived map. In the ETM+ derived map, 87 of the 599 verification data were misclassified, whereas in the AVHRR derived map, 155 of the 469 verification data were misclassified. Detailed error analyses by land cover class revealed that a land use based definition of forest accounted for 74% (64 out of 87) and 57% (89 out of 155) of the classification errors in ETM+ and AVHRR derived maps, respectively.     

A Comparative Study of Landsat‐7 and Landsat‐8 Data Using Image Processing Methods for Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping

Comparing spaceborne satellite images of Landsat‐8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) was undertaken to investigate the relative accuracy of mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals. The study investigated the northern part of Rabor, which contains copper mineralization occurrences, and is located in the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic assemblage (KCMA), Iran. Image processing methods of band ratio, principal component analysis (PCA), and spectral angle mapper (SAM) were used to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks associated with the porphyry copper mineralization. The band ratio combination of both sensors for mapping altered areas showed similar outcomes. PCA exposed variations in the spatial distribution of hydroxyl‐bearing minerals. The representation of hydrothermal areas using OLI data was more satisfactory than when using ETM+ data. SAM analysis found similar results for mapping hydroxyl‐bearing zones. Verification of the results came through ground investigation and laboratory studies. Rock samples (n = 56) were collected to validate results using thin sections, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and spectral analyses. Field observations and laboratory analysis revealed that phyllic and propylitic alterations dominate the alteration zones in the study area. Argillic and iron oxides/hydroxides alterations were observed to a lesser degree. The results indicate that alteration maps prepared by OLI data using PCA for visual interpretation are more suitable than those of ETM+ due to a higher radiometric resolution and lower interference between vegetation and altered areas. As the spectral bandwidth of ETM+ band 7 covers absorption feature of propylitic alteration, better mapping of propylitic alterations is achieved using ETM+ data.